Ingxaki Ekhulayo Yomgangatho Womoya Osezidolophini

Ungcoliso lomoya wasedolophini luye lwaba yenye yezona ngxaki zicinezelayo kwizixeko ezijongene ne-nitrogen dioxide eMadolophini. Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ephawulekayo ukususela kwiNqaba Yomoya Ecocekileyo yombindi wenkulungwane yama-20, imithombo yale mihla yongcoliso i— izithuthi zendlela, ubushushu basekhaya, kunye nokukhutshwa koshishino lwemizi-mveliso kwi-Actrandmental — iyaqhubeka ibhekisa izigidi zabemi kwiqondo eliyingozi le-nitrogen dioxide (NCO2) kunye necandelo elintle elinguwongahle loMkhosi (PM2). UK] UKhuselo lwezonyango lwezempilo luqikelela ukuba ukuchachachachachana kwexesha elide emoyeni kunegalelo phakathi kwama-28,000 kunye nezi-3,000, unyaka ngamnye, ukuphendula kweminxeba-oggqhinga lokucoca kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zongcoliso.

Indima yomphathi-dolophu ekuhlaseleni ungcoliseko lomoya wasedolophini idlulela ngaphaya kwemisebenzi yesithethe. Njengoko inkokeli yedemokhrasi enyulweyo yegunya elidityanisiweyo okanye indawo yesixeko, usodolophu unelungelo elikhethekileyo lokulungelelanisa inkqubo yezothutho, ucwangciso lomhlaba, amanyathelo oluntu, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho. Eli nqaku lihlola iindlela ezisetyenziswa nguomatiloshe bedolophu base-UK, iziphumo ezinokufezekisayo, kunye neengxaki ezizingisileyo ezishiyekileyo.

Indima ecwangcisiweyo yabachopheli bolawulo lomgangatho womoya

Amagcisa ase-UK asebenza kwisakhiwo samagunya ahlukeneyo anokutshintsha-tshintsha imimandla, kodwa ngokungaguqukiyo asebenza njengezixhobo ezidibanisa amabhunga, amaqumrhu oluntu, amaqumrhu okuthutha, amashishini, kunye namaqela oluntu. UMeya waseLondon, umzekelo, ulawula ngqo iThutho lweLondon (TfL) kwaye uyakwazi ukumisela imilinganiselo yenqwelo-mafutha yokukhupha ingaphaya kwekomkhulu. EManchester, umeya usebenza ngakwicala lamabhunga-mabhunga alishumi esixeko ngegunya elidibekiweyo. Esi sakhiwo sivumela abameli ukuba bazise imilinganiso yesixeko-ngqungquthela enzima nge-onke enokuba nzima nge-odolonke okanye iphondo ukuba balungelene.

Usodolophu onegunya lokuvakalisa ungxamiseko oludityanisiweyo okanye ukumisela amaxhoba omgangatho womoya wasekuhlaleni kunika ugunyaziso olunamandla lwezopolitiko. Abalawuli abaninzi baye basebenzisa lo myalelo ekuphuculeni ubunjani bomoya ukuze baqhubekeke kwinkqubela-phambili eqhubekayo, impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokungalingani koluntu. Ngokufaka umoya ococekileyo njengombandela wemekobume kunye nowobulungisa, oomatiloshe abaninzi banokufumana inkxaso kawonke-wonke ekungeneni okunokumelana nokuchasana.

Amandla Nezinto Ezisikelwe umda

Ngoxa oreya benokuphembelela ezothutho kunye nocwangciso, abalawuli irhafu yezithuthi, imilinganiselo yepetroli, okanye imimiselo yemiqathango yesizwe yokukhupha i— ezi zinto zihlala kwiWestminster. Eli candelo loxanduva lomsebenzi lithetha ukuba oomatiloshe kufuneka basoloko bethethana norhulumente osembindini ukuze bafumane inkxaso-mali kunye nomthetho-siseko sowiso. IMayor yaseLondon Actrsquo; iofisi ye-ofisi [ imemelele ukusetyenziswa kombuso we-dizili yezithuthi ezingaphandle nemidalityelezemizi - mveliso enzima. Phezu kwayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla asekuhlaleni kuvelise uphuhlisolwendo olunentsingiselo kwizixeko ezininzi kwizixeko ezininzi.

I-Corte metrors

Abasebenzi abangaphaya kwe-UK baye bamkela indlela eninzi yokunciphisa ungcoliseko lomoya wasedolophini. Ngelixesha imilinganiselo ethile yahluka ngokwesixeko, ezi ndlela zilandelayo zimela ezona ziqhelekileyo nezinempembelelo.

