Umtshato uye wasebenza kangangexesha elide njengesiseko sokuvunywa ngokusemthethweni nangokwezentlalo, unika amaqabane amalungelo nezixhobo ezibanzi eziquka impahla, ilifa, irhafu, ukunyamekela impilo, neembopheleleko zabazali. Kodwa njengokuba imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu iqali iqala kwaye izibini ezininzi zikhetha ukuhlala kunye ngaphandle komtshato osemthethweni, izivumelwano ezisemthethweni ziye zafuneka zilungelelanise. Izivumelwano zomthetho zivele njengesixhobo esisebenzisekayo kumaqabane angatshatanga achaza imicimbi yemali kunye neemfuno zobuqu, kodwa ukuma kwazo ngokuphawulekayo kushiya izibini ezininzi kwimimandla ephezulu esemthethweni. Ukuqonda ukudibaniselwana kwamalungelo omtshato kunye nokuhlalisa kunye nokuhlala kunye kuyimfuneko kubafundi, abaqeqeshi, abaqeshi, kunye noochwepheshe bezomthetho abamele balungelelanise umthetho wezomthetho weentsapho kunye nenkqubo yentlalo-ntlalo.

Imbono Yembali Ngomtshato Nokulungelelana

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuya kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, umtshato wawuyinkqubo esemthethweni epheleleyo yokuthobela amaqabane asekhaya. Amagosa onqulo naworhulumente anika izibini ezitshatileyo intlu le lungelo lokufumana amalungelo , ilungelo lokusebenza, ilungelo lokuhlala kunye, ukuba nempahla, negunya lobuzali elizenzekelayo. Ukuquququzelelwa komtshato ngaphandle komtshato kwakusoloko kusekwe kwaye, kwezinye iindawo, kukwalelwe ngokucacileyo. Umzekelo, umthetho wamaNgesi eqhelekileyo owiswa ukuhlalisana kwabantu abangatshatanga njengohenyuzo, kwaye izibini ezitshatileyo azinalo naliphi na ilungelo elisemthethweni. Njengokuba ibutho labantu abatshatileyo bebotshelelwa phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elineshumi elinesibini, umthetho othe kratya emva. Ngomzekelo, amaqabane angenako, athi ayagalelo olucacileyo okanye oluxhasa ngokwahlukana. Oku kugxininisa komthetho oku kwembali kubangela ukuba kulwenze izivumelwano ezingomthetho zilungele ukuhlathotho zizelo ezisemthethweni.

Indaleko yehlabathi lonke ayikhange ivumelane. EScandinavia, amaqabane abhalisiweyo kunye nemithetho yokuhlalisana kwabantu bavela kwasekuqaleni koo-1980, benika amaqabane angatshatanga amalungelo aneleyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amazwe amaninzi ase-United States asazigqala izibini ezihlalisanayo njengezingazaniyo ezisemthethweni, ezishiya zithembele kuphela kumthetho wesivumelwano. Lo msebenzi ubangela ukungaqiniseki okukhulu kwizibini, ingakumbi ezo zifudukela kwimida.

