Amalungelo Asisiseko Abemi Abaselula

EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko awuwabali ngokucacileyo amalungelo abantwana. Kodwa ngemithetho ephawulayo nangeenkcazelo ezigqwethekileyo zomthetho, abantu abaselula baye bafumana umgangatho omninzi wezokhuselo obumba ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla ezikolweni, emakhayeni, nakuluntu. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abazali, nabemi abaselula ngokwabo, ukuqonda ezi migaqo yokuzikhusela kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlonelwa kwaye zinyanzeliswa. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ekhusela abantwana, ukukhutshwa kwezigqibo ezingundoqo, izigqibo eziphambili ezithi ziqwalaselwe kwinkundla yetyala, kunye nempembelelo eluncedo yale mithetho kumaMerika aselula.

Isiseko Sembali: Indlela Iintsomi Ezifumene Ngayo UmGaqo-siseko

Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, abantwana babejongwa njengempahla yabazali babo okanye izisele zikarhulumente, enamalungelo ambalwa azimeleyo asemthethweni. Ixesha langoku lemfundo yabantwana i’, amalungelo aqala phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukusebenzisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kulutsha kuthotho lwemithetho eshenxiweyo. Iimeko ezifana [[FLT:] [0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [194]) ivulile i-locast ephakathi kwezifundo, ngelixa [[FLT:] [FLT] [12] kwiGact:] (11977] inkqubo eqinisekisa inkqubo yobutsha ekuqhutyweni. Ezi zigqibo zimtyunjwa ukuba abantwana ziphantsi komGwahlulo oluphantsi komGwalmtheliso, inelungelo lokukhusela imvume phakathi kwegunya elingundoqo phakathi kwegunya.[5]

UMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuthetha Kwabantu Abancinane Ngenkululeko

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisana, neyesibongozo. Kubantwana, la malungelo anamandla kodwa angengaphelelanga. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasoloko ikholelwa ukuba abafundi abawasebenzisi u-#820 amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo, i” ukanti izikolo ziyakwazi ukulawula ukuthetha okuphazamisana nezinto eziphazamisa umsebenzi wemfundo okanye ukuhlasela amalungelo abanye.

Ityala Lokuthetha Kwabafundi

  • Isithili seSikolo soLuntu soLuntu (1199) ̫ iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba abafundi abanxibe iintambo ezimnyama ukuqhayisa imfazwe yaseVietnam babebandakanyeke ekuthetheni okufuziselayo okukhuselwe yiMfuno-Mphetho wokuqala. Eli tyala laseka i “ ukuphazamiseka kwezempuphu ̵ uvavanyo: izikolo kufuneka zibonise ukuba uluvo lwabafundi luzakuba nemisebenzi yesikolo kwaye luphazamisane ngokunzulu okanye lungqubane namalungelo abanye abafundi.
  • ISithili seSikolo saseBethel No. 403 v. Fraser (1986) ̫ INkundla yaxhasa ukuvalwa komfundi oye wathetha intetho engcolileyo kwindibano yesikolo, ephethe izikolo zisenokukwalela ukuthuka, ukungandi kakuhle, okanye intetho echaphazelisayo ephazamisa umsebenzi wakhe osisiseko wemfundo.
  • Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) ̫ INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba abafundisi-lwazi banokusebenzisa ulawulo lomhleli kwiimpapasho zesikolo ezinamaphepha-maphephandaba neencwadi zonyaka, logama izenzo zabo zinxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nenkxalabo yemfundo esemthethweni.
  • [[FOLT:0] More v. Frederick (2007) & #821; eyaziwa njenge & #8220; Bong Hits 4 Jesus ” ityala, iNkundla yabamba ukuba izikolo zingavalela ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwabafundi kweziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, nokokuba loo ntetho iyenzeka kwisiganeko esithe kuhlolwa ngaphandle kwesikolo.

