Ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho onyanzelisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omthetho lwakha isiseko somthetho wenkqubo yokugweba waseMerika. Mihla le, amagosa amapolisa kunye namaqumrhu orhulumente asebenzisa ukhuseleko oluntsonkothileyo olungokwasemthethweni olulungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke noluntu ngenkululeko. Kubemi, ukuwaqonda la malungelo akukokufundiswa nje kuphela, kwaye kubanika amandla okusebenzisana namagunya ngolwazi aze kuqinisekiswe ukukhusela kwawo xa kuyimfuneko. Ukuqikelelwa komthetho, ukufikelela ngokunzulu kwemida esemthethweni kubalulekile ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo ngokusemthethweni nokugcina ukuthembeka koluntu abalusebenzayo. Eli nqaku linwebela kwimigaqo esisiseko, imigaqo engundoqo, imizekelo engoko engoko engomthetho, kunye nocelomngeni oluchaza lo mdlalo ugciso olubalulekileyo.

Ukuqonda amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ingakumbi ngokusetyenziswa kweBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungiswa okulandelayo, umisela isakhiwo esisikelwe imida yamandla karhulumente kwaye uqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko. La malungelo awacingisiswe qha, alo mlinganiselo `awabumba ngqo indlela amagosa omthetho amele asebenze ngayo ngexesha lophando, lokubanjwa, kunye namava emihla ngemihla.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Inkululeko Ekhokelayo

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela intetho, unqulo, ushicilelo, indibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. Kumongo womthetho, oku kuthetha ukuba amagosa kufuneka awahlonele amalungelo abemi ukubonakalisa ukungavumelani, umsebenzi wamapolisa obhaliweyo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kwaye ahlanganise uxolo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ilungelo lokuthatha ifilimu likhuselwe phantsi koMmiselo Wokuqala (Glik v. Cunniffev[FL:1], 1st Crir. 2011). Abaphathi abanako ukuphindisela abantu ngabanye ngenxa yokusebenzisa le nkululeko, nangona benokubeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango ukuba kukho isisongelo esicacileyo sokuzikhusela.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Ukukhuselwa Kuphando Nezinto Ezingekho Mthethweni

Mhlawumbi oku kulungiswa rhoqo komthetho, uMmiselo wesi-5 ufuna ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kube sengqiqweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe i-overse. Oku kuqhelekile kubandakanya:

  • [[FLT: 0] Imvume: Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuvumayo kuphendlo, akukho mvume ifunekayo.
  • Imbono ecacileyo: amagosa angathatha ubungqina obubonakalayo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.
  • Iimeko eziqikeleleyo: Ingxamiseko enjengento ekhawulezayo esukelayo okanye utshabalaliso olukufuphi lobungqina lungathethelela uphendlo olungagunyaziswanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa: amagosa angakhangela abanjwe kunye nendawo ekhawulezileyo yezixhobo okanye ubungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umahluko ozenzekelayo wenqwelo - mafutha: unobangela onokwenzeka kuphela uvumela ukukhangela okungenasiqinisekiso kwenqwelo-mafutha.

Yima- kwaye usebenzise i-frisk imisebenzi elawulwa Terry v. Ohio, ifuna ukrokra olusengqiqweni [ ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi. Umgca phakathi kwesiganeko esikhawulezileyo kunye nokuxhuzula uyakwazi ukuvalwa; ukuziphatha kwegosa (*) ukuvala intshukumo okanye ukuthobela, --accel incoko ifuna ukukrokraza okusengqiqweni.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokhuseleko ekuzichaseni

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu “onyanzelwayo nakweliphi na ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abe lingqina elichasene naye.” Esi sisiseko samalungelo adumileyo [[FLT: 0] ama-Miranda afundwayo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya. Xa ukrokrelelwa esejeleni kwaye emele ancinwe, kufuneka axelelwe ilungelo lawo lokuhlala ethe cwaka nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo. Ukuba igosa aliziniki izilumkiso, naziphina iingxelo ezingenziwa enkundleni zingacinywa.

Ngaphezu kokuzithethelela, uMphetho wesihlanu ukwaquka i-Awd Processom Claus, ekhusela kwisenzo soburhulumente sobuqu. Umthetho onyanzelisayo kufuneka ulandele iinkqubo ezimiselweyo xa uhlupha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla (ngokomzekelo, xa usebenzisa amandla abulalayo, ukuthethelela makube nokusengqiqweni phantsi koMgqomo-jikelo wesine, hayi ukwaphulwa nje kwenkqubo efunekayo ekubambeni.