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Anxulumene Nomtshato

Umtshato unika uludwe oluninzi lwamalungelo asemthethweni azenzekelayo kunye neembopheleleko ezingenabo abantu abahlalisanayo abangatshatanga. Olu khuselo, olusekelwe kumthetho nomthetho oqhelekileyo, lwenzelwe ukulungiselela ukhuseleko lwemali nolucacileyo ngokomthetho. Amalungelo angundoqo aquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Inzuzo yemali nenzuzo yemali: Izibini ezitshatileyo zingayifaka irhafu edityanisiweyo, zisoloko zihlisa irhafu yazo yonke. Zingakwafanelekela iinzuzo zoKhuseleko loluntu olungenabunyani, ukukhulula irhafu, kunye neenzuzo kucwangciso lwempetho yemali yomhlala-phantsi.
  • Amalungelo okungagqibeki: Ngaphandle komdla, iqabane eliphilayo lidla ilifa ngokoqobo inxalenye ebalulekileyo yefa leqabane elifileyo phantsi kwemithetho yokungamiselwa. Amaqabane angatshatanga akanalo ilungelo elingagqibekanga elinjalo kwaye kufuneka axhomekeke kumaxwebhu acacileyo etestatimente.
  • Amalungelo obuzali kunye neembopheleleko: Kumazwe amaninzi, umzali otshatileyo ngokuzenzekelayo ucingelwa ukuba ungumzali osemthethweni womntwana ozelwe ngexesha lomtshato. Oku kujongwa kwale mithetho kugunyazisa ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, inkxaso yomntwana, kunye neenkqubo zokumka nokukhulisa umntwana. Ootata abangatshatanga basenokufuna ukuseka ubuzali ngokusesikweni.
  • iququzelela unyango kunye nokwenza izigqibo: Abatshakazi banelungelo lokutyelelana ezibhedlele, benze izigqibo zezonyango ukuba omnye ukhubazekile, kwaye afumane i-inshorensi yempilo engekho mthethweni. Amaqabane angatshatanga amele aphumeze amandla ahlala ixesha elide egqwetha ukuze aphumeze igunya elifanayo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukhuseleko kwityala lokwahlukana okanye ukufa: xa uqhawulo-mtshato, iinkundla zahlula-hlula impahla yomtshato ngokulinganayo kwaye zingayalela inkxaso yomtshato (i-antion). Ekufeni kungekho mnqweno, iqabane lomtshato lizuzw ’ ilifa ngokusetyenziswa komthetho. Amaqabane angatshatanga adla ngokungabi nakucela inkxaso okanye ukwahlulwa kwempahla emva kokwahlulwa ngaphandle kokuba anesivumelwano sokuhlalisana okanye imfundiso esemthethweni efana nomtshato oqhelekileyo iyasebenza.

Ukuvela Kwezivumelwano Zokuhlalisana

Njengokuba amanani okuhlalisana enyuka, ngokufanayo nemfuneko yeenkqubo ezisemthethweni ezivumela izibini ezingatshatanga ukuba zichaze amalungelo azo. EUnited States, inani lezibini ezingatshatanga ezihlala kunye liye lanyuka ukusuka kwizigidi ezi-3 ngo-1990 ukuya ngaphezu kwe-18 yezigidi ngo-2023, ngokwenkcazelo yokubalwa kwabantu. Uninzi lwazo zijonga umtshato njengongayimfuneko, onganqwenelekiyo, okanye ongafanelekanga ngaphambi kwexesha, ukanti zifuna ukucaciswa ngokusemthethweni ngokuphathelele iimpahla ezahlukeneyo, amatyala, kunye namalungiselelo aphilayo. Izivumelwano zokuhlala kunye (izivumelwano) ezizezezezezezezonyuso 2016)

Ezi zivumelwano zithetha ngolwahlulo lwempahla engokuqhekeka komtshato, iminikelo yemali kwiindleko zendlu, ubunikazi bemali yefama, ukusingatha amatyala, kwaneelungiselelo abantwana, njengelungelo lokugcina umntwana kunye nenkxaso. Ezinye izivumelwano ziquka namagama aphathelele ukwenza izigqibo zempilo okanye iinzuzo zokufa, ukuzama ukuphindaphindezela ukhuseleko lomtshato. Ukwanda kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kubonisa utyekelo olubanzi kumthetho wentsapho osekelwe kwizivumelwano zomntu ngamnye, apho izibini zinelungelo lokwenza ulwalamano olusemthethweni kunokuba zamkele imithetho emiselweyo yomtshato.

Imo esemthethweni yezivumelwano zomanyano

Ukunyanzeliswa kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kuyahluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezizimeleyo, nakumazwe, ngenxa yokwahlukana komthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinkundla ziphatha izivumelwano zokuhlalisana njengezivumelwano eziqhelekileyo, phantsi kwemigaqo esesikweni yolwakhiwo, ulwazelelelo, kunye nobuchule. Noko ke, amanye amagunya amisela iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo `ezingagunyaziswanga, icebiso elisemthethweni elizimeleyo, okanye uxwebhu olubhaliweyo qhakuva ukuba ngenye indlela imicimbi ebeyakubandakanya ukulawulwa ngumthetho wentsapho (umz., inkxaso-equm, icandelo lempahla).

