Ingcamango yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko isisiseko kulawulo kunye nesiseko somthetho wezizwe emhlabeni wonke. La malungelo akhusela abantu ngabanye, aqinisekisa ukukhuselwa ekuxhatshazweni nasekuqinisekisweni kwenkululeko ethile. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo oluthelekisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kumazwe awahlukeneyo, libalaselisa ukufana nomahluko ngoxa lihlola isiseko sembali nesentandabulumko esibumba ezi nqanaba.

Ukuqonda amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akhutshiwe kumgaqo-siseko welizwe okanye kumthetho osisiseko, osebenza njengoxwebhu oluphakamileyo lomthetho. La malungelo aquka inkululeko yabemi, amalungelo ezobupolitika, kunye namalungelo entlalo. Ukwamkelwa nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo anjalo kungahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe, kuphenjelelwa ngumongo wembali, inkcubeko yezobupolitika, kunye neembopheleleko zezizwe ngezizwe. Umzekelo, Isindululo esingavumelaniyo samaLungelo oluntu [[[FLT: 1]] siphembele isiseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko, kodwa ukuphumeza inkqubo yamakhaya ngokufuthi kungqubana.

IMigaqo-siseko ingabhalwa okanye ingabhalwanga, iqinile okanye ithambileyo, kwaye isoloko ibonisa amaxabiso angundoqo ebutho labantu. Intengiselwano yamalungelo [ iqinisekisa ukuba ayinakuchaphazeleka lula ngomthetho oqhelekileyo, inika uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Noko ke, kwanezona mimiselo zomgaqo-siseko ziqhubekekayo zingathotywa ngomthetho obuthathaka, utoliko lwezomthetho, okanye uxinzelelo lwezobupolitika.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nesiseko Sezifundo Zenzululwazi

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ilandela imvelaphi yayo kwiingcinga ezikhanyiselweyo ezifana noJohn Locke, Montesquieu, kunye noRouss. Magna Carta (1215) kunye neKingrish Bill yamaLungelo [ [1689]) imisele imida yangaphambili kumandla obukumkani. Kamva, ubhengezo lwe-U.S. Isindululo se-Inkqumrhu samalungelo omntu nesoMgaqo-siseko wehlabathi wonke ocacisiweyo. La maxwebhu abeka isiseko sokuquququzelelwa kwamalungelo abhaliweyo kwimithetho ebhaliweyo ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19.

Umgaqo-siseko wemfazwe yehlabathi II wasemva kwemfazwe, ofana nomthetho osisiseko waseJamani (1949) kunye nomgaqo-siseko weJapan (1947), wagxininisa isidima soluntu kwaye walahla imfazwe. Inkulungwane yama-20 nayo yabona ukunyuka kwamalungelo entlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kumthetho-siseko wezizwe ezizimeleyo, ingakumbi eAfrika nase-Asia. Namhlanje, ingxoxo iyaqhubeka nokuba amalungelo angomntu wonke okanye angokwamasiko.

Iintlobo ezingundoqo zamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko angacuthwa amaqela amaninzi. Ngoxa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zingagcwali, ziqhele ukubhaqwa kwidemokhrasi yale mihla:

  • Ukukhululeka kwemida
  • Amalungelo Ezobupolitika
  • Amalungelo eNtlalo nezezoqoqosho
  • Amalungelo okusingqongileyo
  • Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

Ukukhululeka kwemida

Inkululeko yamakhaya ikhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. La malungelo aquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisa, yokuhamba, yonqulo, yokushicilela, neyobuqu. Kumazwe anjenge-United States neKhanada, ukhuseleko olunamandla lukho, ngokufuthi olunyanzeliswa ngokuvavanywa kwetyala. Noko ke, imiqathango isenokusebenza kwiimeko zokhuseleko lwesizwe okanye zocwangco loluntu. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha longxamiseko, bambi oorhulumente baye baxhomisa i-habeas corpus okanye ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo.

