Ukwazisa: Ukugubungela Amalungelo Omtshato

Umtshato ngomnye weyona ntlangano yamandulo esemthethweni nengokwenkcubeko esisiseko sokwakheka kwentsapho, ilifa, kunye nenkxaso yobabini. Kwinkqubo yezomthetho yeli xesha, amalungelo omtshato aquka inkululeko yokukhetha iqabane, ukukwazi ukudibana ngokusemthethweni, ukuqhawula umtshato, nokukhusela impahla, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, neengenelo zoluntu. La malungelo asoloko efakwe kwimimiselo yomgaqo-siseko, imigaqo-siseko yamalungelo abantu, kunye nemithetho yentsapho.

Noko ke, ingcaciso yomtshato isaphikiswa. Nangona umtshato otshate nomnye — umtshato phakathi kwabantu ababini — ungumzekelo oxhaphakileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho waseNtshona nakumazwe amaninzi aphenjelelwa ngumthetho wamathanga, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqheliselo lwabemi behlabathi okanye isithembu ngokwembali. Imitshato erhabaxa, ingakumbi ipolygyny (indoda enye enabafazi abaninzi), iqhelekile kwiindawo ezithile eAfrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, nase-Asia, kwaye isoloko igxininiswa kwizithethe zonqulo okanye ngokwesithethe. Oku kudala ingxilongano ebalulekileyo: imigaqo engokomthetho elungiselelwe ukulungiselela ukulingana kwabemi babo ngaphandle kokwaphula imigaqo yokwahlukeneyo yokulingana namalungelo abo?

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni ezibangelwa yimitshato elithe thamsanqa, uphando lwamalungelo abantu, kunye nohlolo lwemigudu yotshintsho esetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Injongo kukunikela ushwankathelo olufanelekileyo kubenzi benkqubo, iingcali zomthetho, kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi bamalungelo omtshato namasiko ahlukeneyo.

Ukuqonda Imitshato Edumileyo: Iinkcazelo Nezenzo

Isithembu sibhekisela kwisiko lokutshata namaqabane angaphezulu ngexesha elinye, yaye isibini sawo sithetha izinto ezingafaniyo:

  • [[FLT: 0] UPolygyny-indoda etshate namabhinqa amaninzi. Olu yeyona ndlela yokwandiswa, ebhaqwayo okanye enyamezeleka kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40, ikakhulu kumazantsi e-Saharan Afrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye namazwe oMzantsi kunye noMzantsi-mzantsi-ntshona Asia.
  • Polyandry-ibhinqa elitshate namadoda amaninzi. Kunqabile kakhulu, kwenzeka kumazwe akwanti ambalwa anjengeNyimba yaseNepal kunye neToda yasemazantsi eIndiya, ngokufuthi njengecebo lokulinganisela ulwahlulo lomhlaba okanye ukuphatha ubuncwane obunqabileyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Umtshato weQela -amadoda amaninzi nabafazi abaninzi. Ngokugqithisileyo banqabile, banqabile kakhulu, balinganiselwe kuluntu oluzenzele ngengozi kunye novavanyo lwembali (umz., u-Oneida Umbindi kwishumi elinesithoba le-19 eNew York).

Uthethelela lonqulo lwepolygyny kufunyanwa kumaSilamsi (abafazi abane, abaxhomekeke ekunyangweni ngokulinganayo) nakwizindululo ezithile zobuMormon (ubungqina obucacileyo, nangona iCawa kaYesu Kristu weLatterday Saints yaluyeka ngokusemthethweni uqheliselo ngo1890). Imithetho eqhelekileyo kwimimandla emininzi yaseAfrika ikwavumela ipolygyny njengendlela yokuqhubekeka komnombo, intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho, kunye nesikhundla sentlalo.

Ngokumanyumnyezi, iintsapho zesithembu azifani zonke. Zimbi zingamalungiselelo angekho mthethweni asemthethweni; ezinye zisaziwa phantsi komthetho wesithethe okanye wonqulo kodwa kungekhona ngurhulumente. esi sivumelwano sibangela ukuba izigidi zabantu, ingakumbi amabhinqa nabantwana, zingaqiniseki ngokusemthethweni, ezisenokungabi namalungelo anyanzelekayo kwimpahla, ilifa, okanye zixhase xa umtshato uphela, uqhawulo - mtshato, okanye ukufuduka.

