Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kwimigaqo yesikolo yasekuhlaleni kubalulekile kubafundi, abazali, nabafundisi ngokufanayo. Umgaqo wemfundo ubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho karhulumente, imiyalelo karhulumente, kunye nemigaqo yesithili. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo lunika uluvo kumalungelo kunye nemimiselo efanayo elawula izikolo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufundiswe kwaye unikwe amandla okulawula inkqubo yemfundo ngokuphumelelayo. Ukusuka kukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ukuya kwimithetho ethile yasekuhlaleni, ukwazi oko unelungelo lokwenza umahluko phakathi kwamava alungileyo esikolo kunye nomnye ohambisana nokungaqondani.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwazi Amalungelo Esikolo Kukhusele Wonke Umntu

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kunceda ukukhulisa imeko-bume yemfundo ekhuselekileyo nexhasayo. Kunceda abafundi nabazali bazithethelela, kuqinisekisa ukuba izikolo ziphakamisa imilinganiselo yokusesikweni nokulingana, kwaye kunciphisa amathuba empikiswano akhula abe zizikhalazo ezisesikweni. Izikolo ezinxibelelana ngokukhululekileyo namalungelo nemiyalelo zibangela ukuthembana phakathi kwabantu abahlala kunye. Xa abafundi beqonda ukuba banokufumana ingqeqesho engafanelekanga, ukuchasana nocalucalulo lwasese, okanye ucalucalulo olugqithisileyo.

Amalungelo Abalulekileyo Kwimfundo: Awona Magunya Asisiseko

Ngeli xesha amalungelo omba ombindi adweliswe ngezantsi esisiseko, ngalinye linenkcazelo engokwasemthethweni eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwesizwe nangesithili. Ukuqonda la malungelo linyathelo lokuqala lokuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo.

Ilungelo Lokufumana Imfundo Kawonke - wonke Ekhululekileyo

Umntwana ngamnye ohlala kwisithili sesikolo unelungelo lokufumana imfundo ngeendleko zikawonke-wonke. Eli lungelo, eliqinisekisiweyo ngumgaqo-siseko worhulumente kwaye liqiniswe ngumthetho karhulumente, liquka ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezifunekayo zokufundisa, abafundisi abafanelekayo, kunye nezixhobo ezaneleyo. Kwanabantwana abangabhalwanga phantsi kwengxelo yemisebenzi yabo bangenayo banelungelo lokuya kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke phantsi kolawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo Plyler v. UDoe [19982]. Izikolo azikwazi ukuhlawula iindleko zeenkqubo ezingundoqo zemfundo, nangona imisebenzi engekho mthethweni inokuba nendleko yokuhamba inokuba neendleko. Ukuba izama ukuvala amatyala okanye ukubhalisa irhafu yemali engahlawulwangahlawulwanga, abazali bamele bayazi le nkqubo yesithili.

Ilungelo Lokhuseleko Nemeko Engacalucalucalulo

Abafundi banelungelo lokuya esikolweni ngaphandle kokungcungcuthekiswa, ukuhlaselwa, ucalucalulo, kunye nogonyamelo. Imithetho yomanyano enjenge-Word IX (izihlomelo zocalulo olusekelwe kwisondo) kunye neSihloko se-SIVI (isihlokozo sohlanga, imibala, nemvelaphi yesizwe) ifuna ukuba izikolo zihlole kwaye zicombulule izikhalazo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho echasene nokunyanzeleka kokuxela nokungenela kwemithetho esemthethweni. Izikolo kufuneka zinikezele iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kubafundi abaneziphene zokuqinisekisa ukuba zinokufikelela kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko, kuquka neeplani zokuphepha.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Inkcazelo yobuqu yabafundi ikhuselwe phantsi koMthetho weFamily Educational and Ancy Act (FERPA). Lo mthetho karhulumente ulawula ukufikelela kwiirekhodi zemfundo, uyimiqathango ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali kubafundi abaneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-18, kwaye unika abazali ilungelo lokuhlola iingxelo. Izikolo kufuneka zazise abazali minyaka le ngamalungelo abo eFERPA. Noko ke, ukuzimela kusenokungqubana nenkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesikolo, ngokomzekelo, xa amagosa ekhangela iilo okanye iibhegi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izikolo zifuna kuphela “ukukrokreza okunekileyo” ukuze ziphe, hayi isiqinisekiso, kodwa kufuneka zilinganisele inkxalabo.

