Isenzo sobuGcisa sisixhobo esiqhubela phambili utshintsho lwentlalo kunye nolopolitiko, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomekeke ekuqondeni okufanelekileyo kokusingqongileyo okusemthethweni. Umthetho unika isiseko samalungelo neembopheleleko ekufuneka asetyenziswe ngumntu ngamnye. Ngoxa imimiselo ethile yahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngegunya, imigaqo engundoqo yenkululeko yokuthetha, indibano, kwaye ifanelekile yenza umgaqo osisiseko wokukhusela okusemthethweni kumabutho olawulo-melo. Ukukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo oko umthetho ukukuvumela [“ukukhusela, NW] kwaye kuyalela abaxhasi abasebenza ngentembelo, ukuhlisa iingozi, kunye nokwakha imigaqo eqinileyo. Le nkqubo ihlola iingcamango ezingundoqo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisebenzisa i-gcimbini kwaye inikeza amabala endlela okuzikhusela kwaye ibangele ukuba uzikhusele kwaye ubangele ngaphakathi kwemidalo yomthetho.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho: Isiseko Esisemthethweni

Imithombo yehlabathi neyomGaqo-siseko

Ilungelo lokuchaza ukungavumelani yisiseko solawulo-mpukane. Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana ne umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe kuMalungelo oluntu nawepolitiko (ICCPR), oye wavunywa ngamazwe angaphezu kwe-170, ukhusela ilungelo "lokukhusela iimbono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa" ne " inkululeko yokuzichaza". Le nkululeko yezizwe ngezizwe inikeza isiseko esinye. Izixhobo zephondo, njenge European Convention on Human Rights ne Convention on American on Human Rights, ziqinisa le migaqo ebophelela iimfanelo ezisemthethweni kumaqela asekuhlaleni.

Kwilizwe lonke, ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko kudla ngokudala ikhaka elinamandla kumalungu alwayo. EUnited States, uMphengululo Wokuqala uthintela iKhomishini ukuba inciphise inkululeko yokuthetha okanye ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo. EJamani, iCandelo 5 loMthetho osisiseko liqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvakalisa nokusasaza iimbono ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuqonda umthombo okhethekileyo wamalungelo akho kwindawo ohlala kuyo linyathelo lokuqala lokuwacela ngokunempumelelo. Le migaqo ayiyiyo ngokupheleleyo kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo inikela ukhuseleko olunamandla lwentetho yezobupolitika, enikwa umgangatho ophezulu wokuhlola imicimbi yezomthetho.

I-fs ekhuselekileyo. Intetho Engakhuselwanga

Ngoxa umthetho ukhusela intetho, iindidi ezithile zokuthetha zingaphandle kokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Intetho yezobupolitika, intetho yokomfuziselo (njengokutshisa okanye ukunxiba ingalo), kunye negalelo lokuthetha ngoluntu kunandipha ububanzi obubanzi. Noko ke, intetho ephembelela ngokuthe ngqo ugonyamelo, ukunyeliswa komntu, ubunyhwalazo, okanye izisongelo zokwenene azikhuselekanga. Umgca phakathi kokuqhankqalaza okunzima nokungavumelekanga ngumahluko obalulekileyo ongomthetho.

Imithetho yentiyo yentetho yahluka kakhulu. EUnited States, intetho yentiyo ikhuselwe ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokuba igqithe umda ekuhlaselweni okanye ekuxhotyisweni. Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, imithetho ephazamisa ukuthethwa kwentiyo, kuquka ukukhanyelwa kobutshaba okanye ukuhlaziswa kohlanga, ingqongqo ngakumbi. Imisebenzi esebenza zwenibanzi kufuneka iqonde ngokunzulu ezi ngxubeneno. UN Strategy kunye neCetament on Hantite Spection inikezela ngesiseko sokhokelo, kodwa ukwenziwa kwasekuhlaleni kuyahluka.