Obona Bunzinyana Busemthethweni Bujamelene Nemitshato Edumileyo

Ubunzima obungundoqo bubokuba inkoliso yenkqubo yesizwe yezomthetho yakhiwe ngokudibanisa umntu omnye. Xa amathembu enqumla imida okanye efuna ulwamkelo lukarhulumente, kuvela intlukwano yemibandela.

1. Ukungafumani

Kumazwe apho isithembu singekho mthethweni okanye singavunywanga, umntu ongenela umtshato wesibini ngoxa etshate ngokusemthethweni nomntu wokuqala angabekwa ityala lokulalana. Oku kwadume kakhulu eUnited States, apho u-Edmunds Act wowesithembu owenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho ngo-1882, okhokelela ekutshutshisweni kwabenzi bobuMormon. Namhlanje, onke ama-U.S. amazwe akwalela ukuba isithembu, nangona abanye beye baphelisa ubuhlangane namaqabane amaninzi. Ukungatshati kuthetha ukuba isibini kunye namaqabane alandelayo akami ngokusemthethweni. Abakwazi ukuthi bayalifumana ilifa, iinzuzo ezingokokuba ngumbutho (ngokufana nokhuseleko lwezentlalo-ntle okanye i-S.) okanye ilungelo lokugcina i-Rhulumente. Abantwana abazelwe kwimishobonke banokuthathwa njenge-grona, i-ecentiant, i-eant.

2. Ukwahlula-hlula Impahla nonyango olulinganayo

Kwanakumazwe amkela imitshato yesithembu (umz., uMzantsi Afrika phantsi komthetho wesithethe), ukwahlula impahla kuqhawulo-mtshato okanye ukufa kuzele. Umgaqo wokuphathwa ngokulinganayo kunzima ukuwusebenzisa xa indoda inabafazi abathathu. Ukuba umfazi ngamnye ufanele afumane isabelo esilinganayo sempahla yomtshato, okanye abelane ngeminyaka yomtshato okanye iminikelo? Umthetho woMzantsi Afrika [[FLT: 0]] ukwahlulwa komtshato womtshato kunguMthetho wesiCreary Act uzama ukunikezela ngesakhiwo, kodwa iinkundla zisalwana namatyala apho umfazi omnye wayetshatile kwimibhiyo yezelo yamakhaya kunye neminye imithendeleko yesithethe. [[FLD:2]] Umthetho ngokwawo ngokwawo uyingqokelela yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yezomtshato [FLT]], kodwa imiqobo.

3. Igunya lokugcina umntwana nelobuzali

Xa abazali bethelekelele okanye befe kwisithembu, iinkundla zijongene nezigqibo ezintsonkothileyo ngokuphathelele ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana abagcina abantwana. Nguwuphi umama onamalungelo aphambili? Abantwana abavela koomama abahlukeneyo baphathwa njani phantsi kwemithetho yelifa? Kwinkqubo yesithethe, abantwana bakatata obhishobhileyo bagqalwa njengabantakwabo abanamalungelo alinganayo, kodwa la malungelo asenokungaqashelwa ziinkundla zesizwe. Umzekelo, eNigeria, apho umthetho wesizwe nowesiSilamlimo usebenza khona ngokuhambelana, umntwana ozalelwe kumfazi wesibini kwinyuko ye-libriki okanye othengise esikolweni ukuba omnye umtshato kayise awubhaliswangabhaliswanga.

4. Ukungahambelani noluntu

Olunye ucelomngeni oluqatha olungokwasemthethweni luvela xa iintsapho ezinesithembu zifudukela kumazwe amkela kuphela imitshato esemthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, i-U.S. ivuma kuphela iqabane elinye njenge "spouse" kwinjongo ze-visa. Indoda ekwi-Senegal enabafazi ababini ingazisa kuphela enye eUnited States. Oku kunyanzela ukuba intsapho yahlule okanye inyanzele umfazi wesibini ukuba angene njengemkhenkethi engenayo imo esemthethweni. ECanada, i-[[FLT:] i-Immigration kunye noKhuselo lwe-Rhoversel Act ngokungqalileyo ishenxise imitshato e-balwayodwa kwinkxaso yentsapho. i-Libris Union (ALLM)[3] ibalaseIK] ibala iimeko ezinjalo apho iinfatfazi zikho ukumanisa iintsapho ezingagqibekanga.

5. Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu nokhuseleko

Iinkqubo zerhafu zithatha imo yesibini yamaqabane. Ukubhatala kunye, ukubiza inkxaso, okanye ukufumana iingenelo zokusinda kuba yinto engenakwenzeka okanye iyazenzekela xa kukho amaqabane amaninzi. E-United Kingdom, i-HMRC enegunya lerhafu inike ukhokelo ngendlela yokuphatha isibini esithebbene ukuba senziwe ngokusemthethweni kwelinye ilizwe, kodwa imithetho intsonkothile kwaye idla ngokuba yingozi kumfazi wesibini. Iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu zisenokungakuvuzi ukuhlawula iingenelo kwabaninzi kumhlolokazi omnye, zishiye iintsapho eziswele inzala.

6. Inkululeko yonqulo echaseneyo neMithetho echasanayo

Ukutshutshiswa kwabantu abathe bathatha amathembu e-U.S. kuye kwaphakamisa izibhengezo zenkululeko yonqulo. Reynolds v. United States (1879], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi inkolelo yonqulo ayilukhuselo kwityala elikhulu, imisela umgqaliselo omisela imiqathango yonqulo xa ingqubana nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kutshanje, eKhanada, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase ukuva ukwalelwa kwetyala lokuthathela isithembuyiselo kwityala (2011), ichaza ingozi kumabhinqa nabantwana, ngoxa ezinye ivuma ukuba ezinye izithethe ziqhelisela ulawulo lobuqu ngokuzithandela. Ukulinganisela inkululeko yonqulo nomdla wonqulo kunye nomdla wonqulo ekukhuseleni abantu abachatshazelwa ngumthetho womthetho womthetho.

Imbono Yamalungelo Abantu Ngokutshata Okudume Kakhulu

Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke aye ahlola isithembu, ingakumbi ipolygyny, njengesiko eliphazamisa amalungelo alinganayo amabhinqa. IKomiti yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yokupheliswa kocalulo kumabhinqa (CEDAW) iye yabongoza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba kupheliswe amaphondo ukuba aphelise isithembu, iphikisane nomgaqo wokulingana phakathi kwamaqabane. KwiSindululo seNjenganiso 21 (1994), iKomiti yathi isithembu "sinyuko somfazi unelungelo lokulingana namadoda" kwaye "ifanele ikhutyelwe kwaye inqandwe"

Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba ukuvalwa kwengubo ebotshelelweyo kusenokuphazamisa amalungelo enkcubeko nawonqulo abo bakhetha ukutshata isithembu ngokukhululekileyo. Abanye abaphengululi bamalungelo abesifazane baxhasa umthetho kunokuba bathintele: ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqabane anokuma okulingana okusemthethweni, okokuba ilifa nenkxaso ziyaqinisekiswa, kwaye amabhinqa anelungelo lokuvuma ukuthotywa kwepolygyny ngokwemilinganiselo elinganayo. Amabhinqa agxininisa ukubaluleka kobuninzi basemthethweni obunxulumene neenkqubo zamasiko aqhelekileyo ngoxa emisela imilinganiselo encinane yamalungelo abantu.