Imimandla ephantsi ehambayo kunye neyomoya ococekileyo

Isixhobo esibonakalayo kwisodolophu i’ izixhobo zisekusungulweni kwe- i-Low Eugnict Zone (LEZ) okanye i-Cower Monerac Monerac Money (CAZ). Le ndawo ibekelwe okanye ijonge izithuthi ezingqukuva eziphezulu ukusuka kwindawo ethile emiselweyo, ukunyusa umgangatho wokucoca izithuthi okanye iimoto. I-Ultra Lowra Lowfung (UMSOUZ), eyandiswayo, ekhuliswe kwi 2023 ukugquma zonke ii-borcoughts, ukuboza iinqwelo-moto ezizingelayo (EUro-euro) kunye nee-disela-eques (Euroquo). I-Ultras, i-Urcean, i-mouse, i-octivess, i-octivess, i-octives, i-octive, i-ographic,

Ukuphumelela Kwemiqathango Yezopolitiko

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka lwase-London ’ i-ofisi ye- lubonisa ukuba ukuxinana kwe-nitrogen dioxide kummandla osembindini kwawa malunga namashumi amahlanu eepesenti kunyaka wokuqala womsebenzi we-ULEZ. EBirmingham, ujongo lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuncitshiswa kwemigangatho yendlela ye-NAKUPHAMBILI;20% kuxhomekeke kwindawo ethile. La macandelo akwanyusa ukujika kwenqanawa zezithuthi, kunye namawaka amakhulu, ukungcolisa ii-rabhanki kunye nee-teksi ezithathelwa indawo sithuba nyaka ngamnye.

Ukutshintsha Uthutho Loluntu Nokuhamba Ngezandla

Ukunciphisa inani lohambo lwemoto yabucala kumbindi walo naliphi na icebo lomgangatho womoya. Abaqhubi baye bafaka imali eninzi kunyuselo lwenethwekhi yobhedu, ulwandiso, kunye nezibonelelo zomjikelo. I-London &barsquo; iiHopper zivumela udula-bhasi nohambo olungenasiphelo ngeyure enye ukwenzela ixabiso letrafiki enye, ukukhuthaza ukutshintsha. I-Bee Nethwekhi [FLT] [FLT] [[FLD:1] eKhulu, esungulwe nguMay Manchester, e-Burham, esungulwe yinkqubo yezithuthi zikawonke wonke enemibho ehambayo, iminxeba emitsha, imigqa emitsha, kunye noqhubiso ephuculweyo. KwiNtshona yeMidlands, uMyelo uRichar Richard uzimisele ukwandisa i-Metro kunye nokusasa.

Ukuqhuba Nokuhamba Ngemizila

Abakhweli benqanawa baye bahamba phambili kwimijikelo yomjikelo onikezelweyo, ucwangciso lwebhayisekile-okanye namacandelo ahamba ngemijikelezo. I-London ’ i-Molkey Superingings kunye neendlela ezithe tyaba zibone uhambo lokubhabha lunyuka ngama-80% ukususela ngo-2016. IManchester ’ i- £1.5 lamawaka ezigidi zezigidi zemabhayisekile kunye nesicwangciso sokuhamba ziquka iimayile ezili-1800.

Izakhiwo Eziluhlaza Nehlathi Lasezidolophini

Izityalo ziyakwazi ukufunxa izinto ezingcolisayo, zibonelele umthunzi, ziphucule ukujikeleza komoya. Abacebisi badibanise izibonelelo eziluhlaza kwiindlela zabo zomgangatho womoya ngokudala iipaki ezintsha, ukutyala imithi kwipaseji ezihambayo, nokufaka iindonga eziluhlaza kwizakhiwo. iGrey kuGreen[ iqhinga le-Sheffield, elikhokelwa libhunganye nebhunga lesixeko ekunxibelelaneni nomphathi-dolophu wengingqi, liguqulele inqwelo ehambayo ehambayo elayinini yemiyezolidi nezityalo. I-London &ctrsquo; [[FLT:] IKSTED [[FLD:3]] izinjongo zokwandisa umthi wokugquma kwemithi ukusuka kuma-omatilayibhithi ukusuka kwi-2050]

Imali Nenkxaso Yokucoca

Ukukhawuleza utshintsho kwizithuthi ezihamba nombane, oomatiloshe bazise izibonelelo zeteksi yombane, inkxaso yokurhoxisa izibonelelo, kunye nezicwangciso zokulahla izithuthi ezindala, eziziinqwelo-mafutha ezincinane ezingqukuva. I-London Mayor ’s Scrappage Swear [ inikela kwi & pound;2 000-iindawo ephantsi yezindlu kunye namashishini amancinane okulahla iinqwelo-moto ezingadibani. I-Mannerbester &squo; i-Choocle Moyer iquka i-ice Moyerce i-ocrac coocreaf [[[Flunts VV] ingxolo yokunceda abanikazi be-HGV, oodula-otasselsi, kunye nee-traksi ezinyuselwayokunyuselwayo kumgangatho we-enjini ye-enjini. Umbuthothothothothotho i-otshitshile.

