Isizathu Sokuba Oku Kwahluke Kubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Ngaso sonke ixesha uqhuba imoto, uhlawula irhafu, uthumela umntwana esikolweni, okanye utyelela ugqirha, unxibelelana noorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Kodwa abemi abaninzi bazama ukuchaza oko iqondo ngalinye lenyani likwenzayo. Oku kudideka kuyaqondakala. Imigca ephakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente iye yatshintsha ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zembali yaseMerika, kwaye iyaqhubeka iguquka ngezigqibo zenkundla, umthetho, nengxoxo yezopolitiko.

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani okwenzayo okunceda ukwazi apho ungalathisela khona imibuzo, izikhalazo, okanye izicelo zoncedo. Kwakhona kukunceda uqonde iimpikiswano zezobupolitika ozivayo ezindabeni. Xa irhuluneli ikhupha umthetho karhulumente okanye uKhongozelo oluchaphazela lonke iphondo, ukwazi isiseko somgaqo-siseko esixhasa ezi zenzo kukunika imbono yakho ephandle.

Le sikhokelo siqhekeza oorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente ngolwimi olucacileyo. Uza kufunda oko umgangatho ngamnye uphathele khona, apho ungqamana khona, nesizathu sokuba ulwahlulo lwamandla lwenziwe ngendlela olwaluyiyo. Ekupheleni, uzakuba nolwazi olusebenzayo lwenye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zolawulo lwaseMerika.

Urhulumente woManyano: Wakhelwe Iingxaki Zesizwe

Urhulumente wengingqi wadalwa ukuze asombulule iingxaki ekungekho rhulumente umnye onokuzicombulula. Ngaphambi kokuba umGaqo-siseko ugunyaziswe ngo-1788, iZihloko zoMgaqo-siseko zadala igunya elibuthathaka elisembindini elingenakukwazi ukuphakamisa umkhosi, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, okanye ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano. Abaqulunqi beSivumelwano somGaqo-siseko bayila urhulumente wesizwe owomeleleyomeleleyo ngakumbi, odweliswe ngamagunya.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Inqaku I, ICandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko lidwelisa amagunya anikwe iNgqungquthela. Ezi ziquka amandla okukhupha imali, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa imikhosi, ukulawula imimandla yelizwe nezorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukunikeza imvume, nerhafu ye-levy. I-Edictal ne-Intelligemente ekupheleni kweCandelo lesi-8 inika iBhunga igunya lokuphumeza imithetho efunekayo ukuqhuba amagunya adwelisweyo. Lo mxholo ube sisiseko solwando oluninzi lukarhulumente orhulumente.

UMthetho-nkqubo we-10 ogcina onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe okanye abantu. Oku kulungiswa yi-ankile yomGaqo-siseko yegunya likarhulumente nesizathu sokuba urhulumente wesizwe abe ligunya elilinganiselweyo, kungekhona eliqhelekileyo.

Amasebe Amathathu, Urhulumente Omnye

Ukuze kuthintelwe nayiphi na inxalenye karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente ukuba ingabi namandla kakhulu, umGaqo-siseko wahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo.

  • Isebe elinobunikazi: Congress, eyakhiwe yiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ibhala iphinde idlulise imithetho. Indlu imela isithili esisekelwe kubemi, ngoxa iBhunga linika urhulumente ngamnye abaququzeleli ababini kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba uninzi luya kulingana kwaye lumisele umlinganiselo.
  • Isebe elisebenzayo: UMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namasebe karhulumente anyanzelisa imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga. UMongameli uyalela kwakhona ukuba imithetho yezomkhosi inyanzeliswe, ithethe izivumelwano, kwaye amisele abagwebi besizwe. Amasebe alawulayo afana neSebe lemfundo, i-Ezazulu zeNkukhusela Imekobume neSebe le-Homeland Security athwala iindawo ezithile zenkqubo.
  • Isebe lephondo elikwi-judicial: Iinkundla zephondo, ezikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ezitolika imithetho zize ziyihlole ngokomGaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bamaQela bamiselwe ubomi ukuze baqinisekise ukuzimela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo ophengululo, amiselwe kwityala Marbury v. Madison[, ivumela ukuba ibethelele imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko.

