Umtshato, njengesibonelelo esisisiseko sentlalo, usebenze njengembonakalo yezithethe zoluntu kunye nendawo yokulwa amalungelo abantu. Ukuqwalaselwa kwemitshato yezizwe ngezizwe `iimbono zobuhlanga'''. Uluvo phakathi kwamaqabane ahlukeneyo eemvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo okanye ubuhlanga] lusisixhobo esinamandla sokubonisa indlela eziye zahamba ngayo ibutho labantu ekuhlaleni ezimiselwe ngokusemthethweni kwimigaqo-siseko engokwasemthethweni nenkululeko yobuqu. Ngoxa izigqibo zenkundla yezenkcubeko kunye neenguqu-nkqubo zomthetho ngoku zikhusela ilungelo lokutshata ngaphaya kwemidaba yohlanga kwinkoliso yehlabathi, uhambo luye lwangqinelanadaba, kwaye luhlala lungaphelelanga ngokwemiqatha ngokwendlela yokwamdlalo olupheleleyo. Ukuqonda indaleko yamalungelo abantu abatshatileyo kufunangahloli ziinguqu ezingomthetho kuphela kodwa kwaneenkculo ezihlala zihleli kwiimeko ezikhoyo ezikhoyo.

Imithetho Yomtshato Engokwembali

Imvelaphi yemithetho echaseneyo neMicimbi

Ukwalelwa komtshato weentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo kusekelwe ngokunzulu kumaphondo aseMelika kunye nasemva kwemikhosi yamazwe azimeleyo. EUnited States, umthetho wokuqala ochasene nonyuko wamiswa kwikoloni yeMaryland ngo1661, ngokungqalileyo ujolise ijongo phakathi kwamabhinqa amhlophe namadoda amnyama. Kuzo zonke iinkulungwane ezilandelayo, imimiselo efanayo yaxhaphakile phakathi kweMelika yaseMzantsi Afrika kwaye ekugqibeleni yafikelela kumaphondo amaninzi aseNtshona kunye naseNtshona. Le mithetho yayingekuko nje kuphela malunga nomtshato. Le mithetho yayingeyokuko kuphela malunga nobuhlanga, yayiyizixhobo zokulondoloza ubunyulu, imigca yempahla, kwaye inyanzelela ukulingana kwezoqoqosho kunye nomgangatho ophakathi kwemibutho yabantu abangeyo emhlophe. Ngasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, 30 kwachazwa uhlobo oluthile lwemiqobo eMelika nenye i-Jamani, apho imiqatha yemiqatha yemitshato yomanyano emhlophe.[5] kunye neminye i-Jamani (i-G.5]) phakathi kwemivukelo yama-Elventine, kunye neminye i-G.[4] kunye neminye iMi

Ubunyulu Nolawulo Lwentlalo

Ngaphezu kwemimiselo esemthethweni, isithethe esichasene nomtshato weentlanga ezihlukeneyo sasinyanzeliswa ngokunqandwa kwentlalo, izigwebo zezoqoqosho, kunye nogonyamelo olugqithisileyo. EUnited States, "umthetho omnye" ingcamango yokuba nawuphi na umnombo wobukho baseAfrika wenza ukuba umntu abe nguBlack/ibhada, ingcinga yokungaqiniseki yemitshato enokuthi ifihle loo mida. Abantwana bamaqabane eentlanga ezahlukeneyo babedla ngokunqatyelwa ilifa, ubumi bobumi, okanye ukuqwalaselwa ngokusemthethweni kolwalamano lwabazali babo. Inkcitho engo ingqondo yayinzima: izibini ezazingakufuni ukuvalelwa, izihlalo, kunye nokwahlukana okunyanzelwa kokunyanzelwa komthetho. Kumazwe amaninzi, imikhosi yonqulo ikhuthaza ukuvalwa kwalekwa kwalekwa kwamalungu ezahlukahlukeneyo okanye athand ’ ukutshata namalungu ahlukeneyo, athatyaniswa kweze amaqela entlalweni, ingcinezelo yoluntu, intlalo yonqulo enziwe ngendlela ekhuselwayo ekhuselwayo enzima.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezinto Eziphawula Ilizwe