UMthetho oPhambili waseJamani udwelise isidima sobuntu njengesingalawulekiyo, kunye neNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yeFederal ivelise ukulawulwa okunamandla kwamalungelo obuqu, kuquka ilungelo lokuzimisela ngokwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko waseTshayina zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo zifaneleke kakhulu ngokongameleli kombuso kunye nemigangatho yezentlalo."

Amalungelo Ezobupolitika

Amalungelo ezobupolitika enza abemi bakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba kulawulo lwelizwe labo: ilungelo lokuvota, lokumela isikhundla, nokuseka amaqela ezobupolitika. La malungelo akhuselwa kakuhle kwidemokhrasi eqolileyo enjenge-United Kingdom, iIndiya, kunye noMzantsi Afrika. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ulawulo olunegunya eliphantsi kolawulo olufana noMntla Korea okanye uSaudi Arabia lukuthintela ngokungqongqo ukuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

Kwanakulawulo-mpuku, amalungelo ezobupolitika angajamelana nocelomngeni olufana nokucinezelwa kwamavoti, ukunyanzeliswa kwemali yephulo, okanye imiqathango kwimali yephulo. Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe kumalungelo asekuhlaleni nawasekuhlaleni (ICCPR) unika isiseko sala malungelo, kodwa ukuthobela kuyahluka.

Amalungelo eNtlalo nezezoqoqosho

La malungelo aquka ukufikelela kwimfundo, ezonyango, izindlu, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuphila. Amazwe ase-Nordic anjengeSweden, iNorway, kunye neFinland abeka amalungelo entlalo kwindawo yokuqala ngomthetho nangemiqathango. UmGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika uphawuleka ngokuquka amalungelo afanelekileyo entlalo anokunyanzeliswa ziinkundla, njengamalungelo okufikelela kwimpilo entle. Kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo, izibonelelo zimisela ukufezekiswa kwala la malungelo.

Amalungelo okusingqongileyo

Inkitha ekhulayo yomgaqo-siseko ngoku iquka ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okusempilweni. Umgaqo-siseko we-Ecuador ka-2008 waba ngowokuqala ukunika amalungelo asemthethweni endalo. I-Umthetho we-Bolivia Wamalungelo kaMama Ehlabathi ulandela indlela efanayo. EYurophu, i-European Convention on Human Rights itolikiwe ukuquka ukukhuselwa kwemekobume. Oku kubonisa ukutshintsha kwehlabathi lonke ekuqondeni isiseko sendalo esikwintlalontle yabantu.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

Eminye imimiselo iyawamkela amalungelo abekwe ngamaqela, anjengemithonyama, abantu abambalwa, okanye abantu abanobuhlanga obuncinane okanye amaqela onqulo. ISicatshulwa seKhanada samaLungelo neNkululeko siquka amalungelo aboMdabu, ngoxa umgaqo-siseko waseIndiya unika amathandabuzo kwimfundo nakumsebenzi kawonke-wonke weShedymard Castes and Spidynals. Ukulinganisa amalungelo amalungelo abantu ngabanye kusenokuba nengxabano.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko phesheya kwezizwe

Ukuzekelisa umahluko wamalungelo omGaqo-siseko, sihlola amazwe amaninzi kumazwekazi ahlukeneyo. Indlela yelizwe ngalinye ibonisa imbali yalo ekhethekileyo kunye nenkqubo yezobupolitika.

I-United States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika inkqubo eqinileyo yokufumana inkululeko yabemi ngeBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo. Uhlaziyiso lokuqala lukhusela ukuthetha, unqulo, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nesibongozo; uHlaziyo lwesibini luqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo. IsiHlanzi soMphengululo se-14 siqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okufanayo nenkqubo efunekayo. Noko ke, impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngomlinganiselo wamalungelo e-ICESCR, enjengokuqhomfa (ukususwa kokuphuma kwemizimba (] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Amen ), ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nokuthetha ngenkululeko kumajelo eendaba oluntu. U.S.S.

