Imbali yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko amaqela amancinane yingxelo entsonkothileyo ebonisa amaxabiso aguquguqukayo ebutho labantu. Kuyo yonke imbali, amaqela amancinane ahlukeneyo aye alwela ukuqwalaselwa nokukhuselwa phantsi komthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho olubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko. Olu hambo lubonisa kungekuphela nje inkqubela eyenzekayo kodwa kwanemida engapheliyo eseleyo. Ukuqonda le ncam yembali kubalulekile kuye kwafuneka nabani na ozinikele ekwakheni ulungelelwano oluqukayo nolusesikweni. Ukusukela kwimithetho yamandulo ukuya kwizigqibo zenkundla zanamhlanje, ukulwela amalungelo amancinane kuye kwayiguqula ngokuphindaphindiwe intsingiselo yolawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Isiseko sangaphambili samalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko inemvelaphi enzulu kwinkqubo yamandulo yomthetho, nokuba loo mithetho yamandulo ayizange ithethe ngokucacileyo ngokhuseleko oluncinane njengoko siyiqonda namhlanje. Noko ke, ezi ziseko zisekwe kwimigaqo engundoqo.(ukungagunyaziswa kwemigaqo engundoqo).

Ikhowudi KaHammurabi

Ukudibana nonyaka ka-1754 BCE, iKhodi kaHammurabi yenye yemithetho ebhaliweyo yamandulo nepheleleyo. Yaveza umgaqo wokuba imithetho ifanele isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, nangona isebenza inike abantu abaphantsi izigwebo ezingqwabalala. Nangona kunjalo, ikhowudi imisela umzekelo wokuba imithetho iqinisekiswe kwaye inyanzeliswe ligunya elisembindini, imeko eyimfuneko nakuluphi ukhuseleko lwexesha elizayo lomgaqo-siseko.

Umthetho WaseRoma Netafile Elishumi Elibini

IRiphabliki yeRoma yavelisa iiThayili ezilishumi elinesibini (c. 450 BCE), ezazibhalwe kubhedu kwaye ziboniswe ekuhleni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bayakwazi ukuwazi umthetho, kunciphisa amandla obuqu e-patricia. Abagwebi bamaRoma kamva baphuhlisa iingcamango zomthetho wendalo kunye ne-i-iintshi yomthetho [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] umlinganiselo we-projekthi enokuthi iphenjelelwe i-Prongngngsssss shorts njengoJohn Locke. Ukugxininisa kwamaRoma kugxininiswe [[FLT:]] kunye [FLT:]] kunye [FLT]] ne[FLT] elungileyo wababelwayo [FLT:]]

UMagna Carta Nembewu Yenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Ngo-1215, uMagna Carta wamisela ukuba ukumkani wayengentla kumthetho kwaye abantu abakhululekileyo babenelungelo lokugweba ngoontanga babo. Ngelixesha ikhuselwe ngokuyintloko izilangazelelo zebharonial, amacandelo 39 ne 40(-) enikela inkqubela efunekayo kwaye elingana nokulunga-bulungisa (-) ekwaba ziziseko zengxoxo zamva ezichasene nesenzo sombuso esingekho semthethweni. Abagcini-Malicango bamazwe baphethe ukhuphelo olubonisa indlela olu xwebhu olumisela ngayo umzekelo wokumisela ulawulo lolawulo lorhulumente.

Intanda - bulumko Yokukhanyiselwa Namalungelo Emvelo

Iinkulungwane ze-17 kunye neze-18 zabona izithandi zobulumko njengoJohn Locke kunye noJean-Jacques Rousseau bema ngelithi abantu banelungelo lemfuza elinokuthi kungabikho rhulumente alichaphazeli. ISigqeba se- Sibini se-Rhulumente saqinisekisa amalungelo obomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Ezi ngcamango zaphembelela ngqo abaQulumi baseMelika kunye nokuqulunqeni kwe-uni loMgaqo-siseko we-U. Kwangokunjalo iSikhanyiso sehlabathi sihambisana noqheliselo olusasayo, ukuphikisana okunokuthi kuthathe iinkulungwane.

Imvukelo YaseMerika Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo

IMvukelo yaseMerika yayilixesha eliphenduliweyo lokuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo abantu. Isindululo senkululeko savakalisa ukuba “bonke abantu badalwe belingana,” kodwa umGaqo-siseko waqala wasilela ukukhusela amalungelo abo kubantu abambalwa. Ukusetyenziswa kweBhili yamaLungelo ngo-1791 kwabonisa inyathelo elibalulekileyo, nangona ukhuseleko lwayo lwalungasetyenziswa ncam emhlabeni wonke.

INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko kunye nokuLahlana kwamaThathu

NgeNdibano yowe - 1787, iindwendwe ezazisuka kumazwe akhutshwa amakhoboka zanyanzelisa ukuba zibala abantu abangamakhoboka njengeminyaka emithathu kumakhoboka ukuze babonwe yaye bahlawulelwe irhafu. Oku kulalanisa kwabangela ukuba abantu bangabi nabuhlanga bangenele uxwebhu olusisiseko.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Nentetho Encinane

Ngo-1791, uMphengululo Wokuqala uqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa kunye nesicelo. Ngoxa ekuqaleni kwakutolikwa ukukhusela kuphela kwinyathelo likarhulumente, kamva waba sisixhobo sokuba abantu abambalwa balumkele ingcinezelo. Abaxhasi bezikhundla, iincwadi, kunye namalungelo oluntu onke acela uMthetho Wokuqala Wolawulo wokusasaza amaphecana, ukulungiselela ukulwa, nokugxeka urhulumente. [FLT: 0] ityala leNkundla yeNkundla encinane iMaster Whop. IKhomishini yamalungelo oMpul. I-omatilotradomss. Ikhomisha yamalungelo oMveliyo yoLuntu onke akhuthaza uluntu ukuba kuboniswe indlela ezi nkululeko eziqhubeke ngayo ukuchasana namalungelo amancinane namhlanje.

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Nenkqubo Efanele Ihlaziywe

Igalelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo yeSihlanu soHlaziyo lalela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba ahluthe nabani na “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Yakhusela nakwindlela yokuzitshintsha ngokwayo kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini. Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iSindululo seshumi elinesine soMphetho-Mbetho sadlulisela ezi zikhuseliso kurhulumente, nto leyo eyenza inkqubo efunekayo yokuwahluza amalungelo amancinane.

Inkulungwane Ye - 19: Ukwandisa Amalungelo

Iminyaka yee - 1800 yaya iqaqanjelwa ngakumbi imfuneko yokukhuselwa kwemiGaqo-siseko yabantu abambalwa, ingakumbi abantu baseMerika namabhinqa aseAfrika abangamakhoboka.

IMbutho yezeNkcukacha neMimiselo yoQonda

Abaxhasi bezenyuko njengoFrederick Douglas noWilliam Lloyd Garrison baphikisa isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko senkululeko. Imfazwe yamakhaya yaphelisa ubukhoboka, kwaye iReconstruments (1865), ye-14. ngo1868, neye-15) (1870) , kwaye yanyanzeleka ukukhusela inkululeko, ubumi, kunye nokuvota amalungelo alinganayo e-Black America. ISiphendumi se-14 sokhuseleko saba sisixhobo esinamandla kakhulu samalungelo amancinane eMelika. Kodwa isithembiso sika-Constanton sakhawuleza sathotywa yimithetho neNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT:]. V[FLD2][FLT] [5] [5] [5] [5] [5]

Intshukumo Embi Yamabhinqa

Abaxhasi bamalungelo abesifazane, abakhokelwa nguSusan B. Anthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton, baphikisa ngelithi uMgaqo-siseko wanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota ngamalungelo okanye ngemiqathango ye-14 yokuLawula. INkundla Ephakamileyo yala le ngxoxo uMoror v. Happer [ [1875], iqhubela phambili iphulo lamashumi eminyaka e-17-e-10 [i-ekurhoxiswa kwesivumelwano sokulungisa ukwahlukene. Unyusombululo lwe-1973, lwagunyazisa ngo1920, ekugqibeleni lwayalela ukucalucalulo lwevota olusekelwe kwisini, kodwa amabhinqa amaninzi ombala aqhubeka ejongena kakuhle kwi-1960.

Ukufuduswa Kwamalungelo Omnqophiso

Inkulungwane ye-19 yabona ukususwa okunyanzelekileyo kwezizwe zamaMelika amaIndiya kumafa, ngokufuthi kugwetyelwa nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. [[FLT Claus Claus] kunye nesivumelwano. [FLT][1] .Isizwe seCheroke . Georgia[FLT][31] [1831] [ii-[FLT]] [FLT]]] [iiinjiko-W] . [[FLT][FLT] i-[FLT] .[FLT][1232]) amatyala asungulwe izizwe njenge-“ intesmodentific," indawo eqhubekelwayomthetho wesizwe nolawulo lwesizwe.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

IMbutho yaMalungelo e-Civil yoo-1950 nawoo1960 yayilixesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMerika. Yabhenca umsantsa phakathi kwesiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko kunye nento eyenzekayo yaseAfrika, kwaye yanyanzelisa urhulumente wengingqi ukuba amisele umthetho oguqulayo.

Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo seyelenqe kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo irhoxisile Pnety v. Ferguson, ivakalisa ukuba “izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo." Isigqibo saxhomekeka kwingxelo yokhuselo lwe 14 yeSinyuso kunye nobungqina obungokwenzululwazi ngeengozi ze-RGP. Iprojekthi ye-Oytez inika iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo zetyala[, kuquka neziphumo zengxelo yesizwe zoluhlanga.

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

Lo mthetho ulawulayo wawungaluvumeli ucalucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, imisebenzi, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente ezisekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Wawusekelwe kumandla eBhunga phantsi koMbutho kaChwethezi Clausle kunye noMphetho we-14. Isihloko VII sayila i-Unime Accomplication Commission (EOC), esiqhubeka sinyanzela ukuba kumiselwe imithetho echasene noRhulumente.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

Emva kohambo olunogonyamelo “lweCawa” eSelma, e-Alabama, iKhompala yawisa umthetho ogunyazisa ukuvota ngokusemthethweni njengovavanyo lokubhalisa kunye nerhafu yokuvota. Icandelo 5 lafuna amagunya athile kunye nembali yocalulo ukuze lifumane ukubekwa phambili kwemithetho yokuvota. [[FLT:] USP] Soundme umThetho weNkundla ka-2013 Shelby County v. Raker[FLT][F:3] ngokuphawulekayo lanciphisa eli lungiselelo lokuguqula imithetho yokuvota. [[FLT]] ihlasela ngokutsha ngevoti yemivti.

Amanani angundoqo kunye neeroot eziqhelanisayo

Iinkokeli ezifana noMartin Luther King Jr., uRosa Parks noJohn Lewis zamisa umbutho owawusebenzisa ukungathobeli okunogonyamelo kwabemi ukufuna amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. INgqungquthela yaMazantsi yamaKristu eKhomishini (SCLC), iKomiti yaBafundi iNonlig Couridating (SNCC), kunye neNaACP Levic Defense zasebenza kunye ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuqhankqala nokuphikisa.

Inkqubela Yale Mihla Kumalungelo Amancinane

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukwanda kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko kuye kwaquka amaqela awayengasetyenziswa okanye aye athotyelwa phantsi ngaphambili. izigqibo neenguqu zenkundla ziye zathetha ngamalungelo eLGBTQ, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, amalungelo okukhubazeka nenkululeko yonqulo.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo: [[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT: 1] (2015)

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo so 5684 Obergefell esisemthethweni emtshatweni ongokwabelana ngesondo kwilizwe lonke, sibambe ukuba uHlaliso lwezibonelelo lwe-14 kunye nemithetho elinganayo yokukhusela iqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata izibini ezingoonozala abafana. Isigqibo esakhiwe kumatyala angaphambili njenga [[FLT:] Lawrence v. Texas, eyabulala imithetho ye-sodoma. Ngoxa i-2003 ngoku i-659 ikhuselwe, LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye sisejamelene nocalucalucalucalulo kwizindlu, imisebenzi, kunye neendawo zokuhlala kumazwe amaninzi.

Amalungelo afudukayo ne-DACA

Ngo-2012, uMongameli Obama wakha inkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNkundla yoBuntwana (DACA), enika ukhuseleko lokwexeshana ekugxothweni nasekugunyazisweni kwabaphambukeli abavela kwamanye amazwe abathunyelwa e-U.S. njengabantwana. UDACA ujongene neengxaki eziphindaphindiweyo, kunye nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo . [] Inkqeqesho yokhuseleko lwe Homeland Ukhuseleko v. [[FLT][FLT][2:20] [25] [20] [iiindlela] zokulawula eziphinde zifunyaniswe. Inkqubo ihlala ingumsebenzi ongundoqo wengxoxo ye-gculo-ogracratic .