Ilungelo Lokuthetha Nentetho Ekhululekileyo

Abafundi bangavakalisa iimbono neenkolelo logama nje ukuthetha kungaphazamisani nenkqubo yokufundisa okanye ukuphazamisa amalungelo abanye. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo .Des Moines [1969] [iminyaka]) iqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abawasebenzisi “malungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lendlu yesikolo.” Kodwa ke, izikolo zingalawula intetho engcolileyo, ekhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, okanye zibangele ukuhlasela. Kwiminyaka yoluvo, ngaphandle kwe-campus ebangela ukungalungelelani okuninzi esikolweni. Iinkundla zisandul'ukuqhubana nee-ofisi zezentlalo-ndaba zabantwana.[5] kwaye kufuneka zihlale zisaziswe ngetyala lomthetho owezomthetho.

Ilungelo Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Abafundi abajongene nezenzo zoluleko ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekuthubeni okanye ekugxothweni banelungelo lokufumana inkqubo efanelekileyo. Oku kuquka isaziso esibhaliweyo setyala, ukucaciswa kobungqina, kunye nethuba lokunikela icala labo phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongenamkhethe. Ukujijwa kweentsuku ezilishumi okanye ezimbalwa, iinkqubo ezingacwangciswanga; ukususwa okude, izikolo kufuneka zinikezele ukuva okuthe rhoqo. Iimfuno ezisuka kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku Gos v. Lopez[FLD] [127].[11].[7]. Abazali kufuneka babhale zonke iingxoxo kunye nezicelo ezibhaliweyo.

Imithetho yeSikolo Sasekuhlaleni: UMtyholi Ngokucaciswa

Imimiselo yesikolo yasekuhlaleni iyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngokwesithili nakwiphondo, kodwa imixholo eqhelekileyo iquka imigaqo-nkqubo yokuya, imigaqo yokunxiba, kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha. Ukuqonda ulwimi oluthile lwencwadi yesithili sakho yabafundi kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoko la maxwebhu enempembelelo yenkqubo kwaye ngokufuthi ayasebenza.

Ukungena kwimicimbi

Iinkqubo zoluntu ezikhoyo zigcina iindawo ezilungelelanisiweyo zokufunda. Iingingqi ezininzi zifuna ukuba abafundi baye esikolweni iintsuku ezimbalwa ngonyaka, ngokufuthi iintsuku ezili-180. Iingongoma ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ukubakho rhoqo kunxulumene ngamandla nomgangatho wokuphumelela kwemfundo nowokuphumelela.
  • Ukungafumaneki kwezizathu ezivakalayo kudla ngokuquka ukugula, ukudibana noogqirha, iingxaki zentsapho, imibhiyozo yonqulo yaye maxa wambi ukhe uhambele phambili kwimfundo.
  • Ukungahambi okuzingisileyo (ukuchitha iintsuku ezili - 10% okanye ngaphezulu esikolweni) kunokubangela ukuba abazali bangenelele yaye kusenokuphumela ekumangalelweni ngabazali kwamanye amazwe.
  • Izikolo zimele zinikele umsebenzi wokuthambisa ukungekho; imigaqo yokungabikho ngaphandle kokungxengxezeleka iyahluka.
  • Abafundi kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukuphoswa kwesikolo ngenxa yokuhamba okanye ukungazifumani izizathu ezifanelekileyo kungafuna imvume kumphathi-ntloko.

Imithetho Yokunxiba Nendlela Yokuzilungisa

Imithetho yokunxiba ikhuthaza imeko-bume enentlonelo, engenasiphazamiso, kodwa akufunekanga ikhethe ngokwesizizinzi sobufanasini, uhlanga, unqulo, okanye ukukhubazeka. Iinkalo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Isithili ezininzi zifuna iiyunifomu okanye imigaqo ethile yempahla (umz., kungekho phawus, akukho jini ekrazukileyo).
  • Iinkundla ziye zayiphelisa imithetho yokunxiba ejolise kubafundi abangamabhinqa okanye kwiinwele ezithile zenkcubeko. Umzekelo, iCRWININE Act (Ukubeka Ihlabathi Ngentlonelo Nendlela Yokuvula Iinwele Zokuyila) iye yasetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi ukukhusela ucalucalulo ngeenwele.
  • Izikolo zimele zibe neendawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo zokunxiba (umz., iihijab, iinkontsho) nakubafundi abanesiphene abafuna impahla ethile.
  • Ukuphula umthetho kudla ngokuphumela ekulumkisweni, ekuxelweni ngabazali okanye ekuvalelweni; ukwaphula ngokuphindaphindiweyo kusenokukhokelela kwimiphumo eqatha ngakumbi.
  • Abazali bafanele bahlolisise indlela yokunxiba edluliselwa ekuqaleni konyaka ngamnye baze bacele ukucaciswa ukuba kukho nawuphi na umthetho obonakala ungacacanga okanye osenokuba udlulisela ulwaphulo - mthetho.