Imiqathango Yexesha, Indawo Neyoluntu

Ilungelo lokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo aliliniki ngokuzenzekelayo ilungelo lokuzichaza nakweyiphi na indawo nangaliphi na ixesha. Oorhulumente bavunyelwa ukumisela "ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela" imiqathango kwintetho nendibano. Le miqathango kufuneka idityaniswe ngokungekho mthethweni, ilungiselelwe ngokucutheneyo ukulungiselela umdla obalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye ishiye imijelo evulekileyo eyaneleyo yonxibelelwano.

Ngokomzekelo, isixeko singafuna imvume yokulawula umboniso omkhulu wokuhamba kwenqwelo-moya nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Oku kuvumelekile ukuba inkqubo yemvume ayicalucaluli ngokusekelwe kwisigidimi. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yengxolo inganyanzeleka ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka ebusuku, kodwa ipesenti ethe cwaka kwindlela esecaleni isoloko ikhuselekile. Abasebenzi kufuneka bahlolisise imfuno zemvume zasekuhlaleni kusengaphambili, njengoko bengasifumani imvume efunekayo enokuthi isetyenziswe njengezizathu zokubanjwa, kwanokuba ukuqhankqaya ngokwako kuseluxolweni. Ukuvavanya umthetho ongekho sikweni okanye obekelwe imiqathango engqongqo kakhulu kusenokuba luhlobo lwesenzo.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokusemthethweni Kwimibhiyozo Nakwiimbonakaliso

Ukulungiselela, Ukuvumela Nokuceba

Ulungiselelo olusemthethweni luyimfuneko ecwangcisiweyo phambi kwayiphi na intshukumo kawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda ukuba imvume iyafuneka kumsebenzi wakho othile / be kuhambo, intlanganiso yesikhululo, okanye uphicotho-lwazi-ukuthintela(ibalulekile) ukuphepha ingquzulwano engayimfuneko nomthetho olandelwayo. Imithetho emininzi inekhowudi ecacileyo echaza iimfuno. Ukuba imvume iyafuneka, qinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yesicelo ikhanya gca nangeyokungalathanga.

Ukucwangcisa kubandakanya ukuchaza ngokucacileyo indima yabathathi-nxaxheba. Amaqela aqeqeshelwe ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwemali namalungelo asemthethweni angathintela iziganeko ezincinane ekususeni ekubambeni abantu abaninzi. Iqela lenkxaso esemthethweni, ngokufanelekileyo lilungelelaniswe nenani elibhalwe kwizixhobo okanye iphepha, linganika ukhokelo olukhawulezileyo ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bavaliwe. ACLU's Wazi ukhokelo Lwakho lwamalungelo omntu obhiyozela ukuvalelwa kwabaninzi. linqaku elilungileyo lokuqalisa ukuyila icebo lokhuseleko lomthetho.

Ilungelo Lokuthobela Nomthetho Obhaliweyo

Enye yezona zixhobo zisebenzayo zokuphendula amapolisa lilungelo lokubhala ingxelo yokunxibelelana kwabantu. Iinkundla kumazwe amaninzi ziqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuqokelela inkcazelo ngamagosa karhulumente liquka ukugcinwa komthetho kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Oku kuhlola kuyindlela yokuphendula echaphazelekayo kwaye kuthintela ukungaziphathi kakuhle.

Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka baqonde intsingiselo yasekuhlaleni yalo lungelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ungashicilela yonke into kwimboniselo ecacileyo. Noko ke, ukuphazamisana nemisebenzi yamapolisa okanye ukwaphula imithetho yokunxibelelana ngokushicilela incoko yabucala ngaphandle kwemvume kungenza ulwahlulo olusemthethweni. Kububulumko ukuveza ngokucacileyo kwaye uyichaze kakuhle injongo yakho ukuba uyabuzwa. iKomiti yeMpali-mphula-ndaba yenkululeko yePhondo igcina isikhokelo esinyukela ekunene sokubhala ingxelo yamapolisa eUnited States, esisebenza njengemodeli eluncedo kwimigaqo efanayo kwamanye amazwe.