Amalungelo Aphulukileyo NeADA

AmaMerika anoMthetho we-ADA yokukhubazeka (ADA) ka-1990 alwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu. Emva koMthetho wamaLungelo kaNorvil, waqinisekisa ukuba anokufumaneka ngokulinganayo emsebenzini, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Ingxelo ye-ADA yaqhutywa lumanyano olubanzi lwabameli beziphene abasebenzisa ilungelo lokufikelela kwigunyaziso ezikhuselwe yiSinyuso-14.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Neenkolelo Ezincinane

Igalelo leFirst Amendment elikhululekileyo litolikiwe ukukhusela iinkonzo ezincinane, ukusuka kumaNgqina kaYehova ukuya kumaSilamsi. Ityala elifana SSHERbert v. Verner [1963]) kunye ] Employment Division v. Smith (1990) wasungula iimvavanyo xa urhulumente enokuthi athwale uqheliselo lonqulo. Iimpikiswano zakutshanje ezingokungabikho konqulo kwimithetho echasene no-62.63) kunye [FLT]]] I-Employmentation Revision v. [[[FLT] [1990] i-exandulo transferties transmes translated transfer]

Ucelomngeni Nemilo Eqhubekayo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ephawulekayo, abantu abambalwa abaninzi basajamelene nemiqobo yokulingana okupheleleyo komGaqo-siseko.

Ucinezelo lombane nolawulo

Imithetho ye-Voter, ukususwa kwemivota, nokuvalwa kwendawo zokuvota ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela uluntu olumbalwa. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0] seShelby County sisuse imfuneko yangaphambili efunekayo yamazwe kunye nembali yocalulo, ekhokelela kwisambulo sovotalo olungqongqo. I-ravo gerrydering, apho imigca yesithili itsalelwe ukuphelisa amandla amancinane okuvota, iyaqhubeka ikhutshwa phantsi koMthetho we-Voting Rights kunye noMbetho we-14.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo Nokufikelela Kwimfundo

Imithetho eyenzelwe ukucombulula ucalucalulo lwembali kwimfundo ephakamileyo eqhubekayo engokwasemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kohlanga njengenkalo enye ekuvulweni kodwa ikwabeka uhlolo olungqongqo. ] Izigqibo zeFair Adgissississ v. Harvard[FLT][FLT]] [2023], iNkuphumele ngokunempumelelo ukuvunywa kwesizwe, ilawula ukuba iinkqubo ziphule irebe irekhodi elinganayo yokhuseleko. Esi sigqibo siya kuba neziphumo zokufikelela kwabambalwa ekufikeleleni kwimibutho ephakamileyo.

Unyanzeliso loshenxiso kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ukuvalelwa kocalulo, imigaqo yokwahlukana kwentsapho, kunye nokususwa kwetyala elixolelwayo kusoloko kudlula imigaqo efunekayo engokomGaqo-siseko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi abangengobantu abakhoyo, kwanabo bangavumelekanga ngokusemthethweni, bagcina amalungelo athile phantsi koMthetho wesihlanu nowe-14. Ukugwetywa kwemiqathango “INkqubela eMexico” kunye nomthetho kawonke-wonke uyaqhubeka uchaza imida yamalungelo ondwendwe.

Ukuziphendulela Kwamapolisa Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Iziganeko eziphezulu zezenzo zogonyamelo lwamapolisa kuluntu lwamaBlack kunye noBrown ziye zabangela ukuba kuchazwe ubalo lwesizwe. Inzame efunekayo ye-14 Demendmentation, njengoko ichazwe kwi-Graham v.Connor [19989], ilawula izibhengezo zokunyanzelisa okugqithisileyo. Kodwa ukukhusela okufanelekileyo kusoloko kukhusela amagosa kwityala. Imigudu yotshintsho igxininisa ekutshintsheni ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho ye-62of24foctive, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwekhamera yomzimba, kunye nokuqwalasela kwakhona indima yamapolisa kwibutho labantu.

Isiphelo

Imbono engokwembali yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye namagxalaba ambalwa ityhila uhambo oluphawulwa kukulwa, ukunyamezela, kunye nenkqubela. Ukusuka kuMthetho kaHammurabi ukuya kuMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi oMdabi kunye nangaphaya kwawo, isizukulwana ngasinye siye sandisa isangqa sabo banelungelo lokukhusela. Kodwa isiseko sembali asithathi-gobe ngokuzenzekelayo; kufuneka imigudu eqhubekayo yabaxhasi bomthetho, abagwebi, abagwebi, nabahlali abaqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda le mbali ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuliseni ibutho elinamalungelo ahlukeneyo nelixhasa amalungelo abo bonke abantu. Umsebenzi ongagqibeleliyo wokwenza izithembiso zobulungisa ngolu hlobo lomntu omncinane uhlala ungomnye weengxaki ezicacileyo zexesha lethu.