I-Jamani

ISisikelele soMthetho (Grundesetz) eJamani ibeka isidima somntu esisemzimbeni wayo. Iqinisekisa inkululeko yabemi, amalungelo ezobupolitika, namalungelo entlalo anjengelungelo lokhuseleko. INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yoMgaqo-siseko idlala indima enamandla ekunyanzeleni amalungelo, ngokufuthi ewalinganisele kwizilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke. IJamani ngumxhasi onamandla wamalungelo abantu baseYurophu, kuquka i-European Convention on Human Rights.

I-India

Umgaqo-siseko waseIndiya (1950) uqulethe ingqokelela ebanzi yamalungelo asisiseko (IPart III) anokufezekiswa, kunye neMithetho ePhakathi yeSikhokelo yoMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe (Inxalenye yeIV) ekhokela urhulumente kodwa enganyanzelelwanga ziinkundla. Inkululeko yabemi efana nenkululeko yokuthetha nonqulo iyakhuselwa, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje iye yabona inkxalabo ngokucinezelwa kwenkululeko nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokuvukela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawandisa amalungelo ngokusebenzisa ikomiti ekwayahlulele, itolikela ilungelo lokuphila kuquka ilungelo lokuzimela nokuhlala wedwa kunye nokusingqongileyo okucocekileyo.

UMzantsi Afrika

Umgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika emva komGaqo-siseko ozinzileyo (1996) ubhiyozelwa ngenxa yeBhili-nkulu yamaLungelo, igqubuthela, yezopolitiko, yezentlalo, yezoqoqosho, kunye namalungelo okusingqongileyo. INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko iye yanyanzelisa amalungelo entlalo-ntle, njengamalungelo okuhlala kwi- Grootboom[[FL:1] ityala. Noko ke, ukungalingani okuphezulu nokungalingani kunye nobuhlwempu kuyaqhubeka, ilinganisela ukunandiselwa kwamalungelo.

I-China

Umgaqo-siseko waseTshayina ukhusela amalungelo amaninzi ngokusemthethweni, kodwa ngokuqhelisa iQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina lizigcina lilawula ngokungqongqo intetho, indibano, kunye nonqulo. Inkqubo yomthetho ayinazintsebenziswano, kwaye amalungelo angaphantsi kwezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Imibutho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe isoloko ibhala ukuphulwa komthetho njengokuvalelwa nokuhlolisiswa kwemithetho. ITshayina iye yatyobela i-ICESCR kunye ne-ICCPR kodwa ayikhange izenze ngokupheleleyo.

I-Brazil

Umgaqo-siseko waseBrazil (ngowe-1988) uquka amalungelo aphezulu entlalo, njengamalungelo empilo nemfundo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeFederal iye yawanyanzelisa la malungelo, ingakumbi ngelungelo lokuchanabeka kwezonyango. Amalungelo endalo nawo axhaphakile, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuhlala kubuthathaka ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi nokunganyaniseki.

ISicwangciso-qhinga seMali seMali

Izivumelwano neendibano zezizwe ngezizwe zinikela umlinganiselo ofanayo wamalungelo omgaqo - siseko.

  • ISibhengezo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) – 1948
  • Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Wamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawasekuhlaleni (ICCPR) – 1966
  • Isivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangeneyo samalungelo ezoqoqosho, entlalo neNkcubeko (ICESCR) – 1966
  • Iinkonzo zengingqi: INdibano YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, Itshati YaseAfrika Engokwamalungelo Abantu, INdibano YaseMerika Yamalungelo Abantu
  • Indibano engokonakalisa zonke iintlobo zocalucalulo kumabhinqa (CEDAW)
  • Indibano Yamalungelo Omntwana (CRC)