Ukudibana Namapolisa Nokuqonda Iimbopheleleko Zakho

Xa udibana nomthetho onyanzelisa ukuqhankqalaza, imisebenzi ethile engokwasemthethweni iyasebenza. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, unelungelo lokuhlala uthule kwaye unelungelo lokungavumi ukuvuma ukuphengululwa. Ngesidima kodwa ngokungqongqo uthi "Ndisebenzisa ilungelo lam lokungathethi" okanye "Andivumi ukuphendla" inokukhusela izilangazelelo zakho ezingokwasemthethweni ngaphandle kokwandisa imeko.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukuchitha-chitha xa kuyalelwa ngokusemthethweni ukwenza oko kusenokuba sisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba indibano yayinoxolo ekuqaleni. Ukuba kunikwe umyalelo ongekho mthethweni, abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka baqwalasele ubungozi obukhawulezileyo obungokomthetho bokuhlala nxamnye nexabiso elifanelekileyo lokungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi. Ukungathobeli kwangaphambili okucwangcisiweyo, apho abathathi-nxaxheba besazi ukuba bamkela iziphumo ezisemthethweni, liqhinga elimiselwe kakuhle eliye labangela utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwentlalo. Ukuba abaqwalathisi bezomthetho abasuka kwimibutho efana u-National Lawderns Guid

Ukusebenzisa Amanani: Amalungelo Neengozi

Ukukwazi Ukuthetha

I-Intanethi iye yaba libala eliyintloko lokwenza izenzo zobuProfethi. Ilungelo lokuthetha nge-intanethi engaziwayo likhuselwe ziinkundla kwimimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi njengelungu elibalulekileyo lokuchaza ngokukhululekileyo. I-Anonymity ivumela abaxhasi ukuba baxubushe imixholo elula, balungele iziganeko, kwaye bagxeke iminqweno enamandla ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Exlonic Foundation (EFFF)[F:1] ibililizwi elikhokelayo ekukhuseleni eli lungelo.

Olu khuselo lungaphelelanga. Ukunyanzelisa abanikezeli benkonzo ye-intanethi ukuba bachaze isithethi esingaziwayo ngokufumana umyalelo osemthethweni wenkundla okanye ipena. Imigangatho esemthethweni yezi zicelo iyahluka, kodwa idla ngokufuna ukuboniswa ukuba intetho ayivumelekanga okanye ukuba inxulumene nengxelo esemthethweni esemthethweni. Abenzi-mthetho kufuneka baqaphele ukuba unyawo lwabo lwamanani lushiya umzila. Ukusebenzisa unxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo kunye nezixhobo ezifihlakeleyo ezifana noTor okanye u-Diams kunganengeza umaleko wokhuseleko, kodwa akukho nkqubo ithintela ubuqhinga nxamnye notshaba oluzimiseleyo.

Ukungafihlisi Kwenkcazelo Nokuguqulela Njengezixhobo Zomthetho

Kubantu abalwela ukulwela ukusetyenziswa kwemiba enzima − njengamalungelo abantu, ukubetha impendulu, okanye ukhuseleko lwezibonelelo ``amasuntswana' kufana nokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye. Ukukhowuda sisixhobo esinamandla esikhoyo sokukhusela unxibelelwano ekuthintelweni. Isiphelo-sekupheleni kwemiyalezo efihliweyo efana neSyrini inika umlinganiselo ophezulu wemfihlo. Imithetho egunyazisa ukuvulwa okanye ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo ibangela isisongelo esithe ngqo kukhuseleko lwentathelisi nakungenelela ehlabathini lonke.