Uqeqesho kunye neNkxaso-Mphathiswa

Iinkqubo zonyango lokukhupha iziyobisi zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ucwangco, kodwa kufuneka zisetyenziswe kakuhle nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Iinkqubo zeZero-toler zimiselwe kwangaphambili ukusohlwaya ngokweengxengxezo ezithile ezinjengezixhobo okanye amayeza. Ngokutsho kweSebe lemfundo yaBafundi bezemfundo yamakhaya, iiBlacking zixhonywe ngomlinganiselo ophindwe kathathu kunabafundi abamhlophe. Utshintsho kwimimandla emininzi ngoku lugxininisa ukwenziwa kokulungisa imicimbi yetyala kunokuba kugxininiswe kwingqeqesho. Abazali nabafundi kufuneka bazi:

  • Izikolo zimele zinikele imigaqo ecacileyo yokuziphatha okwamkelekileyo nemiphumo yokwaphula umthetho.
  • Abafundi banelungelo lokwazi uhlobo lwezityholo nobungqina obunxamnye nabo.
  • Kufuneka kuthethwe okanye kuqhutywe ingqungquthela ngaphambi kokuba kususwe okanye kugxothwe, umfundi enikwe ithuba lokunikela icala labo.
  • Abazali bafanele baziswe ngoko nangoko ngalo naliphi na inyathelo loqeqesho elibandakanya umntwana wabo kwaye banelungelo lokubhenela kwizigqibo.
  • Iingxelo zokugxothwa nokugxothwa zisenokuchaphazela ukungena ekholejini okanye kwinkonzo yasemkhosini; kwezinye iimeko kufanelekile ukucela ukugxothwa.

Amalungelo emfundo akhethekileyo: IDIEA necandelo 504

Abafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokuzikhusela ngokwemithetho emibini emikhulu karhulumente: i-Assoms on Dibraltion Act (IDEA) neCandelo lama-504 loMthetho wokuHlaziywa kowe-1973. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zinika imfundo enenjongo.

Imfundo kawonke-wonke efanelekileyo ekhululekileyo (FAPE)

Phantsi kwe-IDEA, umntwana ngamnye ofanelekileyo onesiphene kufuneka afumane uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kunye neenkonzo ezinxulumene nalo ngaphandle kwexabiso kwentsapho. Oku kuquka unyango lokuthetha, unyango lokusebenzisa impatho, ukucebisa, kunye nezothutho xa zifuneka. Isithili sesikolo kufuneka sichaze size sivavanye abafundi abarhane ukuba banesiphene kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi- “Dnarch From".

Inkqubo yemfundo yomntu ngamnye (IEP)

I-IEP luxwebhu olubophelelayo olumiselwe ngokusemthethweni liqela labazali, ootitshala, iingcali, nomlawuli wesikolo. Luchaza iinjongo ezithile zemfundo nezokuziphatha, iinkonzo ezimele zilungiselelwe, nendawo yokuhlala. Abazali banelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso, ukucela iimvavanyo ezizimeleyo, nokuphikisana ngezigqibo ngoncedo okanye kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yokuchongwa.

Icandelo 504 Izicwangciso

Abafundi abangawufanelekeliyo umsebenzi we-IEP kodwa abanesiphene esiwuthintelayo kakhulu umsebenzi ongundoqo wobomi (umz., ukufunda, ukunikela ingqalelo) bangafumana isiCwangciso esingu-504. Oku kunika indawo yokuhlala njengexesha elide kwiimvavanyo, kwindawo zokuhlala ezikhethiweyo, okanye kwimithwalo yemisebenzi yesikolo elungisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-IDEA, isithili asifuneki ukunikela uqeqesho olukhethekileyo, kodwa kufuneka siqinisekise ukufikelela okulinganayo.

  • Ilungelo lokufundiswa kwimeko engekho ngqongqo kangako (LRE): Abafundi bafanele bafakwe kwiiklasi zemfundo eziqhelekileyo noontanga ukusa kumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo.
  • Ndinelungelo lokuya kwizinto eziza kwenziwa emva kwesikolo, ndize ndihlale kwindawo efanelekileyo.
  • Kulungile ukuphinda uhlolisise emva kweminyaka emithathu, okanye ngokufuthi ngakumbi ukuba iimeko ziyatshintsha.
  • Ukufumana ilungelo lokuceba ukutshintsha izinto ukususela kwiminyaka eli - 14 (okanye engaphantsi kwamanye amazwe) ubomi emva kwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo.