Indlela eya [[UMTL: 0] Ukuphuma v. Virginia[[FLT: 1]

Ucelomngeni lokulwa nomtshato lwaqala ukunyuka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kodwa yayingumzekelo wetyala lobuhlanga . Virginia [1967]) eyaba lixesha elizinzileyo kumthetho womtshato waseMelika. Richard Longlor, indoda emhlophe, noMildred Jeter, ibhinqa eliMbindi noMdale Merika, babetshate eWashington, D. D.C., ngo1959 ukuvala i-Vrinomect. Ekubuyeleni eVirginia, babanjwa ekhayeni labo phakathi kobusuku obubonke kwaye bamangalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni ngokusemthethweni. Izingxube zabo ezithenjiweyo, i-enze i-Prounitence: [5] i-empeempeement: Umva we-overence, i-Every, i-Esters, i-eveneevey ye-Expoult.[4] i-evolue.[4] i-evoluevolution, i-evolunt.[

Imiqondiso Yomhlaba Wonke Kumalungelo Omtshato Ongenelela

Ngeli xesha [[FLT: 0] ingumthetho odumileyo [uMthetho woPhondo] (1985) owenziwe ngokusemthethweni, amanye amazwe ajamelana nawo amadabi abalulekileyo. EMzantsi Afrika, ukuphela kocalucalulo kwazisa [ ucalulo noMgaqo-siseko woMatshato oPhakathiweyo [[Fogracted Reconfment Amed Reconfment Act [[FULD]]] [85]) [ukuthiwaye)) kwavela ukuvalelwa kokuvalwa kwemida, kodwa ngokusemthethweni kwavela kuphela ngomgaqo-demokhrasithiko ngo-1994, i-ibhuthi yemithetho esemthethweni ye-Brazil, i-ethenwayokuqwane, abantu abaqhelekileyo, ngenxa yeminye i-ekhothoni e-I-Esbonygrony, eyaye yabenziswa ngumthetho omde ye-Esternygrony I, eyathikelelwa ngumthetho eninzi.[5

Ukudibana neMithetho yokuNyukela nabemi

Ukuvunywa okusemthethweni kwemitshato yezizwe ngezizwe kukwakhokelelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka. EUnited States, ulwahlulo kunye noMthetho wobuzwe ka-1965 wasusa umlinganiselo wobuhlanga, kodwa izibini ezikwimitshato yezizwe ngezizwe zisenazo imiqobo engqinelana nokufaneleka kwemitshato yazo ngenxa yenjongo yokufuduka. Ukungalungelelwa nomthetho womtshato womtshato wobuhlanga [[FLT] [196]) zivumele amazwe akwala ukulwa nolwamvo lwemitshato enye, kodwa kwakhona kwadala iingxaki ezibonisa ukufaneleka ngemibutho ehlukeneyo. Kutshanje, amagunya arhoxinze umanyano lwemitshato apho amaqabane eentlanga-yo, ii-ogropolaykn, apho kudla ngokudityaniswa kwemitshato, amaxhoba amaqela ahlukeneyo.