Imithetho yogcino-lwazi, njenge-GDPR eYurophu okanye imithetho yomgangatho wokhuseleko kurhulumente, ikwanikela ukhuseleko. Le mithetho inika abantu amalungelo ngaphezu kogcino-lwazi lwabo lobuqu. Abaququzeleli bangacela ukuba amaqonga olwazi okanye abahluzi-data banikezele okanye basuse idata eqokelelwe ngawo. Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa la malungelo iyinxalenye engundoqo yeqhinga lokuzikhusela elibanzi. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo lwegama lokugqithisela kunye nokuqinisekisa ngeemeko ezimbini kungamanyathelo okhuseleko olusisiseko lokukhusela iingxelo zentlangano.

Izixhobo zonxibelelwano kunye nomlinganiselo wokunganeliseki

Abasebenzi baxhomekeke kakhulu kumaqonga onxibelelwano olunonxulumano ukulungiselela nokwandisa umyalezo wabo. Noko ke, la maqonga ngamalungu azimeleyo kwaye akabotshelelwanga ngemigaqo yenkululeko yokuthetha. Iqonga lingasusa okuqulethweyo, ukunqumamisa ii-akhawunti, okanye ukuvalela abasebenzisi ukusetyenziswa kwawo, nokuba oko kuqulethwe ngumthetho ogqibeleleyo.

Oku kudala uMthetho onzima ongokwasemthethweni nolungelelwano. Ukubeka izibophelelo ezitsha kwiqonga elikhulu ukuvavanya nokubonisa uxanduva kunye nokubonakala kwindawo ekhulayo yesenzo somthetho. I-European Union Digital Services (DSA) ibeka iimbopheleleko ezintsha kwiqonga elikhulu ukuvavanya nokunciphisa umngcipheko wendlela yokusebenza, kuquka nomngcipheko kwinkululeko yokuchaza. Acticigos kufuneka ziziqhelanise neenkqubo zezicelo eziphambili zeqonga kwaye zazi indlela yokufikelela ugcino-lwazi lwabo phambi kokuba i-akhawunti imiswe. Imingeni yokuhlola imigangatho iba yenziwa kakhulu kwaye ilungisa ikamva eliqhelekileyo kwaye ilungisa iziphumo ze-intanethi.

Ukuhlaselwa Nokusetyenziswa Kwezikhundla Emsebenzini

Ukhuseleko lwabavuthuzi

Abavuli-vuthuzi badlala indima engaqhelekanga nephezulu ekubhencani ububi. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwabavuli-mlozi lwahluka ngokubanzi, kodwa amazwe amaninzi anemithetho ekhusela abasebenzi ekuziphindezelweni ngenxa yokuxela umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukwaphulwa kokhuseleko. Ezi zikhuseli zidla ngokufuna umcuphi wempempe ukuba abe nenkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ulwazi oluxeliweyo lububungqina bokwaphulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho nokulunikela ingxelo ngalo ngemijelo ethile, njengomgca wangaphakathi oshushu okanye umbutho karhulumente.

Abavuli bokhuseleko belizwe bajongene nobunzima obungakumbi bomthetho. Ukutyhila ulwazi lokwahlulwa komthetho kusoloko kuthwala izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzima, nokuba ukutyhilwa kunceda umdla kawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kokufutha impempe esemthethweni nokuvuza okungagunyaziswanga kuyagxeka. Iintlangano ezifana neprojekthi ye-Governtation Accounting [ inikela inkxaso esemthethweni kunye nokusetyenziswa komkhala.

Ukuziqhelisa Emsebenzini

Abaqeshwa abawayeki ngokupheleleyo amalungelo abo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo xa bengena emsebenzini, kodwa loo malungelo afaneleka kakhulu. Abasebenzi bamacandelo azimeleyo eUnited States, uHlomelo lokuqala ludla ngokusebenza. Umqeshi wakho unokukudubula ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yentetho yakho yezopolitiko ngaphandle kokuba loo ntetho ikhuselwe ngumthetho othile, ofana neNational Labor Relations Act, okhusela ilungelo lokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi enxulumeneyo ukuze kuncelwe okanye kukhuselwe intlalo.

