Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Imithetho Yomkhosi Neyaseburhulumenteni Kubaluleke Kumntu Wonke

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseUnited States isebenza kwimodeli yolawulo entlu - mbini, apho urhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe orhulumente ahlukeneyo anegunya lokuyila nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Esi sakhiwo sahlukeneyo sinokuba ntsonkothile, kodwa ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwemithetho yorhulumente neyorhulumente kubalulekile ekunyanzeleni ukuqhuba ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukukhusela amalungelo akho, nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa. Imithetho ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobukho, qha, kwaye ichaphazela isantya osiqhubayo kuhola werhafuthelo oya kuyo yonke iminyaka efayileni yakho, kwaye ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi na inguwo olawula kuyo inkathazo engokomthetho. Le mizekelo inika umahluko onayo, amagunya, kunye nemizekelo eluncedo echaphazela wena njengommi.

Isiseko: Imithetho Yomanyano

Indlela Edalwe Neyasungulwa Ngayo Imithetho Yomanyano

Imithetho yomanyano ivela kwiKhompyutha yaseUnited States, equka iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli. Umthetho kufuneka udlule omabini amagumbi uze ufumane usayino lukaMongameli (okanye uphumelele iveto edesi) ukuze ube ngummiselo wesizwe. Le mithetho igunyaziswe kuMthetho we-United States (U.S.C.) kwaye isebenzisa ngokufanayo kuwo onke amaphondo, amaphondo, imimandla, kunye noSithilini saseColumbia. Slammacyree [ ka-U.S.S.S.S, umGaqo-siseko (iClas, VI, Claussius) umisela ukuba umthetho womthetho womthetho ungowomthetho olawulayonke u-Arathi, uthatha i-Activestyreant.

Umlinganiselo kunye nemibandela yemithetho yeSizwe

Imithetho yesizwe ithetha ngemicimbi yesizwe okanye imiba efuna imithetho efanayo kwiintambo zikarhulumente.

  • Ukususela kunye nokwehla komthetho:[[FT:1] umthetho woMasipala onokuthi ungene, uhlale, okanye ube ngummi waseUnited States. UMthetho wokwahlulwa koMgaqo noLolongo loMkhosi ungowona mmiselo uphambili.
  • Urhwebo lwe-Interstate: I-Claus yezorhwebo inika iBhunga loMbutho uClausskomzekelo wokulawula urhwebo, ezothutho, kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho onqumla imida karhulumente. Oku kuquka yonke into ukusuka kukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya ukuya kurhwebo lwe-Intanethi.
  • Imithetho enxulumene nomkhosi, inkqubo yangaphandle, kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe loluntu ingurhulumente opheleleyo.
  • [[UMKQUBO:0] Irhafu ebhalisweyo: Imithetho yezemali engaphakathi ilawula irhafu yengeniso, irhafu yequmrhu, irhafu yefama, nezinye iintlawulo eziqokelelwe yiNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi (IRS).
  • Ipropati eziqwalaselweyo: iPatents, amaphepha akhuselwe, kunye neempawu zikhuselwe phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente njengoMthetho woLumkelo lweLumvolonke kunye noMthetho wePaten.
  • Amalungelo eCivil : imithetho yophawu lwelizwe enjengesiCuvil Rights Act ka1964, uMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo, kunye namaMelika anengxaki yokukhubazeka amisela ukhuseleko kulo lonke lonke ucalucalulo.
  • [[UMTHETHO] Imigangatho yemo-zulu: amasebe aMazwe aManyeneyo njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) inyanzelisa imithetho efana noMthetho wococo womoya kunye nocococo lwamanzi.

Unyanzelo Lwezoshishino

Imithetho yomanyano inyanzeliswa lumanyano lwamaziko namasebe. I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) isingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni olufana nokuphanga iibhanki, ubugrogrisi, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi lwe-intanethi. Amanye amaqumrhu abalulekileyo aquka i-Securetive and Exchange Commission (SEC) ngenxa yokuqhatha ngemali, i-Dirgil Enfoctive Administration (DEA) ukwenzela ukulawulwa kwezinto, kunye neSebe lezethutho lokhuseleko lwezithuthi. Ukungquzula kusenokuphumela ekubeni kumangaliswe kwiinkundla zorhulumente, ezisebenza phantsi kweMimiselo ye-Federal ye-Crimicceccerreture.