Ngokwembono yabantwana, iintsapho ezinesithembu zinganika zombini iinzuzo (ii-intanethi zenkxaso ephangaleleyo) kunye nomngcipheko (ugcino-lwazi oludibeneyo lomntwana lomntwana, umngcipheko ongakumbi wokungquzulwano phakathi kwabakhweli, kunye nokudideka ngokuzalana kwizicwangciso zepollandrous). INdibano yamalungelo abantwana ayithethi ngokuthe ngqo ngesithembu kodwa igxininisa izilangazelelo ezingcono zomntwana, ezo inkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise ityala.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iindlela Zokufikelela Esemthethweni Kwimiqathango Engafaniyo

UMzantsi Afrika: Ukwaziwa kweemeko

UMthetho woMzantsi Afrika wokwamkelwa komthetho wesithethe, kwaye ufuna ukuba ubhaliswe. Noko ke, indoda elandelayo mayifumane imvume yenkundla phambi kokungenela umtshato othe kratya, kwaye ulawulo lwempahla yempahla ye-atrimonium kufuneka lumiselwe ukukhusela amaqabane akhoyo. UmGaqo-siseko waseAfrika oMpuma uqinisekisa ukulingana, ngoko ke iinkundla ziphumeze iinkalo zomthetho wesithethe ezijongeneyo kumabhinqa — umzekelo, ngokufuna ukuba urhulumente wempahla ye-atrimonium azimeleyo afanele amiselwe ukukhusela amaqabane akhoyo. [[FLT.2]]

IIndiya: Ikhowudi yeSimi seMonitha Engaphelelanga

Umthetho we-Indiya ubalasele ngokuziincutshe. Ngoxa uMthendeleko womtshato wamaHindu (1955) ulela amaHindu ukuba abe nesithembu, amaSilamsi alawulwa ngumthetho wawo wobuqu, ovumela abafazi abane. Oku kuye kwabangela impikiswano, namaqela alwela amalungelo amabhinqa kunye namalungelo abantu abiza i-Frective Civil Code (UC) enokuthi angasivumeli isithembu kubo bonke abemi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakuphepha ukubetha umthetho wobuqu wamaSilamsi kodwa ibonise inkxalabo. Ngokungekho komthetho we-UC, amabhinqa angamaSulumane atshami atshate namadoda angenazintlukelo lulinganiselwe unyango; bangafuna uqhawulo-mtshato phantsi koMthetho we-Sulumanes, kodwa ulwahlulo lwempahla aluqiniseki qikele.

EUnited States: Imithetho echasene nePolygamy Nocelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, isithembu siyinto enzima kwilizwe ngalinye lase-U.S., nangona ukunyanzelisa kuyahluka. Ngo-2020, iUtah yanciphisa isohlwayo sokuthatha isithembu sibe sibi, inxalenye yomgudu omkhulu wokugxininisa izinto ezibandakanya ukunyanzeliswa nokuxhatshazwa kwezenzo zonqulo. Ukuma komtshato wepollaormon (amaqabane angatshatanga ngokusemthethweni) kuyaphikisana: abanye oomasipala baye bandisa iingenelo zobuhlobo basekhaya kumalungiselelo amaninzi, kodwa oku kunqabile. [[FLT:]] [FLT:] ALU] ukuphikisa okusemthethweni. ukuthi abantu abadala bafanele bavume ukuba ubomi babo bukhulu ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoxa besamkela ingqeqesho emtshatweni emfutshane.

EKhanada: Izaphuli - mthetho Zichasa Abantu Kodwa Zinempikiswano

Kwimeko ephawulayo 2011 ( Reference re: Icandelo 293 le-Criminal Code yase Canada), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada yaxhasa ngamxhelo mnye ukuvalwa kwetyala lesithembu. Inkundla yaqiqa ukuba isithembu siyingozi ngokutsha kuba sinxulumene nomlinganiselo ophezulu wokuxhatshazwa, ukungalingani kwamabhinqa, kunye nokwahlukaniswa kwabantu. Noko ke, inkundla yaphawula ukuba uthintelo kufuneka lunyanzelwe ngamandla ukunqanda abantwana okanye amaxhoba okunyanzeleka. I-Enkomfa ihlala inci encinane; ukugxininisa kuluntu olunesithuku-Xhobe seBountini, iBritish Columbia, apho iinkokeli eziphambili ze-Mormon zigwetyelwe phantsi komthetho.

Utshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni Nezindululo Zekamva

Ezi ngxaki zichazwe ngasentla ziye zakhuthaza uludwe lwezindululo zotshintsho, ukususela ekuphelisweni ngokupheleleyo ukuya ekulawuleni ubuninzi.