IsiHlanziso Sesithandathu: Ityala Elifanelekileyo Nomelo Olusemthethweni

IsiHlamlisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuluntu, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko. Kulo mthetho, oku kuthetha ukuba xa uthe warhanelwa ngokusemthethweni, banelungelo lokuba negqwetha ngexesha lawo onke amanqam, kuquka ukubekwa imitya nezicelo. Ityala lembali Gideon v. Wainright[ [1963]) limisele ukuba amatyala amele anikezele icebiso kubamangalelwa abangenamkeli-mmeli. Iinkqubo zamapolisa kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba abamangalelwa abangemkeli abakhatyiweyo abangelwanga lilo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Ngoxa kusoloko kunxulumene nokugwetywa, iSindululo soMphetho-mthetho sesibhozo sikwachaphazela ukusebenzisa amapolisa amandla. Amandla agqithisileyo anokusothusa isazela, nangona inkoliso yezenzo zonyanzelo ihlalutyiswa phantsi komgangatho weSihlaziyo sesine “ubusengqiqweni". IsiHlaliso seMiqathango seNyakatho sesibhozo sikwalela ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango ethile okanye iimeko ezilingana nesohlwayo ngaphambi kokuqiniseka.

Indima Yomthetho Ekuxhaseni Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amagosa okunyanzelisa imithetho akangoonyanzelo nje kuphela; ngabagcini bamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Umsebenzi wawo oyintloko kukukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngoxa ehlonela imida emiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Lo mthwalo-siseko ubini ufuna ukwenza izigqibo rhoqo phantsi koxinzelelo.

Iimbopheleleko Zeentambo

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokugcina umyalelo: abaphathi baphendula kwiimeko ezimaxongo, kuluntu olujikelezayo, kwaye bangenelele kwiimeko eziyingozi.
  • Ukuphengulula nokuqokelela ubungqina: Oku kufuna ukuqonda xa isiqinisekiso siyimfuneko, indlela yokufumana, nendlela yokuphatha ubungqina ngaphandle kokwaphula amalungelo.
  • Imithetho enyanzelisayo ehambelana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko: Yonke igalelo, ukubanjwa, kunye nokuphengulula kufuneka kugwetyelwe ngokusemthethweni.
  • Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abakrokreleki namaxhoba kuyahlonelwa: amaxhoba nawo anamalungelo (ngokomzekelo, phantsi koMthetho wamalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka aphathwe ngesidima kwaye axelelwe ngetyala.

Uqeqesho Nemfundo

Izikolo zamapolisa zangoku zinikezela ixesha elibalulekileyo kumthetho-siseko. Intlangano yezizwe ngezizwe yeeNtloko zamapolisa icebisa ukuba kufumaneke imfundo eqhubekayo kwigqiza lesine loMmiselo-Mpanziso, ukusebenzisa imigaqo yonyanzelo, kunye nokuthoba izithuba. Imimandla engundoqo iquka:

  • Imfundo esemthethweni yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho wetyala: abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bazi izigqibo zamva zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, njenge Rodriguez v. United States[ (2020) kunyaka omisiweyo wezithuthi kunye Utah v. Strieff[[[FL:5]] (20) ekuquluxelweni kobungqina obungcolileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubuchule bokwahlula: iindlela zeVerbal, ixesha, umgama, kunye nokugquma kunciphisa imfuneko yokunyanzelisa nokunciphisa iingxabano zomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iindlela zobupolisa zobuchule: Ukwakha ukuthembana ngonxulumano olulungileyo, olunganyanzeliswanga ngegunya lukhuthaza ukuthobela nokusebenzisana ngokuzithandela.

Ukuphendula kwangaphakathi kunye nokulawula

Izicelo zikwazalisekisa iinkqubo zangaphakathi ezisoloko zigqitha kwiimfuno ezincinci zomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, amasebe amaninzi ngoku afuna amagosa awenza asebenze iikhamera zomzimba ngexesha loqhagamshelwano lommi ( iinkqubo zeBB]). Iibhodi zohlolo lwengingqi lwangaphakathi, sebenzisa iinkqubo zokuxela ngombane, kunye neesiseko songenelelo lwangaphambili zinceda ukuphawula abaphathi abanokuphula amalungelo. Ezi nkqubo zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke-wonke.

Ucelomngeni Lokuxhasa Amalungelo

Nangona kuqeqeshwa yaye kusenziwa iinjongo ezintle, kuqhubeka ukuphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Imibandela yenkqubo, ikhethe elicacileyo, kunye neengcinezelo ezingaqhelekanga zinokukhokelela kwizenzo eziphelisa inkululeko yabemi. Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kukuncokola okuqhubekayo kwesizwe.