UHlahlo kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo

Ubuchule obunesiphumo bufuna ukujongwa okuchanekileyo. Abasebenzi bandisa isixokelelwano solwazi lobunjani bomsebe-moya ukunikezela ngolwazi lokwenene kuluntu nokuvavanya ukusebenza kwenkqubo. I-London ’ i- Ubunjani (i-Breathe London) inenethwekhi equka iingqikelelo-zingqikelelo ze-defayitha ezilishumi kunye namakhulu eemvo zobuncinci. Le data ifikeleleka ekuhleni ngekhompyutha, inceda abami ukuba benze izigqibo ezichaziweyo ngohambo nomsebenzi ongaphandle. IMankireche isebenzisa umnatha wemibhobho edisiweyo kunye neemfaniso ezifakelwayo ezingenisa kwilizwe U-AIRD [FFFLT]

Iziphumo ezilinganayo: Impumelelo Ngaphesheya kwe-UK

Ngoxa kusekho iingxaki, ukwanda kwendlela yokulawula kuyabonakala ekuphuculeni amanani afumaneka emoyeni kulo lonke elo lizwe.

ILondon: Isiphumo Se - ULEZ

I-London &barsquo; ii-ULEZ zithathwa ngokubanzi njengolona ncedo lomoya olunephulo nolunempumelelo kumgangatho wommandla wasekuhlaleni kwi-UK. Phakathi ko-2017 no-2023, uxinaniso lwe-NO2 kumbindi weLondon lwawa ngama- 46%, kunye nemigangatho yePMS2. Umlinganiselo wezithuthi ezidityanisiweyo ezidityanisiweyo ze-ULEZ unyuke ukusuka kuma- 39% ukuya kuma-9% kuma-95% ku-9% kummandla. Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi, isicwangciso sifake iscrican ekhotha eLondon, kwaye i-tektroxi kunye neenqanawa eziqeshiweyo eziqeshiweyo ngoku zilawulwa yimiboniso-mfatho yombane okanye i-Genethi.

IBirmingham: Ingeniso Ekhawulezayo KwiCAZ

IBirmingham ’ iCeac Moneral Zone, eyaziswa ngoJuni 2021, inike unciphiso olungamashumi amabini epesenti kuhlolo lwe-NO2 kwindlela ngaphakathi kommandla. Esi sixeko sanika ingxelo yoncipha kwe 27% kwinani lezithuthi ezingeyoyunithi ezingena kummandla ngonyaka wokuqala. Isicwangciso silindeleke ukuba sizise iBirmingham ekuthobeleni kwemida esemthethweni ngo-2025, ishumi leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iprojected.

IManchester: Inkcazo Echuliweyo

IManchester ’ i-Chreat Money Money, eyandululwa ngoMeyi 2022 kwizithuthi ezinzima, ikhokelele kwisantya sokuthobela i-37% phakathi kwe-HGV kunye nabaqeqeshi, ukusuka kwi-20% phambi kokuba ummandla uqalwe. I-Bee Nethwekhi [ sele yandise ugcino-zixhobo lwebhasi nge-11% kunyaka wokuqala, inciphisa uhambo ngenqwelo-moto kunye nokukhupha okunxulunyaneyo. Noko ke, isigqibo sokulibazisa ukusetyenziswa kweenqwelo-mafutha zabucala sibeke umda i-ququo; iziphumo zonke kwi-NOLT kumgangatho we-London kunye ne-Birmingham.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezigxekwa Ngokuqhubekayo

Nangona kukho inkqubela ecacileyo, oosodolophu bajamelana nemiqobo ephawulekayo kwimigudu yabo yokucoca umoya wasedolophini.