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

IUDHR, eyamkelwa yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1948, ichaza amalungelo abantu asisiseko okukhuselwa emhlabeni wonke. Nangona inganyanzeliswanga ngokusemthethweni, iye yasebenza njengempembelelo kwimimiselo emininzi yesizwe nakwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawamapolitiki (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR yenza isivumelwano samazwe sokuhlonela amalungelo oluntu nawezobupolitika, kuquka ilungelo lobomi, inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, kunye nelungelo lobuqu. Idala iqumrhu elihlolayo, iKomiti yamaLungelo abantu, ehlola iingxelo zikarhulumente kwaye iyakwazi ukuva izikhalazo ngamanye amazwe phantsi koMthetho woLuhlu wokuQala Ongathanga. Amazwe amaninzi aye asebenzisa i-ICCPR xa elungisa iindleko zawo zamalungelo.

Isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe samalungelo ezoqoqosho, entlalo nenkcubeko (ICESCR)

I-ICESCR igxininisa kumalungelo afana nelungelo lokusebenza, lemfundo, lonyango, nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuphila. Ifuna ukuba kubekho amanyathelo "ukuya kuwona mthombo ukhoyo" ukuze aqonde ngokuthe ngcembe la malungelo. IKomiti yezezoqoqosho, i-Social and Cultural Rights ibonise ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho-siseko yentlalo. I-ICESCR ibinempembelelo ekulungiseni amalungelo entlalo kumgaqo-siseko wezizwe ezisakhasakhulayo.

Umatshini wokunyanzela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Akwanele ukuba namalungelo abhalwe ephepheni; ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza kwamalungelo kungqina ukusebenza kwawo.

  • Uhlolo lweJudicial – iinkundla zingabetha imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko
  • Iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko okanye iinkundla eziphakamileyo ezineziko lamalungelo abantu elikhethekileyo
  • Iqumrhu lamalungelo abantu lesizwe (umbutho, ugunyaziso lwamalungelo abantu)
  • Ulwandiso loluntu
  • Izikhalazo zomGaqo-siseko (abantu banokubhenela ngqo kwinkundla yomGaqo-siseko)

Amazwe anezigwebo ezizimeleyo, njengeJamani, iIndiya, noMzantsi Afrika, aye aphumelela ekunyanzeleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Iinkqubo zokugweba ezibuthathaka kumazwe anjengeRashiya okanye iVenezuela zivumela urhulumente ukuba angayihoyi imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Lokukhusela Amalungelo OmGaqo-siseko

Nangona kukho imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, amazwe amaninzi ajamelana nemiqobo emikhulu ekukhuseleni amalungelo.

  • Urhulumente ophangisiweyo nonobundlobongela
  • Ucalucalulo nokungalingani
  • Ukunganyaniseki nokungabi natyala
  • Iinkqubo zogwebo ezibuthathaka
  • Inkcitho yezoqoqosho nenkcitho yoovimba
  • Izinto ezisongelayo: ubugcisa bokuhlola, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, iindyikitya zokufa

Ukufikelela Ngokugqithiseleyo Kurhulumente Nobugunya

Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente basenokuwagqitha imida yabo, bechasa amalungelo abo ngamanye phantsi kokhuseleko okanye ucwangco loluntu. Amandla exesha likaxakeka, imithetho echasene nezenzo zobugrogrisi, kunye noorhulumente abahlolayo basoloko begqitha imigaqo-siseko. Ukuvela kobupopu kunye nokuphambuka kwedemokhrasi kumazwe afana ne-Hungary, Poland, ne-Turkey kuye kwazenza buthathaka izikhuseli zomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ezingenazintlawulo azinakusebenza njengeliso kumandla olawulo lwezigqeba.