Ezi zigqibo zibonisa indlela engafaniyo: abantwana banandipha ukhuseleko olunamandla lokuthetha, kodwa izikolo zihlala zinegunya lokugcina uqeqesho kunye nemigangatho yemfundo. Kwiminyaka yeminyaka yezobugcisa, iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zixhathisa ukufikelela ingqeqesho yesikolo kwii-pasethi-thethe yonxibelelwano, kunye nolwahlulo oluninzi lwesiphaluka kusini na ukuba iTinker isebenza kwi-intanethi okanye kwiingozi ezenziwe ekhaya.

Indlela Yokuthetha Engokonqulo Nokumiselwa KukaClaus

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela ilungelo lomntwana lokuqhelisela unqulo lwakhe. Izikolo zikawonke-wonke azinakuxhasa okanye zikhuthaze unqulo, kodwa abafundi basenokuthandaza ngokuzithandela, baxubushe iinkolelo zonqulo, bazenze ii-adil zonqulo ngesiseko esinye njengamanye amaqela angeyoyoklasi. Amaqela onqulo alinganayo aquka [19984] izikolo zoluntu ezifumana imali zezwelonke zize zigcine i-& #820; zivulwe i-um ” zivumele amaqela onqulo angena kwizithuba ezidibanisiweyo. [iiiiimeko ezingundoqo ziquka [FLT:]] i-Unicesssstions. [fct:][FL.6][5] Izikolo zoluntu oluqhelekileyo] [12] [12]) kunye ne-1990]

UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukufuna Nokuzihlaziya Ezikolweni

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSine lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, umgangatho wokuphendla kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke uvumela kakhulu kunabantu abadala. [[FL:0] New Jersey v.T.L.O.[FL.] (85), iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba amagosa esikolo afuna i & #820 kuphela; ukukrokraza okusengqiqweni Ý ukuphendla umfundi, hayi isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuphengulula amapolisa. Uphendlo kufuneka luthethelelwe kwisiqalo sawo kwaye lufanele lufikelele emgangathweni.

Ukuphanda Ngezigqibo Ezibalulekileyo Esikolweni

  • New Jersey v. T.L.O.[[FL:1] [1985] (#811) Umfundisi- ntsapho wafumana umfundi etshaya kwindlu yangasese; umncedisi wenqununu wakhangela isipakethe sakhe waza wafumana umbangi, izixhobo zeziyobisi, kunye nobungqina bokuphatha. Inkundla yagqiba ukuba ukuphendla kwakusengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko.
  • SAfford Idili leSikolo esiManyeneyo v. Isongezo (2009) ̫ iNkundla yathi ukukhangela umthumbu wentombazana eneminyaka eli-13 ubudala ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni ukuba wayenomthetho ogunyazisiweyo we-ibhubhufen yaphula umgaqo weSigqibo sesine. Ingxubusho yabafundi ifuna umgangatho ophezulu wobulungisa, kuquka uphawu olucacileyo lokuba umfundi ufihla ibhanti eyingozi.
  • ISithili seSikolo seVernonia 47J v. Acton (1995) ̫ INkundla yaxhasa uvavanyo lweziyobisi ezingacwangciswanga lwezidlali zabafundi, ifumanise ukuba abadlali babafundi banolindelo olunciphileyo lwemfihlo kwaye ucwangciso luye lwanceda urhulumente ekulweni nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi phakathi kwabantwana.
  • Board of Education v. Earls (2002 ̫ Yandisa i Vernonia ingqiqo kubo bonke abafundi abathabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yokhuphiswano yokhuphiswano lwasemva kwemfundo, ixhasa uvavanyo lweziyobisi olungakrokrelekiyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunengxaki kwiSindululo seSine soMphetho-mda ezikolweni. Iityala ezibandakanya ukuphengululwa kweselfowuni, ukuhlolwa kwentlalo-ntle yabantu, kunye nee-laptops ezidibeneyo zesikolo azikhange zikwazi ukushukuma, nangona iziphaluka ezininzi zephondo zisebenzise iT.L.O. imigangatho kwizixhobo zamanani. Ukuqwalaselwa okunenkcukacha, bona ACLU̱ izikhokelo ekuphengululeni nasekuthatheni itha.[

IMimiselo yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine: Inkqubo efanelekileyo noKhuselo olulinganayo