Iingxelo Zabafundi Nendlela Yokuqhelisela Icala

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko yeNtlalo yeLifa neNkcubeko linika abazali amalungelo ngaphezu kweengxelo zemfundo zabantwana babo, kwaye la malungelo adluliselwa kumfundi xa eneminyaka eli-18 okanye ekwiziko lesekondali. Izikolo kufuneka:

  • Xa ucela, nikezelani kubazali abafumana iingxelo zesicelo.
  • Vumela abazali bacele utshintsho ukuba bakholelwa ukuba inkcazelo ayichananga okanye iyalahlekisa.
  • Fumana imvume ebhaliweyo ngaphambi kokuchaza inkcazelo ecacileyo (PII) ngaphandle kwamagosa ezikolo anomdla osemthethweni wemfundo, okanye kwiimeko zongxamiseko.
  • Zibhale phantsi izinto ezithethwa nguPII.

Phawula ukuba uFERPA akabhekiseli kumaqela anyanzelisa umthetho ezikolweni, yaye akazithinteli izikolo ukuba zingakhuphi inkcazelo yovimba (igama, idilesi, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi, ukuzukisa) ngaphandle kokuba abazali bakhetha ukubhala.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo kunye nePolitiki yeSikolo

LGBTQ+ abafundi banelungelo lokufumana imeko-bume yesikolo ekhuselekileyo nequkayo phantsi kwe-Wotting IX kunye nemithetho eyahlukeneyo yorhulumente. Ukhuseleko olungundoqo luquka:

  • Amalungelo okusebenzisa izindlu zangasese namagumbi okutshixa ahambisana nokuzichaza kwesini na kwamanye amazwe (ulawulo lwepolicy luyahluka; ukhokelo lukarhulumente phantsi kolawulo lweBiden luye lwacelw'icinywa).
  • Ekunene ukwenza ii-Alphamenti ezi-Gay-Straight (GS njenge) phantsi koMthetho wonikezelo olulinganayo ukuba isikolo sivumela ezinye iiklabhu ezingezoza emva kwesikolo.
  • Ukukhuselwa ekuxhatshazweni okusekelwe kwisimilo esingokwesini okanye kwiimpawu zesini; izikolo ezingakukhathaleliyo ukukhathazwa okunjalo zisenokujamelana netyala.
  • Kukho ilungelo lokuba namagama akhethekileyo nezimela - zimela - zimvo ezisetyenziswayo kwiingxelo zesikolo apho umthetho karhulumente uvumela khona.
  • Amalungelo abazali malunga neengxubusho ezinxulumene notshintsho ngummandla ongokwasemthethweni; abazali kufuneka bajonge inkqubo yesithili kunye nomthetho karhulumente.

Abafundi nabazali kufuneka baqhagamshelane nemibutho efana neGLSEN okanye iACLU ukuze bafumane ukhokelo olukhethekileyo kwilizwe labo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo omzali

Abazali banendima ebalulekileyo ekujongeni imfundo yomntwana wabo.

  • Ilungelo lokuhlola ufundo, iincwadi zokufundisa, kunye nezixhobo ezongezelelekileyo (ngokufuthi ngaphantsi kwemithetho karhulumente “ephumayo” yemfundo yesondo okanye yempikiswano).
  • Ilungelo lokucela ukuqhutyelwa kwigumbi elithile lokufundela (apho izikolo azisoloko zifuneka ukuze zihlonelwe ezi zicelo).
  • Unelungelo lokuya kwiikomiti zesikolo, kwiintlangano zabazali nakubafundisi- ntsapho, nakwintlanganiso.
  • Ilungelo lokucel
  • Xa ufika kwisikolo sasekhaya phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, nangona iimfuno zingafani kakhulu.

ISikolo EsinguMfundi ngamnye uFinects Act (ESSA) ikwafuna ukuba isithili sibandakanye abazali kwizicwangciso zokuphucula isikolo I. Abazali bafanele bakhuthale ukuya kwiintlanganiso nokufunda unxibelelwano oluvela kwisithili.