Ingqukumba kaRhulumente: Imithetho kaRhulumente

Indlela Esenziwa Ngayo Imithetho Karhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unendlu yowiso-mthetho yakhe (ngokuqhelekileyo inkqubo ye-bimadral, ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska) edlulisela imithetho elawula imicimbi karhulumente ecacileyo. Le mithetho iqulunqwa ngokwekhowudi okanye imimiselo ehlaziyiweyo. Abalawuli belizwe batyikitya amatyala ngokomthetho, kwaye bawatolika. Ngenxa yokuba amagunya agcina amandla abalulekileyo amapolisa.(] igunya lokukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi babo”. Umzekelo, iminyaka yokusela ngokusemthethweni ingu-21 kuwo onke amazwe ngenxa yengcinezelo karhulumente, kodwa ubudala besivumelwano, imithetho yomtshato, nemimiselo yezoshishino iyahluka ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente.

Imimandla eqhelekile elawulwa ngamaStates

Imithetho karhulumente ibandakanya iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla ezingafuni kufana kwesizwe.

  • IJaji yoMphathi-mthetho ePhakamileyo: Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi "ofana nobusela, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi] lugwetywa phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Urhulumente ngamnye uchaza eyakhe ikhowudi yesohlwayo, imigaqo yokugweba, kunye nenkcazelo yehambo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Imfundo: Imfundo:[ oorhulumente belizwe bamisela imigangatho yofundo, iziqinisekiso zomfundisi- ntsapho, kunye neenkqubo zemali zezikolo zikawonke-wonke. Izikolo zasekuhlaleni zizalisekisa ezi mfuneko.
  • Itrakeport kunye ne Motor Vehicles: yaseUnited States ikhupha amalayisensi okuqhuba, izithuthi ezibhalisayo, kunye nemithetho yendlela, kuquka imida yesantya, iimfuno zebhanti lesihlalo, kunye nemiqobo ye-DUI.
  • Umthetho wosapho: umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nenkxaso yomntwana zilawulwa yimithetho karhulumente. Oku kukhokelela kwiingxabano, umzekelo, ezinokutshata kunye nezizathu zoqhawulo-mtshato.
  • I- Iproperti kunye neSikhuseli-Mbindini: imithetho malunga nobunikazi bempahla, ulwalamano lomnini-ndlu, uhlalo, kunye nelifa lehla phantsi kolawulo lwezwe.
  • Imali yomsebenzi: [ Oogqirha, amagqwetha, abafundisi-mthetho, iintsebenziswano, kunye nezinye izifundiswa ezininzi kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezicacileyo zikarhulumente zokuqhelisela.
  • [[NTLA:0] Isikhanyiso sokhuseleko nokhuseleko: Ama-States alawula i-inshorensi, alawule iinkqubo zeMedicaid, amisele ikhowudi yempilo yevenkile zokutyela, abeke nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko lomsebenzi ngaphezu kweemfuno ze-OSHE.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komatshini Besizwe

Imithetho karhulumente inyanzeliswa ngamapolisa karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni, amagqwetha esizwe, namasebe olawulo afana namasebe eemoto zikarhulumente (DMV) okanye iibhodi zezonyango. Amatyala avavanywa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kwaye izigwebo zingaquka ukuhlawuliswa, ukuvalelwa kwiintolongo zikarhulumente, okanye ukuchithwa kwelayisensi. Ukuguquka komthetho karhulumente kuvumela amagunya ukuba asebenze njenge “inkcubeko yedemokhrasi,” ukuzama ngemigaqo enokuphembelela umthetho worhulumente kamva.

Umahluko Obalulekileyo Phakathi Kwemithetho Yomanyano NeyasebuRhulumenteni

UNondolozondo: Xa Umthetho Webutho Ulawula

Owona mahluko ungundoqo ngumthetho wequmrhu elimiselwe yiSupremacy Claus. Ukuba umthetho karhulumente ungqubana ngqo nomthetho osemthethweni karhulumente, umthetho karhulumente uwisela phezulu umthetho karhulumente. Umzekelo, urhulumente oLawulweyo uGunyazi oluGunyazisiweyo uludibanise udidi lomsayini njengeShedyuli I, ukanti amazwe amaninzi aye awubhalisa ngokusemthethweni ukuze afumane unyango okanye asebenzise ukuzonwabisa. Oku kubangela uxinzelelo apho imithetho karhulumente ivumela umsebenzi oweyisa umthetho karhulumente worhulumente olwayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abatshutshisi bamaphondo basoloko besebenzisa iqhinga, kodwa ingxabano engomthetho esemthethweni ihlala ingalungiswa. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yesizwe efuna ukumisela imithetho yokufuduka.