Uhlaziyo lwesihlanu luqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo kwimimiselo karhulumente; uMphetho- Amemezelo weshumi elinesine unika isiqinisekiso sezenzo zikarhulumente yaye wongeza i-Acimime Protection Clause. Kubantwana, la malungiselelo abalulekileyo kwinkqubo yobulungisa yabantwana, kwiinkqubo zesikolo zoluleko, nakwiimeko zocalucalulo.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kubulungisa Bethutyana

  • KwiGault (1967) & #821); Iminyaka eli-15 ubudala yanikezelwa kwisikolo soshishino iminyaka emithandathu ukwenza umnxeba ongcolileyo; iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba abantwana abakwimeko yobuhlolo banelungelo lokuphawula izityholo, icebiso lomthetho, ungquzulwano kunye nokunqamleza koqithi lwe-62, kunye nelungelo ngokuchasene nobuqu.
  • Kwiwinshir (1970) ̵ Inkundla yathi umgangatho wobungqina kwimicimbi yobuhlongandlebe yabantwana yi ̴ ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni, i̵ hayi imigangatho esezantsi yangaphambili.
  • Breed v. Jones (1975) ̵ Juveniles ayinakulinganiswa njengabantu abakhulu kwityala elifanayo emva kokuba befakelwe kwinkundla encinane, ikhusela kwingozi eziphindwe kabini.
  • Roper v. Simmons (2005) ̫ Inkundla yasiphelisa isohlwayo sokufa kubantwana, icaphula ukuncitshiswa kwabo kunye nobuchule obungaphezulu botshintsho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Graham v. Florida (2010) ̵ Ubomi ngaphandle komlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho olungeyo---3homicide ayihambelani nemithetho yolutsha.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Miller v. Alabama (202) ̵ ubomi bobuNtloko ngaphandle kokucinezelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho olungokwabantwana ababulala abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho babantwana baphula iSendrometerment; abagwebi kufuneka baqwalasele ixesha elincinane le ̱ ubudala kunye nobuchule botshintsho.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Kwimfundo Nangaphaya Kwayo

UKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus luye lwasisixhobo esinamandla sokucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo nxamnye nabantwana. Umzekelo wophawu Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (154]) irhoxile i ̴ kodwa ngokulinganayo i” isikolo sikwizikolo zikawonke wonke, siqonda ukuba ukuqhekeza abantwana abancinane kwaza kwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Amatyala amva andiswe ngokulinganayo kubantwana abangaxelwanga lwabiwo. Plyler v. Doe [198], iNkundlalulo ephezulu yabetha umthetho kawonke owakhanyela imfundo ekhululekileyo kubantwana abangakhange bangene kwi-&22; esemthethweni lokuzinziwa kwiNkulwa kwetyala lemfundo nakubulala abantwana.

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lukwagubungela ucalucalulo lwezini. United States v. Virginia (1996], iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iVirginia Military Institute ̱ amadoda kuphela amkele inkqubo echasene noKhuselo lwe-Exlimal Claus. Kwimidlalo yesikolo ephezulu, iSihlomelo I-IX besisithuthi sokuqala sokuqhuba i-ective e, kodwa intelekelelo elinganayo isenokuziswa nako kumatyala okukhathazwa ngokwesini okanye unyango olungalawulekiyo kwisikolo. Okuninzi koku, kutyelele i-[FLT:] iSikolo seSikolo seSikolo se-Statu se-Actilot seInformation &217; abantwana abangelungelo [#817].

Amalungelo Emfundo Nokhuseleko Lomanyano

Ngaphandle kokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, imimiselo karhulumente inika abantwana amalungelo aphezulu kwinkqubo yemfundo. Iinxalenye ezintathu eziphambili zomthetho ziyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo.

