Table of Contents

UmGaqo-siseko weUnited States asiyonto nje esele ikho embalini qha qha yindlela yokuphila ekhusela inkululeko yabo bonke abantu beli lizwe. Kubantu nakumaqela abo ngokufanayo, ukuqondwa komGaqo-siseko kubalulekile ukuze ube nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, ubeke ityala kurhulumente, uthethelele okusesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, isizathu sokuba kubaluleke, indlela ababumba ngayo abantu, noko unokwenza ukuwakhusela.

Ayintoni Amalungelo OmGaqo-siseko?

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko yinkululeko esisiseko kunye nenkxaso eqinisekisiweyo ngabantu ngabanye ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Amisela imiqathango yegunya likarhulumente kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bayakwazi ukuphila, ukuthetha, ukunqula, nokuhlanganisa ngaphandle koloyiko lokungenelela okuzenzekelayo. La malungelo anyanzeleka kwiinkundla, oko kuthetha ukuba ukuba urhulumente uyawaphula, abemi banokufuna unyango olusemthethweni.

umGaqo-siseko woqobo [ugunyazisiwe ngo-178] wayenezinto zokukhusela ezisikelweyo, njengamalungelo e-habeas corpus kunye nokwalela imithetho yeposi. Noko ke, Bhill yamaLungelo[ .] [iiiiintloko zokuqala zentengiso] , `ifake isisetiso senkululeko eswini esba ngumphakathi wenkululeko yaseMelika.[3]

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko akaphelelanga. Anokulinganiselwa ekukhonzeni izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezinyanzelisayo, kodwa nawuphi na umqathango kufuneka ulungiswe ngokumxinwa kwaye ugwetyelwe. Lo mlinganiselo phakathi kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke usoloko uxutyushwa kwiinkundla nakwizindlu zowiso-mthetho.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Ngenkcukacha

IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe - 1791, iseyeyona ngqokelela edumileyo yokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ukulungisa ngakunye kuchaza indawo ethile apho abaseki babesoyika urhulumente ukuba uyaphangwa. Ukuqonda la malungelo kunokukunceda uqonde xa becelw'imbambano.

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Isiseko Solawulo - melo

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko engundoqo emihlanu: ukuthetha, unqulo, ushicilelo, indibano kunye nesibongozo. La malungelo avumela abemi ukuba bavakalise iimbono, baqhelisele ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekileyo, bagxeke urhulumente, bahlanganisene ngoxolo, bacele iinguqulelo kumagunya. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yayichaza ngokubanzi inkululeko yokuthetha, ikhusela yonke into ekuvuthelweni kwezobupolitika, kwizenzo zomfuziselo ezifana nokutshiswa kweflegi. Kodwa ke, ezinye iindidi zentetho-"incation, ihlazo, ukuhlanjalazwa, kunye nezisongelo zokwenyaniso .

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izixhobo

ISibini Somthambeko siqinisekisa “ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izixhobo,” ebekuyingxoxo enzima. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi- Diliformation of Columbia v. Helter (2008) kunye [FLT]]McDonald v. Chicago (2010) yaziqaphela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ngokwakhe, ngexa evumela imimiselo esengqiqweni.

Uhlaziyo Lwesithathu: Amajoni Alungelelanisiweyo

ISihlalo SoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo salela urhulumente ukuba anyanzelise abaninimakhaya ukuba bawaqhube amajoni amakhaya ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine: Ukungabikho Kwam nokwenza Uphando

ISine Amendment ikhusela “ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni.” Oku kuthetha ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka sokuphendla ikhaya lakho, imoto, okanye izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ukwanda kokhangelo lwezimvo, kuquka ukulandelela icell phone kunye nokuqokelelwa kwe-data ye-intanethi, kunyanzelise iinkundla ukuba zisebenzise ukhuseleko lweSine soLawulo olutsha lobugcisa obutsha. Ityala lesazisobuzwe Carpentert v. United States [20]

Uhlaziyo Lwesihlanu: Ubulungisa Kwinkqubela Yezaphuli - mthetho

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo, ukukhusela ekuzichasa, kwaye akuvumeli iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Unelungelo lokuhlala uthule nokuba negqwetha ngexesha lokubuza. Isilumkiso esidumileyo se- “Miranda” sivela ku- imanda v. Arizona [1966], efuna amapolisa ukuba azise ukukrokreleka ngala malungelo phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elifanelekileyo

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nakuwonke wonke, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethi cala, ukujamelana namangqina, nokuba nesiluleko esingokwasemthethweni. Oku kukhusela ekumangalelweni kwasese kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango. Urhulumente kufuneka anikezele igqwetha ukuba awunamali (bona Gideon v. Wainright, 1963]).