Ucalucalulo Nokungalingani

Ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubuni, imbonakalo yesini, unqulo, okanye udidi lohlanga luyaqhubeka lusingela phantsi ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Kwanalapho imithetho ilwalela khona ucalulo, ikhethe lentlalo kunye nocalucalulo olulawulwa yintlalo. Ngokomzekelo, ucalucalulo olusekelwe kudidi lwamaIndiya lusaqatsele phezu kwayo nje imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. UMzantsi Afrika uxambulisana olunxulumene nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nohlanga. Ugonyamelo olusekelwe kwintlalo-ntle luyimibango yehlabathi lonke.

Urhwaphilizo Nokungabi natyala

Urhwaphilizo kumaziko karhulumente lungaphazamisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Xa amagosa engabekwanga tyala, ukuphulwa komthetho akunasohlwaywa. I-Projekthi ye-World Justice Project [[FLT: 0]] ye-Index yoMthetho isoloko ibonisa ukuba amazwe anenkohlakalo ephezulu awanantlonelo ephantsi yamalungelo asisiseko.

Inkqubo yezeejaji ezibuthathaka

Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Kumazwe apho iinkundla ziphantsi kwengcinezelo yezopolitiko, ukuswela oovimba, okanye zixakekiswe ngamatyala, abantu abanakukwazi ukuvavanya ngokunempumelelo ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo. Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zidla ngokungaphelelanga, zishiye amahlwempu engenako ukufikelela kokusesikweni.

Iingxaki Zezoqoqosho

Amalungelo entlalo-zoqoqosho kufuneka asetyenziswe kakhulu nguluntu. Iintlanga ezineGDP esezantsi kumntu ngamnye zingazama ukulungiselela unyango lwempilo yehlabathi, imfundo, okanye indawo yokuhlala. Kwanaxa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko elungelelanisiweyo, iinkundla kufuneka zilinganise ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nentlawulo yogcino-mali. Isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselisa indlela iingxaki zezoqoqosho ezinokukhokelela ngayo kwimiqathango yamalungelo abantu.

Imimandla Edityanisiweyo: Amalungelo Amanani Nemfihlo

Iminyaka yamanani ibangela ucelomngeni olutsha kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Iingxoxo ezifana nokuzimela ugcino-lwazi, okusesikweni, kunye nenkululeko yokuchaza i-intanethi zibhekiswa ngakumbi kwi-jurisprudence yomgaqo-siseko. nelungelo lokulityalwa [ zaqashelwa yiNkundla yoLuntu yoLuntu. I-Brazil’s Marco Civile da imisela ubundilili kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-mgamfa. Amanye amazwe, njengoMzantsi Korea no-Indiya, aye aqonda ukuba umgaqo-siseko unelungelo lokuzimela kwimibandela yoluvo. Noko ke, iinkqubo zokuhlola zisoloko zingqubana nezi zikhuselwano.

Ikamva Lamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ukuqashelwa kwemiba yamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuyaqhubeka kukhula, yaye amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ayahambelana neengxaki zale mihla. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunyanzelisa amazwe ukuba ajonge amalungelo acacileyo okusingqongileyo. Ukwanda kobukrelekrele kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuziphendulela. Okwangoku, ukufuduka nokunqongophala kweembacu kuvavanya imiqathango yemigaqo yezokhuseleko emiselwe ngumgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqhanyiswa komnqamlezo phakathi kweenkundla zamakhaya kunye namaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe, njengeNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, kuyakhawuleza. IBhunga [[FLT: 0] ULUNU ULUNTLOBO LWAMALUNQANABA [ namaqumrhu esivumelwano ayaqhubeka enika ukhokelo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kuhlala kusezindleni zesizwe.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo-demokhrasi nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngelixesha inkqubela iye yenziwa kumazwe amaninzi qha kulwandiso lwamalungelo okuquka intlalo, izoqoqosho, kunye nemilinganiselo yemekobume (iingxaki eziqhubekayo) kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Uhlalutyo oluthelekisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kumazwe onke lubalaselisa ukubaluleka kwamaziko anamandla, uluntu oluphaphileyo, kunye nokuzibophelela kumthetho.