Ukubonelela ngenkxaso

Iindawo ezininzi ezicocekileyo zomoya zixhaswa ngenkxaso yemirhumo evela kurhulumente ophakathi, kodwa ezi zisoloko zingenasiphelo sexesha. Umzekelo, iManchester CaZ, ixhomekeke kwi- £120 yezigidi zemali yokuxhasa icandelo lemekobume, i-Food neMicimbi yeeNkcubeko. Imali eninzi iphela, amaxabiso okunyanzelisa, ukujonga, kunye nonxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke-wonke luyehlela kumagunya asekuhlaleni. Abaphathi baye babiza amagumbi emali aqengqelelwe ixesha elide kunye namandla angenisa ingeniso engeniso, afana namandla okugcina ingeniso emali engaphaya kokurhoxakeka okanye ukupaka izithuba ekuthuthweni kwenqanawa.

Ukuchasa Uluntu Nezinto Ezixhalabisayo

Imimandla ephantsi yokukhupha ingachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa ukuba ngabaqhubi abafumana imali ephantsi abanokuphatha abatsha abadala, abangengomalungu emoto abatshayo nabangakwaziyo ukunyusa. Ulwandiso lwe-ULEZ ukuya ngaphandle kweLondon ngo-2023 lujamelene nenkcaso ekrakra evela kubemi abathile kunye namabhunga asekuhlaleni, ngokutsho ukuba yayiyi- “ irhafu kwabahlwempuzekileyo. i” iiMeya ziye zasabela ngokuxhotyiswa kwemiqathango yokulahlwa nokukhulula abantu abakhubazekile nabasebenzi abangundoqo, kodwa ukuchasana noluntu kuhlala kusemngciphekweni wezobupolitika.

Uthintelo olungokwasemthethweni nolomgaqo-nkqubo

Abaqhubi abanakuyinyanzela ngamxhelo mnye irhafu entsha okanye ukukhupha irhafu ngaphandle kwemvume evela kuNobhala weSizwe yothutho. Ukulibaziseka kwemfonomfono yeManchester ’ inqwelo-mafutha yabucala ebotshelelwa kwi-CAZ ngokwenxenye yayibangelwa kukunyanzeleka kobungqina obusembindini. Imilinganiselo ye-oreji yelizwe kunye nerhafu yepetroli imiselwe eLondon, ithetha ukuba oonodolophu mabasebenze phakathi kwesantya nomlinganiselo wotshintsho.

Ubunjani bomoya ngaphakathi kunye nemithombo engekho transport

Ubuchule obuninzi boomatiloshe bedolophu bujolise kwizithuthi, kodwa ukufudumala kwasekhaya (ingakumbi ukutshisa amaplanga) kunye nokukhutshwa komzi - mveliso kukwafak ’ isandla kakhulu kumgangatho wePM. Abatyibilizi banamandla amancinane kumthetho wokwakha kunye nemilinganiselo yepetroli yobushushu basekhaya. Ezinye izixeko, kuquka iLondon ne-Edinburgh, ziye zavelisa imiqathango kwizitovu ezitshisa iinkuni kwinkqubela ezintsha, kodwa ukunyanzeleka komthetho kubuthathaka.

Uphando lwetyala oluthelekisayo: Umahluko Oya kufikelela Ngaphesheya kwezixeko

Xa sihlolisisa isixeko ngasinye, sifumanisa ukuba kukho iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulawula idolophu nemeko - bume yasekuhlaleni.

ILondon: Ishumi leminyaka Lesenzo Secuugative Action

Phantsi kweMayors Boris Johnson, Sadiq Khan, kwaye iqhubekeka phantsi kosodolophu wangoku, iLondon iye yasebenzisa indlela egqunyweyo: iLEZ (2008), iULEZ (209, yandisa 2021 ne 2023), iCongestion Price (2003, i-ofice), kunye ne T-Charge (207). Umaleko ngamnye wakha kwingingqi edlulileyo. Isiphumo sisakhiwo esiqinileyo esiye saqhuba ukhupho lomoya ngokukhawuleza kunasiphi na esinye isixeko se UK. Noko ke, ixabiso leULZ ulwando luye lwaphikisana, kunye nezinye iibhargobe zangaphandle ebona [[FLD][FLD] 17% ulwando olutsha lwemoto [FFFFLP] olungeyodwayo lomkhosi wemidanga.[Fli]

IManchester Enkulu: Umanyano nokungabikho konxibelelwano

Andy Burnham ’ ukufikelela kugxininiso lwentsebenziswano yoluntu kunye nokuphunyezwa okumiselweyo. Indawo ecocekileyo yomoya yezithuthi ezinzima yaziswa emva kokuxilonga okunzulu, ijolise ekunikezeni inkxaso yemali ukukhusela imisebenzi namashishini amancinane. Isigqibo sokulibazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemoto yabucala saye sasetyenziswa njengophawulo lwexabiso lengxaki ekhoyo yokuphila. Le ndlela igcine inkxaso kawonke-wonke ebanzi kodwa iye yanciphisa isantya somgangatho womgangatho womgangatho womoya. Amanye amaqela okusingqongileyo aphikisa ukuba iManchester ’ ubulumko bushiye ilandela emva kweLondon neBirmingham.