Oko Urhulumente Wamafama Akwenzela Wena

Igunya lomanyano lichaphazela ubomi bakho ngeendlela ongenakucinga ngazo. Xa uthumela ileta, i-Postal Service yase-U.S. Xa ubhabha kwinqwelo-moya, iFederal Aviation Administration imisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Xa uthenga ukutya kwivenkile yevenkile, i-Food kunye ne-Drugration Administration iqinisekisa ukuba ikhuselekile. Ukhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare, kunye ne-Medicaid ziinkqubo zikarhulumente ezinika ingeniso kunye nonyango lwabahlali-mali-mali abafumana abasebenzi baseMerika. Umkhosi, iinzuzo zamawaka, ukugcinwa komsebenzi wokufuduka, ukuthunyelwa kwenqanawa, kunye nolawulo lwamazwe angaphandle luyiyo wonke umsebenzi worhulumente.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unika inkxaso-mali kumazwe ngemiqathango enika inkxaso-mali. Ezi zibonelelo zidla ngokuza neemeko eziphembelela inkqubo karhulumente. Umzekelo, inkxaso-mali yendlela yohola wendlela iye yasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza amazwe ukuba aphakamise iminyaka yokusela esemthethweni ukuya kwi-21. Le ndlela ye-carrot-at-palt inika urhulumente ukuba asebenzise izigqibo zikarhulumente kwiimeko apho engenalo igunya elingqalileyo lomGaqo-siseko.

Oorhulumente Belizwe: Imikhosi Yedemokhrasi

Oorhulumente belizwe basondelelene nabantu. Baphatha iinkonzo zosuku nosuku ezibumba uluntu lwakho nendlela yakho yokwenza izinto. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, indlu yowiso-mthetho yakhe, irhuluneli yakhe, kunye nenkqubo yakhe yenkundla. Ngenxa yokuba amazwe agcina igunya elibanzi lamapolisa ukukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo anesabelo esibanzi sokulinga ngemigaqo eyahlukeneyo.

Indlela Oorhulumente Abakhelwa Ngayo

Iphondo ngalinye ngaphandle kweNebraska linendlu yowiso-mthetho ebizwa ngokuba yi-bacameral, okuthetha amagumbi amabini. Amaphondo amaninzi anendlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi, ezifana nemodeli karhulumente. Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni badla ngokusetyenziswa inxalenye yexesha elifutshane kunamalungu eBhungane. Oku kuwenza ahlale enxulumene kakhulu nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Irhuluneli yintloko yephondo, ijongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente kunye nokuphatha amasebe karhulumente. Irhuluneli inamandla okutyobela okanye ukukhupha umthetho we-veto, imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, kwaye iyalela uLongamo lwesizwe. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni eUnited States, kuquka ukumangalelwa ngokwezolwaphulo-mthetho, iimbambano zomthetho, ukudibana kweempikiswano, kunye nokumangalelwa komntu ngamnye.

Oko Kulawulwa Ngoorhulumente

Igunya likarhulumente liquka izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.