Abasebenzi boluntu, kwelinye icala, banandipha ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithe abasebenzi abanakugxothwa ngenxa yokuthetha ngemicimbi yoluntu, lo gama nje intetho ingaphazamisani nomsebenzi. Imigaqo efanayo isebenza kwamanye amazwe, nangona iimvavanyo ezithe ngqo ezingokwasemthethweni zingafani. Abasebenzi kufuneka bakhumbule ubukho babo bezentlalo-ntle; iposi kawonke-wonke enqabileyo okanye ekralayo isenokusetyenziswa njengezizathu zokugxothwa, ingakumbi ukuba ibonisa ukuduma komqeshi okanye ukungquzula kwenkampani.

Ukuphepha iimpazamo: Ulwaphulo-mthetho noLawulo

Ubuchule Bokwabelana Neenkuselo

Abathathi-nxaxheba banokumangalelwa ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithatyathwa ngexesha lemibhiyozo. Izityholo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuziphatha okungalungelelaniyo, ukumeneza, ukungavumi ukubanjwa, nokusilela ukuchitha izithuba. Izityholo ezinzulu, ezifana nokuqhatha, ukonakalisa, okanye ukuhlasela, zinezigwebo ezinzima. Ingcamango ephambili engokwasemthethweni kukuba abantu ngabanye bafanelwe zizenzo zabo. Noko ke, imithetho ethile ivumela ukuba umntu abe netyala ngokunxulumana phantsi kwemfundiso ethile yeqhinga.

Ukhuseleko olungcono kukulungiselela. Ulwazi lweziqalelo ezithile zetyala lunganceda abaxhasi bamazwe baphephe ukunqumla iintambo zomthetho. Umzekelo, ukuqonda oko kukuthini "agnot" phantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni (ngokufuthi kufuna iqela lomlinganiselo othile osebenza ngenjongo enye yokwenza ugonyamelo ). Ukungathobeli kwamakhaya kubandakanya umngcipheko wokubalelwa uxanduva (njengokuvalwa komgaqo), kodwa ukuqaphela isohlwayo esinokwenzeka kuyimfuneko.

Imithetho Yozungu Nenkxaso Yeempahla

Esinye sezixhobo ezinamandla ezingokwasemthethweni ezichasene nomthetho wokulwa nombutho olungelelanisiweyo sityala lozungu. Imithetho ebanzi inokubohlwaya isivumelwano phakathi kwabantu ababini okanye abangaphezulu ukuba benze ityala. Oku kunokwenza ukuba iintlanganiso eziqhelekileyo zocwangciso lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abatshutshisi banokuthi kukho isivumelwano solwaphulo-mthetho. Abahloli abasemthethweni balumkisa ukuba izityholo zinokusetyenziswa ukuphelisa umanyano olusemthethweni ngokudala imeko yokukrokreqa.

Kumazwe amaninzi, "inkxaso yezinto eziphathekayo" imithetho yenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukunikezela izibonelelo `imali, uqeqesho, okanye izixhobo' zezixhobo] ezityunjwe njengeqela labanqolobi. Le mithetho inokuba nesiphumo esimandundu kumsebenzi wokunceda abantu kunye namalungelo abantu. Amalungelo oluntu Watch Q& A on Counter Corribinoticism and Human Rights ichaza ukudish-ea ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nezenzo ezisemthethweni. Activits ezisebenza kwimicimbi yezizwe kufuneka zenze imigudu engqongqo ukuphepha ukubotshelelwa okusemthethweni ngale mithetho.