Izinto Onokuzifumana Ukuze Uqonde Amalungelo Akho

Ubuncwane obuninzi obugunyazisiweyo bunceda abafundi nabazali ukuba balawule umthetho wemfundo:

  • Iwebhsayithi yesikolo sakho sasekuhlaleni: khangela i “Students Handbook,”“ amapolisa,” okanye “Umthetho-mthetho we Board”.
  • ISebe lemfundo le-U.S. linika ukhokelo kwiinkqubo zocalucalulo kunye nezikhalazo.
  • USA.i-amalungelo omfundi akwindawo yangasese yenqanawa ishwankathela ukhuseleko lwezwe.
  • Inkululeko yengingqi ye American American Communiversion Union (ACLU Amalungelo aBafundi ) inikeza ulwazi olucacileyo lwezikhokelo zamalungelo akho kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
  • Imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni kunye nentlangano yesebe elilawula urhulumente esebenzisa iinkonzo zezonyango inokudibanisa iintsapho namagqwetha emfundo.

Ukuxhasa Amalungelo Akho: Indlela Esebenzisekayo Yokunikela Imiyalelo

Ukukhutshwa korhwebo kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa amalungelo axhaswe. Nawa amanyathelo amele athathwe:

  • [[FLT: 0] Hlala usazi: ufunda incwadi yesandla yomfundi ekuqaleni konyaka ngamnye kwaye utshintsho lwenkqubo yephetshana.
  • Uxwebhu lonke: lugcina irekhodi ebhaliweyo yeentlanganiso, umnxeba kunye nee-imeyili nabasebenzi besikolo; lugcina iikopi zeefomu nezalathisi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Idilesi ekuhleni: idilesi yenkxalabo ngokuthulula kuqala, emva koko landela ngokubhaliweyo ukwenza umzila wephepha.
  • Sebenzisa itsheyina lomyalelo: iqala nomfundisi- ntsapho okanye umcebisi, emva koko inqununu, iofisi yesithili, kwaye ekugqibeleni ibhodi yesikolo okanye umbutho wemfundo karhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imibutho yabazali-bafundisi-bafundisi abangenayo:[ iqela lokhuphiswano lungaphembelela utshintsho lwenkqubo olunempumelelo kunezikhalazo zomntu ngamnye.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Funa inkxaso: amaqela asekuhlaleni okuxhasa, amaziko amalungelo okukhubazeka, kunye nemibutho efana ne ACLU inganika ukhokelo okanye ingenelelo.
  • Ifayile isikhalazo esisemthethweni: ukuba isikolo sophula imithetho karhulumente, yenza isikhalazo ne-OCR okanye isebe lemfundo lezwe lakho.

Iimbambano Eziqalisayo Kumalungelo Esikolo

Iingxoxo zakutshanje zithetha ngolu hlobo:

  • [[QUMT: 0] Ukujongwa kwabafundi kunye nemfihlo yabafundi: ukusetyenziswa kwe-software yokuhlola kwizixhobo zesikolo ezikhutshwayo kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga neFERPA kunye nokhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine.
  • Amagosa ovimba kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho: ubukho bamapolisa eklasini bungakhokelela kwi-arhentes zokwaphula ii-infreethi ezincinane, ukudubula unxulumano ukulinganisela iindima ze-SRO.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuchule kwizixhobo zokufundisa: amazwe amaninzi adlulise imithetho efuna ukuba isikolo sibekwe kwi-intanethi ukwenzela uhlolo lwabazali.
  • I-Chronosticism kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasemva kwe-pancemic:[ izithili ezininzi ziqwalasela kwakhona iinkcazelo zokungabikho okuthethelelekayo eziquka iintsuku zempilo yengqondo.
  • Iinguqu zeIX malunga nokukhathazwa ngokwesini kunye neenkqubo zokuhlasela zisoloko zihlaziywa; izikolo kufuneka zihambisane nemimiselo yangoku.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kwimigaqo yesikolo yasekuhlaleni kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni amava akhuthazayo emfundo. Ukusuka kwinkululeko yokuthetha ukuya kwindawo yokuhlala yemfundo ekhethekileyo, kwimithetho yokunxiba ukuya kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, isiseko somthetho sikhona ukukhusela abafundi kunye nokuthembeka kwendawo engqongileyo yokufunda. Ngokuhlala ufundile, ubhala, nokukhuthaza ngemijelo efanelekileyo, abafundi, abazali, nabafundisi-bafundisi bangasebenza kunye ukusungula uluntu oluxhasayo nolulungeleleneyo. Qhubeka ubuza imithombo enegunya kunye nesiluleko somthetho xa kuvela imibuzo engqalileyo xa kuvela, kuba amalungelo afanelekileyo aziwayo nahlonelwayo, bonke abantu bayakwazi ukuphumelela.