  • Imfundo: I-United States imisela imigangatho yofundo, abafundisi- ntsapho abathembekileyo, kunye nenkxaso-mali yezikolo zikawonke-wonke. Izikolo zasekuhlaleni zizalisekisa le migaqo, kodwa urhulumente umisela isiseko.
  • Unikezelo: Umthetho wakha nokulondoloza uhola weendlela, amalayisensi okukhupha, nokumisela imithetho yeetrafiki. Urhulumente wengingqi unika inkxaso-mali kwaye umisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko olusesisekoni, kodwa urhulumente umisela imida yesantya, imida ye-DUI, kunye neemfuno zokukhupha i-intwala.
  • Ityala elisesikweni: ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente. Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthe tyatyatyathwa, luhlasele, lubulale, lusebenzisa iziyobisi lumangalelwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni usingatha uphando. Urhulumente umangalela kuphela ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamleza imigca yesizwe okanye olukwipropati yezwe.
  • I-Healthcare: Ama-United States alawula oogqirha, izibhedlele, kunye neenkampani ze-inshorensi. Asebenzisa iinkqubo zeMedicaid kunye norhulumente wesizwe kwaye amisela imithetho emininzi ye-inshorensi yempilo ethengiswayo kwimida yawo.
  • Umthetho womtshato:, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nokutholwa komntwana kulawulwa ngumthetho karhulumente. Yiyo loo nto imfuneko yomtshato kunye neenkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato zahluka ngokwemeko-bume.
  • I- iprojekthi kunye nezivumelwano: ukuthengiselwana kwefama, ulwalamano lwendawo, ulawulo, kunye nezivumelwano zeshishini zizinto zomthetho wesizwe.

Ukuqheliselwa KoMthetho We - 10 Wokwenziwa

UHlaliso lwe-10 asilogunya kumazwe kodwa sisikhumbuzo sokuba amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe agciniwe. Oku kuye kwavumela ukuba amazwe atshintshe ngeendlela eziye zaphembelela inkqubo yesizwe. Umzekelo, amatyala avavanywe ngembuyekezo yabasebenzi, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye nemithetho encinane ehlawulwayo ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente worhulumente athathe imithetho efanayo. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka inyathelo lomgangatho karhulumente ekuhlaziywe ngokusemthethweni, ikhefumfa yentsapho ehlawulwa yimali, kunye nogcino-lwazi-lwazi.

Apho umkhosi noMkhosi weRhulumente uthe wawa khona

Urhulumente norhulumente abasebenzi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yobomi baseMerika ibandakanya imigangatho yokusebenza kunye, maxa wambi ngemvisiswano yaye maxa wambi kuxa kusengxakini.

Amandla Akhoyo

Amagunya akhoyo ngalawo agcinwe ngurhulumente wesizwe nangurhulumente. Zombini ezi rhafu zingaboleka imali, ziboleke imali, ziseke iinkundla, iibhanki zomthetho-siseko, zize zakhe izibonelelo. Isitshixo sikukuba izenzo zikarhulumente azinakungqubana nomthetho karhulumente xa urhulumente worhulumente esebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya lakhe elingokwesiseko.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

Ukususela ngo-1930, urhulumente wesizwe waqalisa ukusebenza ngokusondele ngakumbi kunye namagunya, iinkqubo zokwabelana, kunye nolawulo lwamaqumrhu. Lo mzekelo, maxa wambi obizwa ngokuba yi-system yomanyano, ulawula namhlanje. UMedicaid ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Urhulumente wengingqi umisela iimfuno ezisisiseko kwaye unika iimali ezingqinelanayo, ngoxa urhulumente emisela kwaye eqhuba iinkqubo zakhe ngokwawo ngaphakathi kwezo zikhokelo. Isiphumo singummiselo wesizwe oneentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zasekuhlaleni.

Ukhukuliso lomanyano

Xa imithetho karhulumente neyarhulumente ingqubana, iSupremacy Claus eQumrhu VI loMgaqo-siseko wenza umthetho wesizwe ube ngowongamileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho wesizwe osemthethweni unakho ukuphelisa umthetho karhulumente omnye kulo mbandela. Umzekelo, umthetho wesizwe olawulayo wokufuduka ukhulula inkoliso yemigudu yokumisela inkqubo yokufuduka. Umthetho worhulumente wolwaphulo-mali uthintela ukuvumela amatyala ukuba aphume kwiindlela ezahlukileyo kumgaqo karhulumente. Ukhuthulo ngumthombo wokuzinziswa okuqhubekayo, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nomgaqo wemekobume, i-temganeti, kunye neenkonzo zemali.

Imizekelo Yokwenene Yehlabathi Eyakuchaphazela

Iingcamango ezicazulukileyo ziba zicace xa uzibona zisebenza. Nazi iindawo ezininzi apho ulwahlulo lwamazwe azimeleyo lumayela ngqo nolwazi lwakho.