Amandla akhoyo: Xa omabini amaqondo enokuthatha unyathelo

Imimandla emininzi iwela phantsi kwamandla akhoyo, apho oorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente kunye noorhulumente benokunyanzelisa. Imizekelo iquka irhafu (zombini zinokuyihlawula irhafu ye-levy, nangona irhafu karhulumente ilawulayo), ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye nokulondoloza iibhanki. Kwimeko ezinjalo, umthetho wezwe umisela umgangatho omncinci, kwaye urhulumente unokuthi anyanzelele iimfuno ezingqongqo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Cean Water Act imisela imida yongcoliseko esisiseko, kodwa uchaza njengoKhalifoni enzima. Xa kuvela ingxabano, iinkundla zimisela enoba umthetho worhulumente “ucaphula umthetho..

Iindawo zamagunya apheleleyo

Amanye amagunya agcinelwe urhulumente worhulumente kuphela nguMgaqo-siseko (amagunya amiselweyo) okanye kumagunya akwiSihlaziyo seshumi. Amagunya azimeleyo aquka ukuveliswa kwemali, ukubhengezwa kwemfazwe, ukuseka iiofisi zeposi, nokunika igunya elipheleleyo. Urhulumente uquka ukuqhuba unyulo (akanye umthetho wesizwe umisela imihla), ukulawula intengiso yezorhwebo, nokuseka oorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeFederal vs. Iimpikiswano zoMthetho kaRhulumente

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo ngoku ngu-cannabis. Urhulumente ubeka umyadi njengongekho mthethweni phantsi koMthetho oLawulweyo weSubstances (CSA), kodwa kunyaka wama-2025, amaphondo amaninzi ngezantsi kuquka iColorado, iKhalifoniya, iNew York, neWashington [1] uyibhalise ngokwasemthethweni ukuze ifumane unyango kunye nokuzihlaziya. Oku kwenza umsebenzi odibeneyo: impangelo ye-morenti esebenzayo nokhuseleko lukarhulumente, kodwa ahlala esengozini yokutyhafikiselwa ngurhulumente. I-Roccaker-Far-Iter-amander amrendment ilinganiselwe ingeniso yokuthobela umyaleko wezonyango, kodwa akukho sigqibo sikhoyo isigqibo esibanzi. Abafo basemarhulumente basalahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo okanye izityholo zabo zoburhulumente ukuba bahlulile ulawulo lwe-CS.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Umthetho womanyano ulawula kuphela ubume bokufuduka nokugxothwa. Noko ke, njengo-Arizona kunye neTexas ziye zazama ukumisela imithetho efuna amapolisa asekuhlaleni ukunyanzelisa imimiselo yokufuduka. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Arizona v. United States (202) yawabetha amalungiselelo angundoqo e-SB ye-Arizona 1070, ilawula ukuba angayi kuyila ngokwayo imithetho yabo yokufuduka okanye ibeke izigwebo eziphazamisana nemithetho elawula ukugcinwa komthetho. Kodwa ithelela ukufuduka ngemithetho echaphazela i-layiselo mvume yomqhubi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho ye-ogalelo.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo

Imithetho yesizwe enjenge-Ceac Air Act emisela imigangatho yesizwe, kodwa amaphondo angamisela imithetho engqongqo. IKhalifoniya isoloko ifumana umxhasi othe gqolo ukusuka kwi-EPA ukumisela imilinganiselo yayo yokukhupha imoto, amanye amazwe angayilandela. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwintengiso yezithuthi ezihlukeneyo, amanye amazwe anamathele kwimithetho eqhubela phambili yeKhalifoniya iChec Car kunye namanye alandela imilinganiselo karhulumente. Ubuchule borhulumente bokunyusela i-Dintelligege esemthethweni kwiimfazwe kwiinkqubo zokutshintsha imozulu.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukwazi Nguwuphi Umthetho Osebenzayo Kuwe

Kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, imithetho karhulumente idla ngokuba nempembelelo ecacileyo. Xa uqhuba, uthobela imithetho yendlela yorhulumente; xa uqesha indlu, umthetho wengingqi karhulumente ulawula irente yakho; kwaye xa utshata, ulandela umthetho wesizwe. Umthetho womanyano uyafaneleka kwimo-memo-ninzi ./ukukhuselwa kwerhafu, ukusebenzisa i-intanethi, ukukhusela ipropati yengqondo, okanye ukubandakanyeka kwintengiselwano engokwasemthethweni, abemi kufuneka:

  • Cwangcisa yomibini imimiselo yezwe neyaserhulumenteni ukwenzela imisebenzi enqumla imida, efana nokuhambisa iimpahla ezithile okanye ukusebenza ishishini elithengisayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
  • Ngaphantsi kwentelekelelo------------------mthetho ungqubana ngqo nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho karhulumente uyaphumelela. Umzekelo, awunakusebenzisa imithetho yezonyango yomya we-modem njengenkuselo kwityala leziyobisi eliseluntwini.
  • Hlala usazi ngeenguqu kuwo omabini amanqanaba omthetho, njengokuba iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho kunye nomthetho wolawulo lwamaqumrhu zinokuguqula iimfuno ngokukhawuleza.