Ukuhlaziywa Kwendlela Yokuzilungisa: Izilingo Zokuvavanywa Kwabemi

ISichibiyelo seSebethi sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwityala labachopheli-tyala kwingxubusho yamakhaya apho inani lempikiswano lingaphezulu kwee-R2. Oku kuvumela abemi ukuba bacombulule iingxabano − njengokungavunyelwa kwesivumelwano okanye ukwenzakala ngokobuqu — ngoontanga abachophele ityala.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Le ngxaki iphembelela isigwebo sentambo esingokwasentolongweni, isohlwayo esigqithiseleyo nesohlwayo esingekho ngqiqweni.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

ISichithi seNinth Demendment sithi uluhlu lwamalungelo kumGaqo-siseko aluwakhanyi okanye aluwahluli amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Eli binzana liye lasetyenziswa ukuphikisa amalungelo obuqu (njengaku ] Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:1]]) kunye nezinye inkululeko ezingacacisiweyo.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi: Amalungelo Ka - United States

ISihlalo soHlaziyo seshumi esiLawulayo asizange sinikwe urhulumente okanye abantu.

Isizathu Sokuba Amalungelo OmGaqo-siseko Ebaluleke Kubomi Bamihla Le

Ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu asemthethweni, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko aneziphumo zokwenene kuluntu nakuluntu. Anika abantu amandla okuthetha ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni, aqinisekise ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kulandela iinkqubo, kwaye enze isiseko sotshintsho loxolo.

Amandla Omntu Ngamnye

Ukwazi amalungelo akho . . . ilungelo lakho lokuzimela, ukuqhatha ngoxolo, ukulwa uphando olungekho mthethweni, kukunika intembelo ekunxibelelaneni namagunya. Olu lwazi lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kubantu abaphantsi kwembali abaye bajongene nocalulo. Xa uqonda uLawulo lwesine loMyezo-zinziso, ungazibophelela nxamnye nophendlo olungekho ngqiqweni. Xa usazi iSimemezelo Sokuqala, ungaquququzelela ukuqhankqala iphephandaba loluntu ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezela.

Ukukhuselwa Ekuxhatshazweni Ngurhulumente

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente. Ukuba ipolisa lihlola ikhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume okanye ibhunga lesixeko lizama ukuvala indibano yoxolo, ungakucel ’ umngeni oko kusenziwa enkundleni. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, idibene nejaji elizimeleyo, iqinisekisa ukuba amagosa angakwazi ukuwaphelisa amalungelo akho. Umzekelo, ngexesha leSivumelwano samaLungelo saBantu, abaxhasi bacela iSibonelelo sokuqala neSindululo seshumi elinesine ukuvavanya imithetho ye-mthetho elawula imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu.

Isiseko senkqubela yeNtlalo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akahambelani; aguquka ngokutolikwa nangokulungiswa. Ukungavumelani kwamabhinqa, ukulingana komtshato, namalungelo okuvota amaMerika aseAfrika konke kwavela kwiimpikiswano zomGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda le mbali kunokukhuthaza abantu ukuba bakhuthaze utshintsho ngemijelo esemthethweni, njengokunyanzela ukuwiswa komthetho omtsha okanye ukuququzelelwa kwetyala ukukhusela amalungelo phantsi koMgaqo-siseko we-14 weSiphendulo sika-Eculi ka-Clausle.

Indlela Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko Aluchaphazela Ngayo Uluntu Lwakho

Ubomi boluntu bubunjwe yindlela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko aqondwa ngayo nasetyenziswa ngayo. Xa abemi bemi belulwazi amalungelo abo, banokusebenzisana ngokunempumelelo, bamelane nokungekho sikweni, baze balungise imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni.