1. Izivumelwano zobhaliso neMisebenzi

Indlela ecacileyo ibandakanya ukubhalisa yonke imitshato yesithembu ngokusemthethweni, ngezivumelwano ezinyanzelekileyo ezichaza ukwahlulwa kwempahla, ilifa, kunye neembopheleleko zokuxhasa iqabane ngalinye. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa nabantwana abangeleli kwizithuba ezisemthethweni. Umzekelo woMzantsi Afrika uyafundisa, nangona ukuzalisekiswa kudinga uncedo olusemthethweni oluqinileyo nemfundo kawonke-wonke.

2. Ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko

Abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi urhulumente ufanele abuye kulwalamano olusondeleyo lwamapolisa. Endaweni yokuba aphule umthetho ngesithembu, amazwe angasibeka esichengeni ngelinye ixesha aze angavumi ukunika imvume yomtshato — "akukho mtshato, akukho lwaphulo-mthetho"". Oku kungakhusela abantu ekuchotshelweni ngelinye ixesha beshiya umthetho wentsapho kwiisivumelwano sabucala. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni, amaqela angenazikhuseli aphulukana nenkxaso efana nokugcinwa komtshato kunye neerhafuthelo.

3. Ubhaliso olunganyanzelisiyo phantsi kwesakhelo somanyano lwabemi

Utshintsho oluthe gqolo lungadala udidi oluvumela abantu abadala abaninzi ukuba babhalise njengeqela elinye lentsapho, elifana nomtshato kodwa elinobulungu obubhetyebhetye. Oku kuya kufuna iplani esemthethweni enonopheleyo ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa (umz., amandla angalinganiyo) nokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu anelungelo elilinganayo lokufumana ilifa, ukwenza izigqibo zezamayeza, kunye nokuxhasa ukufuduka. Akukho lizwe lisele liyigqibile inkqubo enjalo kwisikali sesizwe, kodwa ezinye iingxoxo eBelgium naseNetherlands ziye zachaphazela oko.

4. Ukomeleza Isazela SikaCelas

Kwimithetho egcina umtshato omnye njengomzekelo opheleleyo, abamisi-mthetho banokuvelisa amabinzana avumela ukuba imitshato yonqulo okanye yesithethe iqwalaselwe ngokulinganiselweyo — ngokomzekelo, ngenjongo yokufumana ilifa okanye ukugcinwa kwabantwana — ngaphandle kokuyiphatha njengemitshato epheleleyo. Oku bekuya kuba kukulalanisa okubhekiselele kwizithethe zesithethe ngoxa kuxhaswa umthetho jikelele wesizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo, Izithethe, nokulingana

Ingxoxo ngamalungelo omtshato kunye nemitshato elithe kratya ayiyi kuconjululwa lula. Kwelinye icala kukho iimpikiswano ezisekelwe kwizithethe, kwinkululeko yonqulo, nelungelo labantu abadala lokuyila isiseko sentsapho sokukhetha kwabo. Kwelinye icala kukho inkxalabo ngokulingana kwamadoda namabhinqa, ukuchanabeka kwabantwana, nokungalingani komthetho okulungelelanisiweyo. Akukho mntu uneziphene ezilinganayo.

Okucacileyo kukuba ukutyeshela imitshato elithe tye — ukulinganisa ukuba ayikho okanye ukuyenza ingabikho ngaphandle kokuyinika ezinye iindlela — kushiya izigidi zingenayo inkxaso esemthethweni. Kuyimfuneko imigaqo engokwasemthethweni entsonkothileyo, ehlonela ukwahlukahlukana kwendlela ngoxa iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu oshiywe ngaphandle kokufuna uncedo. Njengoko imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe iqhubeka iguquka, abamisi-mthetho bamele balungelelanise le milinganiselo ikhuphisanayo nokuthobeka nokuzinikela kwimigaqo esekelwe kwisiseko.

Ekugqibeleni, olu celomngeni alubhekiseli nje kwisithembu; luthetha ngendlela iinkqubo zomthetho ezinokubonakalisa ngayo ukuba ulwalamano lwabantu luninzi ngoxa lukhusela amalungelo asisiseko abo bonke abantu.