Uguqu-guquko oluguquguqukayo

KuManyano, izibini ezihlala kunye zingatshatanga (ngamanye amaxesha ezibizwa ngokuba "ngamaqabane omthetho aqhelekileyo" kwi-parance edumileyo) zinamalungelo alinganiselweyo asemthethweni; akukho nto ifana nomtshato womthetho oqhelekileyo eNgilani naseWales. Izivumelwano zomanyano zidla ngokunyanzeleka ukuba zivumelane nemigaqo yomthetho wesivumelwano, kodwa azinakukwazi ukuyeka ukukhusela abantwana okanye zikhuphe ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zexesha elizayo zokukhululeka ngokwemali kwisiganeko sokwahlukana. ESkotlani, uMthetho wentsapho (Scotland) uMthetho weSizwe) unika amalungelo alinganiselweyo eenkqubo zomthetho-Rhulumente, kodwa izivumelwano zihlala zibalulekile.

Kumaphondo amaninzi ase-U.S., izivumelwano zokuhlalisana zinyanzelekile logama nje zingekho semthethweni okanye zingekho semthethweni. Umzekelo, isivumelwano sokuba isibini sisenza sihlukane sichasene nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, amanye amazwe, njenge-Illinois ne-California, aye amisela izivumelwano ezigunyazisa ukuhlalisana kwemitshato. Abanye baxhomekeke kumthetho osemthethweni. Umzekelo obalulekileyo, [FLT]vin v. Marvin [6] [6] eK], eKhalifoniya, yaqonda ukuba amaqabane angatshatanga anokuqinisekisa okanye achaza izivumelwano ezibhekiselele kwimpahla kunye nenkxaso. Esi sigqibo sakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa komthetho wohlalo kulo lonke ilizwe.

EKhanada, amaphondo amaninzi avumela izivumelwano zokuhlalisana, kwaye amanye (njenge British Columbia ne Ontario) anika amalungelo angagqibekanga empahla kumaqabane angatshatanga emva kwexesha elithile (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emibini ukuya kwemithathu yokuhlalisana). Sekunjalo, izivumelwano zingakhetha kwezi zingagqibekanga ukuba zifelwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Izinto Ezichaphazela Ukunyanzelwa

Iinkundla zihlolisisa iinkalo eziliqela xa zigqiba enoba zifanele zinyanzelise isivumelwano sokuhlalisana:

  • I- Ubuvuvu:[ Akukho qela linyanzelwayo, linyanzelwa, okanye liqhathwe ukuba lityikitye. Izivumelwano ezityikitywe phantsi kwempempe okanye ngesisongelo sokushiya ulwalamano ziyakrokreleka.
  • Inyani kunye nenkcazo: Amagama e-Vague, anjenge "ukwabelana okungatshintshiyo," kunzima ukunyanzelisa. Iinkundla zikhetha ulwimi oluchanekileyo oluchaza impahla, iminikelo yemali, kunye nesigqibo sokuphikisana.
  • Amandla emali: omabini amaqela kufuneka abe ngawengqondo ephilileyo nawaminyaka esemthethweni. Amancinane okanye abantu abanokuphazamiseka kolwazi abanakungena kwizivumelwano ezinyanzelisayo.
  • Icebiso elizimeleyo lomthetho: Imimandla emininzi ifuna ukuba iqela ngalinye lidibane negqwetha elahlukeneyo. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba bobabini bayawaqonda amalungelo abawanikezelayo (umz., amalungelo anokuwafumana phantsi komtshato). Ukungabikho kwamalungelo okuzimela geqe kusenokukhokelela ekungasebenzini ukuba omnye umntu ubonise ukuba atsala nzima.
  • [[UMTL:0] Utyhilo olupheleleyo nolufanelekileyo: omabini amaqabane kufuneka atyhile izinto zawo, amatyala, kunye nengeniso. Ukufihla ulwazi lwemali olubalulekileyo lunganika isivumelwano esigqibeleleyo.
  • Imfuneko yokudibanisa: Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuba izivumelwano zokuhlalisana zibhalwe phantsi kwaye zityikitywe ngamaqela omabini. Izivumelwano zentetho zinqabile ukunyanzeliswa, ingakumbi kuthutho lwempahla olukhulu.
  • Isivumelwano esidimaza umtshato okanye esikhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni sisenokuba siphuthile. Ngokufanayo, amabinzana azama ukudibanisa iimbopheleleko zokuxhasa umntwana ozelweyo akanyanzelekanga kuba abazali abanakunikezela ngelungelo lomntwana lokuxhasa.