Abantu Abanengxaki yemfundo (IDEA)

I-IDEA iqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo inguwo woMmandla oMmandla (FAPE) sikhululekileyo kubantwana abakhubazekileyo. Abafundi kufuneka bafumane iNkqubo yemfundo yoMsebenzi ngamnye (IEP) elungele iimfuno zabo ezikhethekileyo, kwimeko-bume encinci enokwenzeka. ICuurt’ i-IEP iqinisekisa isigqibo esikhululekileyo I-Endrew F. v. Douglas Counter School School Direw [[FLLD:1] [2011] [20]) umgangatho osezantsi weFAPE: i-IEP kufuneka ibe yi-#820; iyaqondana ngokufanelekileyo ukwenza inkqubela elungele ukukhanyisa umntwana &217; iimeko.&822222; ii-Parents; iiproccodecul, kuquka neenkqubo zobucala zolwazi, ukuvalwa kwe-FEAP.

Isihloko se-IX soLawulo lwemfundo lowe - 1972

Isihloko IX salela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisondo nakuyiphi na inkqubo yemfundo okanye imisebenzi exhaswa ngurhulumente. Lukhusela abafundi ekuxhatshazweni ngokwesini, ekuhlaseleni ngokwesini, nasekuphathweni ngendlela engalinganiyo kwimidlalo, umsebenzi nemfundo yobugcisa, kunye neenkqubo ze-STEM. Izikolo kufuneka ziphendule ngokukhawuleza nangokulinganayo kwizikhalazo zocalucalulo lwesondo. ISebe lemfundo ̱ iMimiselo yama-20 IX imisele iinkqubo ezingqalileyo zezikhalazo zokungalawuleki ngokwesondo, nangona ezi zisekho phantsi kwemingeni yezobupolitika neyomthetho. IOFT] iOFOFOF Office for Ancurever Ioct: 1]

Amalungelo Emfundo Nentsapho Nomthetho Wemfihlo (FERPA)

FERPA ukhusela imfihlo yeerekhodi zemfundo yabafundi. Abazali banelungelo lokuhlola nokuhlola iirekhodi, ukutshintshwa kwesicelo, kunye nokulawulwa kwenkcazelo ekwaziwayo. Xa umfundi ejika 18 okanye engena kwimfundo yasemva kwesekondali, la malungelo adluliselwa kumfundi. Kwakhona i-FERPA ifuna izikolo ukwazisa abazali besikolo i̱ iinkqubo eziphathelele ukugcinwa kweengxelo kunye nolwazi lovimba.

Ukudibana Kwegunya Labazali Namalungelo Amancinane

Amalungelo oMgaqo-siseko abantwana akakho kwi-atmosfera; ngokufuthi athotyelwa ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zabazali. INkundla Ephakamileyo ikudala iqonda ukuba abazali banemdla osisiseko wenkululeko kwinkathalo, ububanjwa, kunye nokulawulwa kwabantwana babo ( Pierce v. Society of Sitens, 1925; , [iiSin]] v. Yoder[FLTY[12:3]], 1972; [[FLTLT]] r.[4] .[FLTY] v.[FLTLT], 2000], 2000, ingakumbi,). Noko ke, eli gunya lomzali alipheleli. Xa umzali engeneyo  isongela izenzo zomntwana, okanye zisongela, okanye zingqwalamfa, okanye ziyaqhubeka ngomlinganiselo wonyango oluqhelekileyo, phakathi koncedo lonyango oluqhelekileyo, kunye nolwaluthi, kunye noluthi oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo, kunye noluthi, kunye noluthi, olu

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Elandelayo

Ummandla ojoliswe kubantwana abancinane ujongene neembambano eziliqela ezingxamisekileyo kwiminyaka engama-2020:

  • I- Imfihlo ye-Digita:[ i-software yeSikolo yokuhlola i-software, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso kwiipaseji, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi lwabafundi kuphakamisa imibuzo ye-D5 kunye neyokuqala yoMgaqo-nkqubo.
  • Inkululeko yokuthetha kwi-intanethi:[ Iinkundla zahlulwa xa izikolo zinokuqeqesha abafundi ngentetho enqanda ukuhlaselwa, ukusongelwa okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa.
  • Uphando lubonisa ukuba abafundi abamnyama, abakwi-Spayini, nabakhubazekileyo bajongene nenani elingalinganiyo lokususa, ukugxotha, nokubamba kwesikolo okusekelwe kwimfundo, ukunyusa ukhuseleko kunye nenkxalabo efunekayo.
  • LBTQ+ amalungelo: Imithetho evaliweyo kwinxaxheba yolutsha kwezemidlalo kunye nemiqathango enika inkxaso yezonyango ngokwesini iyavavanywa phantsi koKhuselo lweSahlulo soLunga, uMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala, nabazali i̱ izilangazelelo zenkululeko.
  • [[FLT: 0] intlalo-ntle yabantwana nokufuduka: Abancinane abangahambisaniyo emdeni banelungelo lenkqubo efunekayo neyokuva; udidi____action liqhubeka kwiimeko kumaziko okuvalelwa.
  • [[NTL:0] I-oyile enokwenzeka ikrokreleka . inokubangela: Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zezinja kunye neziphatho zentsimbi ezikolweni kungatyhala imida ye-T.L.O.̱ imo yentelekelelo esengqiqweni.

Uhlaziyo lokwenene lwexesha 2016 kuhlaziyo olukwilitha kunye nomthetho ochaphazela amalungelo olutsha, iMelika Library Association ’ iphepha le-Teen Rights [ inikezela ngoovimba abahlawulelweyo abaxhasi kunye nabantu abaselula.

Ukuxhasa Abemi Abaselula: Amanyathelo Asezibonelweni Namanyathelo

Ukuqonda la malungelo linyathelo lokuqala; ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlonelwa kufuna ukuganana ngokusebenzayo. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuxhasa abantwana abangoo-#817; ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko:

  • Abafundisi bafanele bamisele iinkqubo ezicacileyo nezingaguquguqukiyo zokuqeqesha ezihlonela inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuphepha ucalucalulo lobuhlanga okanye lobufanasini.
  • Abazali bangaxubusha iingcamango zomgaqo-siseko nabantwana babo, besebenzisa iminyaka engama-66 engafanelekanga kwi- Igumbi lodidi lwe-Anncentberg (umthombo wento ekhoyo).
  • Abafundi bafanele bawazi amalungelo abo: banelungelo lokuhlala bethule, bethetha ngoxolo, bekhululekile ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, baze bachotshelwe kakuhle phambi kwezenzo ezinzulu zoqeqesho.
  • Abacebisi bezikolo nabasebenzi boluntu kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela xa abafundi i’ amalungelo asenokuphulwa nokudibanisa zona nemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni enjenge-ACLU̱ inkqubo yamalungelo olutsha.
  • Abameli bangahlab ’ umthetho wemodeli onciphisa ukucalucalulwa nokukhuthaza ulungiso.
  • Abenzi benkqubo bafanele baxhase iinkqubo zemfundo ezichaseneyo, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo nezicombululo ezisekelwe ekuhlaleni ezinciphisa ulwaphulo - mthetho olubangelwa kukukhula.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abantwana asiyomithetho emiselweyo kodwa liqumrhu eliphilayo lomthetho elibunjwe kukutshintsha imigaqo yentlalo, inkqubela yezobugcisa, nokuphucula ukuqonda ukukhula komntwana. Ukusuka kwiipaseji zezikolo zikawonke-wonke ukuya kumagumbi eNkundla ePhakamileyo, umgaqo wokuba abantwana bafanelwe yisidima, ilizwi, kwaye okusesikweni phantsi komGaqo-siseko kuqhubeke kusisixhobo esikhoyo. Kodwa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kuyaqhubeka kusemphunyezweni. Ukuhlaselwa kwengxubevange, ukuhlaselwa kweso, kunye nemiqathango yokuthethwa kwabantu kuyaqhubeka kuvavanya isithembiso sokhuseleko olulinganayo. Kubazali, nabemi abaselula ngokwabo, ulwazi lwala malungelo abenzi bemfundo &822; asisiso nje isisixhobo sokufumana isiseko sobugqeba, ukuchasene nokungekho siso siso sobulungisa, kunye nesiseko sesizukulwana sesizukulwana esilandelayo se-&8; kunye nesoburhulumente obuneyoburhulumente obulawulayo obungamele i-burhulumente obungasayina, i-Melikanenkani, sisithiyo yonke isiseko sobu, i-10