Ukukhuthaza Okusesikweni

Ukwazi amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunceda imibutho elungelelanisa intlalo-ntle. Ngokomzekelo, umbutho weBlack Lives Matter uxhomekeke kuMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala wokuqhayisa inkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine wokuqhwabel

Ubandakanyeko Olukhuthazayo Lwemibimbi

Xa abantu bewaqonda amalungelo abo okuvota, ukuthetha, nokuhlanganisa, banokuba nenxaxheba kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kuquka ukuya kwiintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, ukuvota kukhetho lukamasipala, ukudibanisa amaqumrhu onxibelelwano, nokuqhagamshelana namagosa asekuhlaleni anyuliweyo. Uluntu olumiselwe ngokwezentlalo luyakwazi ukumelana nokukhusela ubuncwane kunye notshintsho. Uphando lubonise ukuba imigangatho ephakamileyo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle isebenza ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluphantsi kunye neenkonzo zikawonke wonke ezingcono.

I-Ordinasi e-Local

Ingingqi ingasebenzisa iimpikiswano zomGaqo-siseko ukuphembelela imithetho yendawo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isixeko simisela imithetho yokufika ekhaya ngaphandle kokuzithethelela ngokwaneleyo, abemi basenokuzicel ’ umngeni ngokuthi kukuphulwa kwenkululeko yokuhamba (ngokufuthi kunxulumene noMthetho we-14). Ngokufanayo, ukufikelela koluntu kwiintlanganiso zikarhulumente neengxelo kukhuselwa yimithetho evulekileyo esekelwe kwimigaqo yoLuhlu loQoqo-siseko. Ngokusebenzisa la malungelo, abantu bayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luhlonela imigaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Kumalungelo OmGaqo-siseko Kwihlabathi Lanamhlanje

Phezu kwazo nje iinkuselo zomGaqo-siseko, izinto eziyingozi zitshintsha abantu.

Imali eninzi namanani kunye nemfihlo

UHlomelo lwesine lwabhalwa ngexesha lamaphepha namakhaya abonakalayo. Namhlanje, ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu buqokelelwa ngamaqumrhu kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. I-National Security Agency iqokelela ingqokelela enkulu yeminxeba ehamba kunye nee-metam-mfonomfono, iinkqubo zokwazisa ubuso ezisetyenziswa ngamapolisa, kunye nokujongwa kwamajelo eendaba kuyingozi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla zisenoxanduva nendlela yokusebenzisa ukhuseleko lweSine Solawulo somgaqo-Mthethwe-Mpandengo kulwazi lwamanani. [[FLT:] Umgaqo-National Center unika oovimba abazibonelo lwezikhundla lwezo-mali kule miba. Ukukhusela imfihlolo yakho yoluvo, ungasebenzisa ukuvulwa komthetho wobuqu, uxhasa umthetho oyimfihlo, nokufuna ukuvela komthetho-mcimbini wezomthetho-mthetho-mcimbini.

Ukufikelela ngokugqithisileyo kukarhulumente noMmandla woKhuseleko

Emva kweziganeko ezifana ne-9/11, amagunya olawulo angaphezulu phantsi koMthetho wePatriot aphakamisa inkxalabo ngamalungelo oMbetho wokuqala nowesine. Ukungavavanywa kwemiqathango, iinkundla zomkhosi zasese, kunye nokungasetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni kucelwe umngeni womGaqo-siseko. Abami kufuneka bahlale bephaphile kwaye benoxanduva ngorhulumente ngokucalucalula, ukuphatha, kunye nokuvelela. Amaqumrhu anjenge- ACLU[FLT][FLT][FU:1] ayaqhubeka evavanya izigwebo ezinqithi zenkundla ze-orhulumente.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko athetha okuncinane ukuba abantu abanakuwasebenzisa ngenxa yobuhlwempu, ucalucalulo, okanye ukungafikeleleki. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokunika isiluleko (Uhlaziyo lweSixhwele) liyadamba xa iinkqubo zokukhusela uwonke zithe zabekwa phantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuxineneni kwabantu nokungameleki. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuvota (lesi-15, le-19, le-26 Zochibiyelo) linokuthintelwa yimithetho ye-ID, i-gerrymanning, kunye neendawo zokunyusela. Ukungalingani nokumidwa kufuna ukuba zombini zidityaniswe ngokusemthethweni kunye neendawo ezimiselwe iingca ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko afikeleleka ngokwenene kubo bonke.