Imiphumo Yokwaphula Imigaqo

Ukwaphula umthetho kungakhokelela kukwahlula amatyala asemthethweni kwiinkqubo zenkundla ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, umntu usenokubekwa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente lokwenza intsangu (ukwahlula iCSA) nolwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente lokusebenza ngaphandle kwephepha-mvume (ukuba urhulumente ufuna enye). Ulawulo lombuso luvumela omabini amagunya ukuba amangalelwe, athobele iJaval Jeopardy Clause, engawanyanzeli amatyala olawulo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abemi bangajamelana nesohlwayo esivela kurhulumente wesizwe nakurhulumente wabo (ukuba urhulumente umele inyani kwityala elimhlophe neziyobisi. Kubalulekile ukudibana negqwetha amavava esizwe nakuwo omabini nakuwo omabini nakuwo umthetho xa bejamelene nezityholo.

Amalungelo nokhuseleko: UmGaqo-siseko njengomgangatho

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye neBhili yamaLungelo zimisela isiseko sokhuseleko ekungekho namthetho worhulumente onokuthi waphule (UMthetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesine usebenzise inkoliso yeSigqibo samalungelo kumazwe). Umzekelo, uMmiselo Wokuqala wokuHlaziya ukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha kurhulumente nakukwaphula umthetho ngokufanayo. Noko ke, amaziko anganika amalungelo angakumbi angaphaya komlinganiselo womgaqo-siseko. Ilungelo lokuzifihla emgaqo-siseko phantsi komgaqo-siseko maxa wambi ligqithisela umgangatho wasekuhlaleni, njengoko kuboniswa kwizigqibo zenkundla eziphathelele amalungelo okuzala. Izakhamuzi kufuneka ziqaphele ukuba imimiselo yomthetho-siseko inikele ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo olungenakutyeshelwa.

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yomthetho esetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni: izibonelelo namanyathelo alandelayo

Apho Unokuyifumana Khona Inkcazelo Esemthethweni

Inkcazelo ethembekileyo yomthetho, abemi bangajonga kwimithombo esemthethweni. Ikhowudi ye- ifumaneka ngokukhululekileyo nge-ofisi yoPhuliso . Ikhowudi yelizwe ipapashwa kwi-website nganye yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Kulwazi olusemthethweni kunye nomxholo wemfundo, ikhomba-mfamel Information ye-Special inika ushwankathelo olubanzi lwe-omatikal nolwahlulo lomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, USA].]

Ixesha Lokufuna Amacebiso Angomthetho

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku linikela icebiso eliqhelekileyo, alilakha icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Nayiphi na imeko ebandakanya ukubekwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala elibalulekileyo lemali, okanye imibuzo yokuthobela kufuneka ihlolisiswe ligqwetha elifanelekileyo. Iingingqi zoncedo olusemthethweni, iinkonzo zoovimba bomsebenzi, kunye neekliniki-mthetho zesikolo zinokubanceda abantu abafumana umgangatho ophantsi. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwemithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente linyathelo lokuqala, kodwa ukusebenzisa olo lwazi kwimeko ezithile kudla kufuna ukhokelo oluyingcaciso.

Isiphelo: Ukwamkela Ulawulo Oluntsonkothileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente kungumqondiso ochazayo wolawulo lwamaMelika .-ayilwa ngabom ngenjongo yokulungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nenkululeko yobulali. Kubemi, olu bunzima asiyompazamo kodwa sisakhiwo esivumela zombini ukhuseleko olufanayo kunye novavanyo olwahlukeneyo. Ngokuqonda ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elilawula imbambano enikiweyo nalapho kusenokuvela iingxabano, ungenza izigqibo ezithelekelelwayo, usebenzise amalungelo akho ngokunempumelelo, kwaye uhambele phambili kwiimbopheleleko ezisemthethweni ngentembelo. Ukuba uqala ishishini, ukuthenga impahla, okanye uthobela nje umda wesantya, inkqubo edityaniweyo yorhulumente kunye nemithetho yorhulumente ibumba amava amavani akho njengommimi.