Ucelomngeni Oluphambili Olungokwasemthethweni

Kwanaxa kukho isivumelwano esifanelekileyo esimiselwe ngokufanelekileyo, ucelomngeni olusemthethweni lungavela. Imibandela eqhelekileyo iquka izityholo zokuqhatha okanye impazamo, apho omnye umntu athi balahlekisiwe ngesiphumo sesivumelwano. Olunye ucelomngeni yi "imeko ezitshintshiweyo" isiphumezi-ngxoxo: ukuba ulwalamano luhlala iminyaka emininzi kwaye iimeko zemali zitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo, inkundla isenokuphinda ibhale okanye ingakwamkeli ukunyanzelisa amalungiselelo athile. Noko ke, le ndlela imigaqo yesivumelwano isesikweni iqikelele ukuba amaqela ayakwazi ukuceba ikamva. Umngcipheko omkhulu kukuba inkundla ingala ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano ukuba imigaqo karhulumente ivumela umtshato okanye ikhusela izinxulumani ezibuthathakayo ngendlela elungele izivumelwano ezikhoyo. Noko ke, imo yemithetho esesikweni isebenza ixesha elide njengoko kuhlanganelwane.

Ukuthelekiswa nomtshato Oqhelekileyo Nomanyano Lwasekhaya

Izivumelwano zokuhlalisana zidla ngokudityaniswa nomtshato oqhelekileyo kunye nomanyano lwasekhaya, kodwa ezi ziingcamango ezingafaniyo zomthetho. Umtshato oqhelekileyo (owaziwa kwimimandla embalwa yase-U.S. iTexas, iColorado, neIowa) uvela ngokuzenzekelayo xa isibini sihlala kunye kwaye sizibeka phantsi njengendoda nomfazi ngexesha elithile. Xa usungulwe, umtshato oqhelekileyo unika phantse amalungelo afanayo angoko kusemthethweni, oko kuthetha ukuba akukho sivumelwano. Amaqabane asekhaya namaqhina oluntu (akhoyo kwamanye amazwe nakumazwe) asemthethweni, anika amalungelo omtshato amaninzi kodwa avulekele izibini ezingoonothetho ezingo zobudlelane. Umanyano lwasekhaya lufuna ukubhalisana, kanti izivumelwano zomanyano zifuna ukudibana.

Kubantu abatshatileyo abafuna ukhuseleko oluzenzekelayo, olulungiselelwe ngurhulumente ngaphandle komsitho, ukubhalisa njengamaqabane asekhaya (apho akhoyo) kusenokukhetheka. Kodwa kwabo bahlala kwimimandla engakhethiyo, okanye abakhetha ukubhetyebhetye ngakumbi, isivumelwano sokuhlalisana sisesona sisixhobo siphambili. Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba isivumelwano sokuhlalisana kwabantu kufuneka isivumelwano esisebenzayo, kanti umanyano lwasekhaya okanye umtshato umisela imithetho engagqibekanga. Zombini ezi ndlela zineengenelo nezingalungelelwaniyo, kwaye ukhetho luxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile.

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlala Kwezibini Ezihlala Kunye

Kubantu abatshatileyo abacinga ngokuhlalisana ngaphandle komtshato, ukulungiselela isivumelwano esifanelekileyo sokuhlala kunye ngokusemthethweni sicetyiswa ngamandla, nokuba ulwalamano lubonakala luzinzile. Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, iinkundla ziyakusebenzisa imigaqo engagqibekanga yesivumelwano (okanye) ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezingaqondakaliyo. Amanyathelo aluncedo aquka: iingxubusho ezicacileyo ezingokwasemthethweni, ukugcina umelo lwahlulo lwempahla, kunye nokukhubaza isivumelwano xa iimeko zitshintsha. Izibini kufuneka ziphumeze amaxwebhu asebenzisanayo, afana noko kuthanda, iiprojekthi zezo zempilo, kunye namandla ahlala egqwetha, ukuvala izivumelwano azinakugqumathelisa izigqibo.

Kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ukuqonda intsingiselo yerhafu. Kwimimandla emininzi, izibini ezingatshatanga azinakudlulisela impahla kwenye kwirhafu ekhululekileyo kumlinganiselo ofanayo nezibini ezitshatileyo. Umzekelo, eUnited States, ukuhlaziywa komtshato okungenasiphelo kwirhafu yefama akusebenzi. Ukungangeni kokhuseleko lwerhafu akufumaneki. Ukucwangciswa kakuhle ngokuthembeka okanye ngokucetywa kwemiqathango kunganciphisa ezi mbono zingafaniyo.