Ukuhlonelwa Kwemitshato Entlu - thile Namhlanje

Ukuma Okusemthethweni Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngokwee-2020, uninzi lwamazwe luyalivuma ilungelo lokutshata kungakhathaliseki ukuba loluphi uhlanga okanye uhlanga. Amalungelo abantu ezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka Isindululo esipheleleyo samaLungelo Oluntu [ (ISindululo seSivumelwano seSizwe] ne [[[FLT:]]] iSivumelwano [[FULT]] [iSivumelwano samalungelo angokwabantu nezopolitiko [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [iiiiiiyunithi] [iiiiiyunithi] [iiiiiimfuno] [imfutho yesizwe, i-Angculogogos , i-oggnomes , i-oglopose sy sylkn sylse , i-ans] ([4]) [iiiiifognoful-egogoful) kunye neyama yoofu yoofu yoonke).[ekho

Utyekelo lokweyisa nokuvunywa

Inani lemitshato yezizwe ngezizwe liye landa ngokuphawulekayo ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20. E-United States, umlinganiselo wemitshato emitsha esuklele ukusuka kwi 3% ngo1967 ukuya ku-17% ngo- 2015, ngokwe [ iPew Research Center [[. EBrazil, apho ukuxubaniswa kweentlanga ngezizwe bekukho ngokwendalo kwiinkulungwane, abantu abahlala ngokwezizwe ngezizwe ngoku bafikelela kuma-40% yabemi. UBukumkani babona ulwalamano oluphakathi ko-1% kwi-10% ngo-120% ngo-201 kuphela. Ezi zimo zibonisa ukuba azikho iinguquko ezisemthethweni kodwa zitshintshayodwa, ukuhambelana kwemfundo ephezulu, ukuhambelana nokukhula kwemfundo ephezulu nokudibana kwemihlathi. Iimbono ezincinci zobuhlanga. [201]

Iingxaki Zentlalo Nezenkcubeko

Ukuqhubeka Kukho Ucalucalulo

Phezu kwako nje ukulingana okusemthethweni, izibini eziziintlobo ngeentlobo ziyaqhubeka zijongene nokuchasana kwentlalo kwiindawo ezininzi. IMicroagnognottes j shorts "ofana nokujongwa, imibuzo erhabaxa malunga nobuhlanga bomntwana, kunye neengcinga ezingendlela yolwalamano oluqhelekileyo. Izibini zisenokuphazanyiswa ukuba zisuka kwizizukulwana ezahlukeneyo okanye zingumnakekeli kuneqabane. Kweminye imimandla, inkcaso yentsapho ihlala ingumthombo ophambili woxinezeleko, ngamanye amaxesha abazali bekhanyelisa abantwana abatshate ngaphandle kohlanga okanye kweqela lohlanga. Ezi zinokukhokelela ekubeni babe ngawedwa, baxakekelwe, kwaneengqondo, kwanolwalamano olubini. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 lwapapashwa ku-[FLct:] Inkcouth nobuntust syst [FLD [F1]

Ucelomngeni

Amava omtshato wezizwe ngezizwe awafani; adibana nezobufanasini, unqulo, iklasi, nendawo. Umzekelo, amabhinqa antsundu eUnited States ajongene neemeko ezingaqhelekanga kunye nemilinganiselo esezantsi yokungatshati kunye namaqondo asezantsi anokuthelekiswa namadoda antsundu, ngokwemo ngenxa yemilinganiselo yesizwe. Izibini ezitshatileyo eziphakathi kwendoda nendoda nendoda, ibhinqa elinombala, ingakumbi ukuba lisebenzisana nomlungu. Izibini ezihlala zijongenemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo: ukwahlukana ngokwezezezezezezenkcubeko, iimiqobo, iilwimi, kunye neziququnganiso ezisemthethweni. Abo bakwindawo eziphantsi kwengeniso ephantsi, oovimba bezinto zokukhetha, uncedo oluxhasa intlalo, ii-somfama, ii-enzame ezixhasayo. Izakhiwo zonqulo lonqulo zihlala zimbalwa.