IBirmingham: Ukuphangwa ngokukhawuleza kweNtlanganiso

IBirmingham ’ ii-CAZ zaziswa ngokukhawuleza emva kocelomngeni olusemthethweni olusuka kumsebenzi worhulumente weMhlaba onyanzelisweyo. UMphathi u-Andy Street wasebenza ngokusondeleyo nebhunga lesixeko ukuyila ummandla ogqume umbindi wesixeko kunye neendlela ezinkulu zobugcisa. I-CAZ iye yaphumelela, kodwa i-’ i-globeology — kunye nabemi abaninzi abahlala kufuphi ne-A38 ne-A4540— ithetha ukuba inani elikhulu leendwendwe zemihla ngemihla liyachaphazeleka. Igunya elidisiweyo linikele inkxaso yemali, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yempatho kungaphantsi kunokuba kulindelekile.

Iindlela Zexesha Elizayo Neengcamango Ezidityanisiweyo

Bekhangela phambili, oonodolophu bazama ukusebenzisa izinto ezintsha ukuze baphucule impembelelo yemigaqo yabo yomgangatho womoya.

Umsebenzi Wokuphaka iiLees

I-Nottingham iye yasebenzisa i-levy yomsebenzi yokupaka ephumelelayo ukususela ngo-2012, inyusa izimali zolwandiso lwezithuthi kunye nophuhliso lwebhasi. Abanye oosodolophu, kuquka nabo baseLeeds neLiverpool, bahlola amaqhinga afanayo. I-levy kwizithuba ezilungiselelwe umqeshi zokupaka imoto ingehlisa uhambo lwezithuthi ezihambayo kwaye ivelise ingeniso yezithuthi ezizinzileyo.

Ukungenelela Okujoliswe kuko kwizikolo nezibhedlele

Oomatiloshe abaninzi baqhuba izitrato ze-School ucwangciso oluthintela izikolo ezingaphandle ngexesha lehla namaxesha okukhetha. ILondon inezicwangciso ezingaphezulu kwama-400, kwaye iManchester izimisele ukuvelisa i100 ngo-2025. Imimandla ecocekileyo yomoya yasezibhedlele yenye yenye ingcamango ekhoyo, ngenjongo yokukhusela izigulana nabasebenzi abachanabekekileyo.

Ukuhambelana Nezicwangciso Zemozulu

Abachongi banyusa amaxhoba omgangatho womoya kunye noxinzelelo lwenethi-zero khaboni. Abalawuli benqanawa ze-London ’ ii- Net-Zero 2030 indlela ifuna unciphiso lwe 70% kukhupho lwendlela, oluza kuphucula ubunjani bomoya ngexesha elinye. Ngokudibanisa imigca emibini, oomatiloshe bangavula inkxaso-mali kuqingqo lwemozulu kwaye batsale utyalo lwezobugcisa obucocekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukhokelo Oluqhubekayo

Oomatiloshe be-UK baye babonisa ukuba ukhokelo lwasekuhlaleni lungaqhuba inkqubela-phambili ecacileyo kumgangatho womoya wasedolophini, kwanaphakathi kwemiqathango yenkqubo yolawulo oluphakathi. Ngokwaphantsi kwemiqathango yokukhupha, utyalo lwezothutho lukawonke-wonke, izixhobo eziluhlaza, kunye nezizathu ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha, izixeko ezifana neLondon, iBirmingham, kunye neManchester zifumene ukunciphisa izinto eziyingozi eziyingozi. Kodwa ukulwa kukude kakhulu. Ukuxhasa izithuba, ukuchasana noomatilo-dolophu, kunye nommiselo onamandla oomatilo-dolophu omhlaba ohlala ehlala edoloneni kuhlala kunezithintelo ezibalulekileyo. Obona mandla abaphumelelayo baya kuba ngabo bagcina ugcino-wonke ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo, inkxaso engenakugungqisa, kunye nombono omde ococekileyo obeke umoya kwintliziyo elungele ukumelana nempumelelo yemfazweni.