Ucelomngeni Lwabafundisi Nabafundi

Ukufunda amalungelo omtshato kunye nezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kwabantu kunika ingqiqo eluncedo kwindaleko yomthetho wentsapho kunye nokudibana kwayo kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo. Kubafundi bomthetho, ukuhlolisisa le mibandela kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele umthetho wesivumelwano, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye nendima yesizwe ekuchazeni ulwalamano. Kwinzululwazi yezentlalo okanye inkqubo yezentlalo, kucacisa indlela ezimele ngayo izimo zomthetho zobume kwaye kubonise isimo sobudlelane ngokuphathelele ukubophelela, iindima zobufana, kunye nemali exhomekeke kuqoqo lezoqoqosho. Abafundisi-mathesss banokusebenzisa ukuchaza ngokuthelekisa imigaqo ecacileyo yolwelo "entsapho" kunye noxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo nolawulo lombuso.

Ngaphezu koko, le mibandela ibaluleke kakhulu kwiingcaphephe ezisebenza kwimimandla enjengemithetho yezakhono, ukucwangcisa umhlaba, okanye ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano zokuhlalisana. Ukuqonda ukunyanzeliswa kwezivumelwano zomthetho kulungiselela amagqwetha exesha elizayo ukucebisa abathengi ngokufezekileyo. Ngokungakumbi abo bayinxalenye yokwanda kwamanani. Kwakhona igxininisa imfuneko yolwazi oluphakathi, njengempahla, irhafu, kunye nomthetho-siseko wonke umbutho kunye namalungiselelo entsapho.

Utyekelo Neingcinga Zekamva

Njengoko ukuhlalisana kuqhubeka kunyuka, iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zingandisa ukuvunywa kobuqabane bomtshato. Amanye amagunya acinga ngotshintsho oluza kunika izibini ezihlala kunye izinto ezingagqibekanga okanye axhase amalungelo emva kwexesha elithile, afana nemithetho yonxulumano e-Ostreliya ne-New Zealand. Ezinye zingavisisanisa imfuneko yokunyanzeleka kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kwiindawo ezithile ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungaqiniseki. Kwangaxesha linye, ubugcisa kunye nezixhobo zokugcina ulwazi lwentlalo ziyayitshintsha indlela izibini eziwayila ngayo amalungiselelo azo; utyikityo kunye nezixhobo zamanani zifana kakhulu. Iinkundla ziyakufuna ukuqhelanisa ezi zinto zintsha.

Enye intsingiselo lunxulumano olukhulayo phakathi kwezivumelwano zokuhlalisana kunye nomtshato ongokwesini omnye. Ekubeni kusemthethweni ukubhaliswa komtshato ongokwabelana ngokwesini kumazwe amaninzi, ezinye izibini ebezithembele kwizivumelwano zokuhlalisana zisenokukhetha ngoku umtshato, kodwa ezinye zikhetha ukuba bhetyebhetye kwizivumelwano. Uluntu olusemthethweni kufuneka lukulungele ukuphendula zombini ezi meko.

Isiphelo

Umtshato unika izicwangciso ezibanzi ezingokwasemthethweni, ezizenzekelayo eziyimfuneko kwizibini, kodwa asiyoyonto ifanelekileyo kuphela enokwenziwa. Izivumelwano zomanyano zivele njengenye indlela enamandla kwabo banqwenela ukucacisa okusemthethweni ngaphandle komtshato. Kodwa ke, ukunyanzeleka kwazo akuqiniseki; ukuqulunqwa, ukuthobela imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kunye necebiso elisemthethweni elizimeleyo libalulekile. Njengoko izicwangciso zentsapho ziqhubeka zintywila, abafundi noochwepheshe kufuneka bahlale belungelelanisa le migaqo ikhoyo. Ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda imo esemthethweni yezivumelwano zokuhlalisana ngokusemthethweni kunika izibini amandla okwenza ukhetho olunolwazi nokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo neembopheleleko zichazwe ngokucacileyo kwaye zikhuselwe ngokukhuselekileyo okanye ngaphandle kwelungiselelo lomtshato.