Irhafu

Urhulumente uhlawula irhafu yerhafu karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente wesizwe usebenzisa inkqubo yerhafu eqhubekayo enamanani asukela kwi-10 ukuya kuma-37 ekhulwini. Uninzi lwamazwe afumana irhafu, kodwa amaqondo nezibiyeli ayahluka. Amanye amazwe akanayo irhafu yengeniso konke konke. Irhafu ingurhulumente oyintloko, onexabiso elisuka ngaphantsi kwe-5 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-10 ekhulwini kuxhomekeka kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Irhafu yemihlaba ikhowa, kodwa amisela imithetho yokuhlola nokuqokelela irhafunxa. Ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi imigangatho karhulumente eqokelela irhafuthe ekuncedayo ukuba ubone apho imali yakho ihamba khona kwaye ngubani oza kubuza imibuzo.

Impilo

UMthetho we-Affordicure Care Umendo we-Affordble wadala isakhiwo se-inshorensi yempilo, kodwa amatyala anika ii-inshorensi zawo okanye ukungamiselwa kwiqonga le-oyile. IMedicaid ixhaswa ngamalungu, kunye namazwana agquma malunga nama-40 ekhulwini exabiso ngokomlinganiselo. Ama-Medicaid ngaphantsi kwe-ACA agubungela abantu abadala abahlawulwayo abancinane kunabangazange bafumane nto leyo. Oku kwenza umahluko wokwenene ekufikeleleni kwempilo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ohlala kuyo.

Imfundo

Urhulumente wephondo ulungiselela malunga nesibhozo ekhulwini semali yesikolo sikarhulumente ngeenkqubo ezifana ne-Word I kunye ne-Antess on Division Education Act. Kodwa amaphondo nemimandla yasekuhlaleni anika ezinye izigqibo aze enze izigqibo ezininzi malunga nohlelo lokufundisa, isiqinisekiso sokufundisa, kunye neemfuno zokuphumelela. Umthetho weSizwe uluthintela ucalucalulo kwimfundo, kodwa umisela isigqibo ngendlela yokufundisa imbali, inzululwazi, kunye nokufunda.

I-drive

Iphepha-mvume lomqhubi wakho likhutshwa ngurhulumente wakho. Imithetho yokuhamba, isantya, kunye namathuba okuhlaziya ahlukene kakhulu. Urhulumente wesizwe umisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwiinqwelo-mafutha kwaye unika inkxaso yemali yendlela ehambisana neemeko, kodwa yeyona mithetho yendlela ngumthetho karhulumente. Kungoko imvume evela kwelinye ilizwe isebenza kwelinye, kodwa imithetho ekhethekileyo oyilandelayo xa unqumla umgca wesizwe.

Umtshato Nentsapho

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka-we-2015 owell v. Hodges yamisela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kumtshato ofanayo, kodwa imithetho yomtshato wemini ukuya kumhla ihlala isemthethweni karhulumente. Amazwe amisela iimfuno zobudala bomtshato, ixesha lokulinda, kunye neenkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato. Ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa umntwana nokufumana umntwana ngokusemthethweni kuphethwe ngokupheleleyo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.

Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Inkoliso yemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yimithetho karhulumente. Ukuba ukhutshwa ngenxa yokukhawuleza, waphula umthetho karhulumente. Ukuba umangalelwa ngobusela okanye ngokuhlasela, urhulumente uyakumangalela. Umthetho womanyano lolwaphulo-mthetho ugquma kuphela iindawo ezithile ezifana nokuthuthwa kweziyobisi kwiintambo zikarhulumente, ukuqhatha, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho kwimpahla karhulumente. Isenzo esifanayo maxa wambi sisenokuwuphula umthetho karhulumente nokarhulumente, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amatyala ahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zenkundla ezahlukeneyo.