Ukuzibeka esichengeni ngokucwangcisa

[[12] Ii-asethi ezisebenzayo zolawulo lomngcipheko zisebugqityweni. Oku kubandakanya: [[[FLT: 0]

  • [[FLT]]] Uqeqesho lwe-Literal Observer: Ukuba ababoniseli abaqeqeshelwe ukusebenza kwamapolisa banokunikezela ingxelo ebalulekileyo.[[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [F:][FLT] [F:] [F:] [5]] [5] izicwangciso zokuxhasa:[FLT] [[FLT] [[FFF:] kunye nokukhupha ingxelo yoluvo] izicwangciso zobucala [[FFFF:] [11] [iiiinteggslkse: [iiiiiediase]] [iiediact:[FFFF]]

    Ukufumana izibonelelo ezisemthethweni kunye neenkqubo zokuxhasa

    Iinethwekhi zeBono kunye neNgxowa-mali yoNxibelelwano

    Izibonelelo ezomeleleyo zikhona ukuxhasa iimfuno zomthetho. Imibutho yesizwe yenkululeko yabemi, enjenge ALU, Amnesty International[[, kwaye amaqumrhu enkululeko yasekuhlaleni abizwa ngokuba yi-Guaydys[, asoloko enika ipro-bono umelo olusemthethweni lwezibonelelo-empahla zakho eziphezulu okanye anikezele ngamalungelo akho. Izixeko ezininzi zijolise ngokukhethekile kwikliniki-zelo kumalungelo kunye nokuphendula kwamapolisa.

    Ukuqokelelwa kwemali kunye neenkqubo zoncedo kuye kwaba luncedo kwimibutho yale mihla. Le mali iqokelela imali evela kubaxhasi ukuhlawula iindleko zomthetho, iibheyile nezinye iindleko ezinxulumene nokuqulunqwa kwemali.

    Ubuchule Behlabathi Bamalungelo Abantu

    Xa iinkqubo zezomthetho zasekhaya zisilela ukunikela ukhuseleko olwaneleyo, abaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe banokubhenela kumaqumrhu azimeleyo. IKomiti yamaLungelo oLuntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iqwalasela izikhalazo ezivela kubantu abathe ukuphulwa kwe-ICCPR. Iiqumrhu zephondo njengeKhomishoni yamaNgeniso yaMazwe e-Inter-American on Human Rights okanye iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu nazo zinika iinkqubo ezisesikweni zokukhalaza. Ngoxa ezi nkqubo zinokucotha, zinika ingcebiso elibalulekileyo lokuphendula ityala kwaye zinokuvelisa ingcinezelo ephawulekayo koorhulumente.

    Ezi ndlela zezizwe ngezizwe zifuna ukuba amayeza asekhaya aphele kuqala. Asisosixhobo sokuqala esinika uncedo kodwa sisixhobo esinamandla sokwabelana ngemithetho-mvume ixesha elide. Iintlangano ezifana I-Front Ukhuselo lwe-Universal kunye [FLT] namaLungelo oMntu Watch anikezela ngobuncwane kunye ne-advockissss kungenelo oluphezulu kwiimeko, enceda ukuzisa ingqalelo yezizwe ngezizwe kwimilo yasekuhlaleni esemthethweni.

    Isiphelo

    Ulwazi lwasemthethweni luluhlobo lwamandla. Xa abaxhasi bezomthetho beqonda imida ecacileyo yamalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko, bafumana intembelo yokuthabatha inyathelo ngokusisigxina nobulumko bokuphepha iingozi ezingeyomfuneko. Umthetho awumi ndawonye; ubhenela kwimizabalazo ewubumbayo. Ngokusebenza ngendlela elungeleleneyo kwinkqubo yomthetho, ngoxa besebenza ngokunyanzela ukutyhalela imida yabo kubulungisa obungakumbi, abaxhasi bayakwazi ukwakha imibutho ekwaziyo ukwenza utshintsho oluhlala luhleli. Umbutho okhule kakuhle awukhuselekanga kuphela kodwa usebenza kakuhle, uguqula ulwazi olusemthethweni lube sisiseko sesenzo.