Ukunyeliswa Nokuphathwa Ngobuhlanga

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kuphando oluninzi lubonisa ukuba abantu abamnyama nababhila-bhabhayo bamisiwe ngokungatshintshiyo, baphengululwa, banyanzelwa. Ngoxa ukukrokra okusengqiqweni kufuneka kube kukungathathi-nxaxheba, ikhethe elicacileyo lingaphembelela imbono yegosa lokukrokra. Inkcazo yobulungisa kwicandelo lobuhlanga ikhuthaza amaziko ukuba aqokelele ugcino-lwazi lokuphelisa izithuthi, ahlalutya umahluko, kwaye asebenzise uqeqesho olunekhethe. Amazwe amaninzi aye akhupha imithetho esekelwe kwibala, ubuhlanga, nonqulo.

Umkhosi Ogqithiseleyo Nokuziphendulela

Iziganeko eziphezulu ze-profile zibalaselise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla abulalayo. Umgangatho wesine WoMgqomo osuka ku-Graham v. Connor (19989) ubuza ukuba amandla “ayesengqiqweni" ngokwembono yegosa elinolwazelelelo kumboniso. Abahlalutyi baphikisa lo mlinganiselo unika ukulibazisa kakhulu. Utshintsho olufana nolufuna ukuphelisa ukuvaleka, ukuvala imingxube, nokuvala ii-mingxube, kunye nokuphengulula ii-mviwo-e-engidi ezizimeleyo (umz.g., ngokusebenzisa igqwethalwane okanye abagwebi abakhethekileyo) bazimisele ukunciphisa amandla agqithisileyo nokwandisa ulwano. ULust Flyd umthetho lwe-Cliccisol kwi-Sctial Act, nangona lungadluliswa ngumthetho, umgangatho omninzi wolawulo.

Ukuphanda Okungekho Mthethweni Nokusetyenziswa Kwamandla

Uphengululo olungenasigxina olusekelwe ku- “imvume” lungadibaniseka, ingakumbi xa abarhanelwa bengabazi ukuba bangalandula. Umthetho wokususa izithuba ``owucinezelayo) olufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni) lusebenza njengesithintelo, kodwa ngaphandle komthetho wokholo olulungileyo ( United States v. Leon, 1984]) ukunciphisa ukufikelela kwayo. Iikhamera zomzimba kunye neenkqubo zokuphatha ze khowudi zinceda ukunciphisa iimpazamo.

Ukuthembana Nolwakhiwo Loluntu

Xa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ejongwa njengasoloko ephulwa, abantu abasayi kuthemba imithetho. Eli “ngxaki lolwaphulo-mthetho lokunyanzeliswa komthetho” lenza kube nzima ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba amangqina namaxhoba ayamathidala ukusebenzisana. Isigwebo somthetho-(i-furejir), ukubonakala, nokuvela kwelizwi kwiimeko /ukuthotyelwa nokuthembana. Amaqela amkela amanqam (CIT) alungele ukungenelwa kweminxeba yempilo engqondo nawo anciphisa ukubanjwa nokunyanzelwa okungeyo.

Uphando lophawu lwemeko yomhlaba

La matyala alandelayo abalulekileyo ukuze kuqondwe indlela amalungelo asemthethweni asetyenziswa ngayo ekunyanzelweni komthetho.

[[UMTL:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda wabanjwa ngokuqweqwediswa nokudlwengulwa okusekelwe ekuvunyweni kwamapolisa ngexesha lokuncinwa kwamapolisa apho engaxelelwanga ngelungelo lakhe lokucebisa. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ukukhusela kweSigqibo sesihlanu sokuzikhulula kufuna ukuba umthetho unyanzelise ukucebisa ukuba kurhanelwe amalungelo abo phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Ngoku i-FLT [[[FLT]]] “Unelungelo lokuhlala ungathethi...[[FLT:]] [[16]] [16]] iziphumo ezithe ngqo zesi sigqibo. Kamva ityala lacacisa ukuba ukuba ukuba igosapho libazisa imibuzo ngaphandle kweMirra neZilumkiso, iimpendulo zicacile, kodwa zifunyaniswe njengobungqina obuphathekayo obungachanelanga obubodwayo “ubungqina obungalawuleyo.[2] [2]