Oyena Mnqakathi

Umahluko okhoyo phakathi korhulumente karhulumente norhulumente unokushwankathelwa ngendlela esebenzisekayo echaphazela indlela onxulumana ngayo norhulumente yonke imihla.

  • Umlinganiselo wegunya: imithetho eManyeneyo isebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Imithetho karhulumente isebenza kuphela kwimida karhulumente. Umthetho wesizwe omalunga nokhuseleko lomsebenzi usebenza kumntu ngamnye oqeshiweyo kweli lizwe. Umthetho karhulumente omalunga nekhefu elihlawulwayo usebenza kuphela kubasebenzi kulo rhulumente.
  • Umthombo wamandla: urhulumente worhulumente unamandla anikwe umGaqo-siseko kuphela. Amazwe anamandla jikelele okuthatha inyathelo ngenxa yempilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo, elinganiselwe kuphela ngumGaqo-siseko nomthetho wesizwe.
  • Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho: imithetho yoMasipala kufuneka idlulise omabini amagumbi eBhunga kwaye ityikitywe nguMongameli. Imithetho karhulumente kufuneka idlulise indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente kwaye ityikitywe yirhuluneli. Le nkqubo iyafana kwisakhiwo kodwa isoloko ikhawuleza kumgangatho worhulumente.
  • Ukuvumelana: oorhulumente basondele kakhulu kubavoti kwaye bangasabela ngokukhawuleza kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Umthetho womanyano uyacotha kwaye udedelela, wenzelwe ukwakha uvumelano oluphangaleleyo phambi kokuchaphazela lonke uhlanga.
  • Isisombululo se-Confulut: xa imithetho karhulumente neyarhulumente ingqubana, umthetho karhulumente ukhona. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingumxhasi wokugqibela wale mpikiswano.

Isizathu Sokuba Olu Lwazi Lubalulekile Ukuba Yindawo Yokuhlala

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente norhulumente asiyonto nje yemfundo. Kukunceda ukwazi ukuba ngubani ofanele utsalele umnxeba xa unengxaki. Umngxuma kwindlela yasekuhlaleni yingxaki yedolophu. Ingxaki yeenzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu ngumba karhulumente. Isikhalazo ngogqirha ngumba karhulumente. Ukubhekisa inkxalabo yakho kumgangatho ofanelekileyo karhulumente wokulondoloza ixesha nonxunguphalo.

Olu lwazi lukwakunceda ujonge iingcebiso zezobupolitika. Xa umntu oza kubhalisa ethembisa ukutshintsha inkqubo yemfundo okanye unyango, esazi ukuba olo tshintsho luza kuvela eWashington okanye kwikomkhulu lephondo likunceda uqonde ukuba oko kuthenjiswa kuyinyaniso kusini na. Xa urhulumente wengingqi egunyazisa into ongavumelani nayo, ukuqonda uMphetho-mbo weshumi kukunika isiseko sokuphikisa ukuba lo mba ufanele ushiywe kumaphondo.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda urhulumente kukunceda uyiqonde indlela edalwe ngayo inkqubo yaseMerika. Abakhi bezixhobo bakha isakhiwo esilungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nenkululeko yoluntu. Ama-odolo angazama, alungelelanise, abonise, alungelelanise, abonise imigangatho yengingqi ngelixa urhulumente wesizwe enika isiseko samalungelo afanayo kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukulungelelaniswa komlinganiselo kusoloko kuvavanywa kwaye kuphinda kuphinde kuhlaziswe, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imicimbi yabemi abanolwazi ngoku ibaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.

Ukufunda Okungakumbi

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngoorhulumente besizwe nobezwe, tyelela USUSA.gov ukuze ufumane ulwazi olusemthethweni malunga neenkqubo neenkonzo zesizwe. Ikhonrever. .gov[ inikezela ukufikelela kumthetho wequmrhu kunye neCongregation Recorence. Kulwazi lombuso olungokwasemthethweni, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures yesizwe yesizwe inikezela ngoovimba bemithetho nenkqubo emalunga neemeko ezingamashumi amahlanu.