Ukungachazi Nohlaziyo Lokuqala

Iminyaka yemichiza inzima ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. I-mistinformation nentiyo isasazeke kwi-intanethi ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho umgaqo karhulumente. Kodwa ke, isiHlanzi sokuqala soMyezo sibeke imida yokwalatha ulawulo lukarhulumente, kwanolwimi olububuxoki okanye oluyingozi. Endaweni yoko, abantu banokuxhomekeka kubuchule bokubhala, ukufundiswa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha, kunye nemigaqo yeqonga (kungekhona imiyalelo karhulumente) ukucombulula ezi ngxaki. Ukuqonda umgca phakathi kokuthetha okukhuselweyo nokukhuthaza ubalulekile ekugcineni intetho kawonke-wonke elungileyo.

Indlela Yokukhusela Nokuxhasa Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Akufunekanga ube ligqwetha ukuze ukhusele amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Nanga amanyathelo asebenzayo onokuwathabatha njengomntu ngamnye nanjengenxalenye yebutho labantu.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Umgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela lulwazi. Funda umGaqo-siseko kunye nezilungiso zawo. Zininzi izibonelelo zesisa, kuquka Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho wezeNkcubeko , zinika iinguqulelo ezicacisiweyo kunye nomthetho wetyala. Ukuxoxa ngala malungelo nabahlobo, intsapho, nabamelwane.

Ukuya Kwiintlanganiso Zasesidlangalaleni Nokusebenzisana Norhulumente

Ilizwi lakho libalulekile ekulungiseni imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni. Yiya kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, iintlanganiso zebhunga lesikolo, kunye neentlanganiso zokucwangcisa. Qwalasela ukuba iintlanganiso zivuliwe okanye uwonke uvumelekile ukuba ugqabaze. Ukuba amagosa ayasilela isindululo okanye angakwazi ukunikela isaziso sikawonke-wonke esaneleyo, ungacaphula imithetho ekhawulezileyo kunye noMphengululo wokuqala wokufuna ukuthotyelwa.

Inkxaso yamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Amaqela afana ne-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, kunye neBrennan Center for Justice asebenza ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokusetyenziswa kwelithi, ukukhuthuza, kunye nemfundo. Ukunikela okanye ukusebenza ngokuzithandela kunye nemibutho enjalo komeleza umgudu odibeneyo wokukhusela inkululeko. Kwakhona ungadibanisa izahluko zasekuhlaleni zezi ntlanga ukusebenzela kwimicimbi echaphazela ummandla wakho.

Ukukhuthaza noMmeli weNguquko

Abo bazimisele ukuxhasa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukhuthuzo kuwo onke amagunya onyulo, urhulumente, norhulumente. Ngaphandle kokuvota, nxibelelana nabameli bakho ukuze uthethe okanye uxhase amatyala achaphazela ukuzimela, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, amalungelo okuvota, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Sebenzisa izicelo kunye neengcambu ukubeka imibandela ebhaliweyo.

Ukuma Ngokwahlukileyo Xa Amalungelo Ephulwa

Ukuba ubona okanye ubona ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, bhala oko kwenzekayo uze unikele ingxelo ngakho. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuqhagamshelana negqwetha, ukudlulisa isikhalazo kwibhodi yabaveleli abangaburhulumente, ukufikelela kwigqwetha jikelele elijongene namalungelo abantu, okanye ukuxelela amajelo eendaba. Ukumangalelwa okusemthethweni kuquka ukumangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo okanye imiyalelo yokuphelisa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Isiphumo: Indima yakho ekuxhaseni amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko awazinqumlisi; afuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kubemi. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sifunde, sikhusele, size sandise le nkululeko ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezintsha. Ngokuqonda oko umGaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisayo, ukubandakanyeka nengingqi yakho, nokuthabatha inyathelo xa amalungelo esongelwa, uyanceda ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi yesizwe.

Impilo yeriphabliki ixhomekeke kubantu abanolwazi. Ukusuka kwintlanganiso encinane yedolophu ukuya kweyona nkundla iphakamileyo, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko alolonga ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu norhulumente. Njengoko uhambela phambili, khumbula: Amalungelo akho anamandla kanye njengokuba ukulungele ukumelana nabo, kwaye namalungelo abanye.