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Umphathi we- McFadlen waphawula amadoda amathathu akrokrelekayo akufuphi nogcino kwaye, ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekileyo, ewafaka phantsi ukuze enze izixhobo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukuphengululwa okulinganiselweyo (i-frisk”) kwezixhobo kuvumelekile ukuba igosa linokuvunywa [ ngokungenangqiqo [[ ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi. Oku kumisa imfundiso ye-frisk umlinganiselo wokhuseleko lwe-Drandmentive. Noko ke, iNkundla ilumkisa ukuba“ i-alla” iphendla ngokusekelwe kumgaqo owe-buhlanga ochasene nomgaqo-mthetho. [[[[[FLT] [FLD2]] [FF:3] [FF]] [FLD], njengomlinganiselo we-FT] ukhuseleko lwe-Genethi.[12]

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

UDollree Map wagwetywa ngokuba nezinto ezingcolileyo emva kokuba amapolisa ephengulule ikhaya lakhe ngaphandle kogunyaziso. INkundla Ephakamileyo yadlulisela umthetho osusiweyo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, isithi ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokuchasene noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine abunakusetyenziswa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Esi sigqibo sinyanzelelwayo sikarhulumente kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuba bathabathe imilinganiselo yeSihlaziyo yesine nzulu okanye baphulukane neenkolelo ezichanekileyo. Abahlalutyisi bathi lo mthetho unokubavumela abamangalelwa abanetyala ukuba bakhululeke, kodwa abaxhasi bawugqala njengesiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo kwizenzo zamapolisa.

[[UMTL: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

UClarence Gideon watyholwa ngokuqhekeza kwigumbi lokuhlala eFlorida. Wacela igqwetha kodwa wakhatywa kuba umthetho waseFlorida wawunika icebiso kuphela kumatyala okubulawa. INkundla Ephakamileyo yavumelana ukuba ilungelo leSithandathu lokunika icebiso libalulekile kwaye lisebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente ngoMmiselo we-14. Namhlanje, umthetho akufunekanga ummangalelwa ocele icebiso lakhe, kwaye nabani na ongagunyaziswanga makabe umele ayazi kwaye azimisele ngokuzithandela. Eli tyala libonisa isizathu sokuba amapolisa amele ayeke ukubuza igqwetha xa ecela igqwetha.

Ferguson v. IsiXeko sikaCharleston (2001]

Eli tyala alidumekanga kangako kodwa libaluleke kakhulu. Isibhedlele sikawonke-wonke eCharleston, eMzantsi Carolina, sisebenzisana namapolisa, senza uvavanyo lomchamo kumabhinqa akhulelweyo akrokrelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngaphandle kwemvume yaza yawabamba ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi uphando lwesibhedlele lwalungaqiqini xa injongo yaso ikukugcinwa komthetho kunokusetyenziswa konyango. Ityala labalaselisa iingozi zokusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lwezamayeza ngaphandle kokuvuma okanye ukugunyaziswa kwemithetho, laze laqinisa umgaqo wokuba ukhuseleko lwemimiselo yezomthetho lungathintelwa ngamaqabane kawonke-orhulumente.

Utshintsho Lwanamhlanje Neengxoxo Eziqhubekayo

Ukuqonda la matyala kunikezela ngomongo wemibutho yanamhlanje yolungiso. Ukuphunyezwa kwekhamera yomzimba, ukutyhalela phambili ngokuzimeleyo uphando lokudubula kwegosa elibandakanyekileyo, nengxoxo yokukhusela ukufaneleka kwazo zonke iimbambano phakathi kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokunyanzelisa umthetho. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko [[[FLT] I-Galphatures:1] ilandela inani elandayo lamazwe ahlaziyileyo athe aphucula okanye alinganiselweyo, akhusela amagosa ekunqanyulweni kwelungelo lamalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokuba kumiselwe ilungelo “elicacileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kuyasebenza kwaye kuyafuna. UmGaqo-siseko awuwaniki amapolisa isandla esikhululekileyo (i-atleevel ngeli lixa uwanika amandla okukhusela ibutho labantu. Kumagosa, ulawulo lwale mida isemthethweni luyimfuneko esebenzayo nesemthethweni. Kubemi, ulwazi lwamalungelo abo sisixhobo sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Amatyala afana [[FLT: 0]] imanda [, , i-Telkst [[FL:3], kunye [FLT:]] ne[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [5]]] aqhubeka nokumanyana okuqhelekileyo, ngemini ngethuba lokuzinkcebisa okuzinziswa phambili. Ngokulungelena nokuzinziswa kwenkululeko, nokubugcineyobucala ngokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo esemthethweni.