Abantwana Abanemitshato Ehlukahlukeneyo

Ukukhula kwentsapho eneentlobo ngezizwe kuzisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni. Abantwana abanobuhlanga okanye abaneentlobo ezahlukeneyo banokusebenzisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo, njengokuchaza ubuhlanga, indlela yokusabela kwimicronoval, nendlela yokunxibelelana namacala omabini efa labo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantwana abanezikhundla ezixhasa abazali kunye nokufikelela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo badla ngokukhula bekwazi ngamandla ukunyamezela nobuchule obungalinganiyo. Noko ke, bakwakho namathuba aphezulu okuba nolwaluvo, kwaye abanye bazama ukuziva "ongenele" naluphi na uchazo. Izikolo, umelo lwezikolo, umelo, ugcino-mediolwazi oluqhelekileyo luqonda ngakumbi imfuneko yokuxhasa ukuphuhliswa kolwazi oluneentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo, kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi ziyasebenza kwimikhwa ezahlukahlukeneyo enokuba ngabantu abahlukeneyo abangena ngokulinganayo.

Iimbambano Eziqhubekayo Nobuchule

Imiqobo Yasemthethweni Neziphazamiso

Nangona umgaqo wokungaguquguquki kobuhlanga emtshatweni uxhaphakile, izithuba ezisemthethweni zisasele. Kumazwe anomthetho obuthathaka okanye ngaphandle kokhuseleko olucacileyo lomgaqo-siseko, amagosa asekuhlaleni asenokungavumi ukwenza okanye ukubhalisa imitshato yezizwe ngezizwe, anyanzelisa izibini ukuba zihambele kwezinye iindawo. Kwanakumazwe anokhuseleko oluqinileyo, ukunyanzelisa angolingani. Umzekelo, eUnited States, amanye amazwe aye azama ukudlulisela "inkululeko yonqulo" imithetho evumela abasebenzi bakarhulumente okanye amashishini obuqu ukuba bangavumi iinkonzo ze-mitshato yonqulo olusuka kwezinye iindawo ezinxulumene ne-[atrue"a amacebo okuchasa phambili okuchasa umtshato. ImGigno isenokuqhubeka isenza imiqobo: izibini ezitshatileyo kufuneka zingqine ukuba ulwalamano lwazo lobume bendalo ngolwando olubanzi, kwaye iingxhulumane ezingoodmigrogrids.

Ukukhuthala Nemfundo

Imibutho yamalungelo amakhaya, enjenge [ ALU kunye ICandelo lamaLungelo Loluntu [, iyaqhubeka ixhasa ukukhusela wonke umtshato nxamnye nohlanga kunye nolunye ucalucalulo. Izikolo zifaka izifundo ezingeentlobo zezeentlobo zemali, kuquka ukulwa kwemitshato ephakathi. Ii- Media, iifilimu zokuncedisa iintsapho zentlalo-ntle, uphando lwezizwe. Uphando oluqhelekileyo kunye nembutho ye-data enjenge-DPTBRR:[F] zisebenza ukufundisa uwonke wonke ngembali imbali yomtshato nokwazisa ukwahluka. [FExt] Izikontimenti ezinika ubungqina obuninzi, ukukhuthaza ukukhutshwa koncedo olusemthethweni lwemitshato yoluntu, ukuguqula inkqubela-mathethoba ye-amajective.

Indlela Engaphambili

Ukunconywa kwemitshato yezizwe ngezizwe kukuphumelela kwamalungelo abantu kunye nokukhunjuzwa ngendlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo ii-arhente zobuhlanga. Impembelelo esuka ekuphathweni kolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kubhiyozelwa/ukubonwa ngokuphandle eUnited States, eMzantsi Afrika, kunye nezinye izizwe ezazingacalulwa ngaphambili zibonisa ukuba utshintsho olusemthethweni lungabangela utshintsho lwezentlalo, kodwa utshintsho lwentlalo aluze luzenzeki. Ikamva liquka ukukhusela lamalungelo anzima achaseneyo nemithetho yezobupolitika, ukusingatha iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zeentsapho ezimele intlalo-ntle ngaphandle kweminye, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iingenelo zomtshato zifikelele kuluntu olungenambutho, kuquka ezo zihlala kumakhaya, abantu bomthonyano, kunye nokungena kwemfundo.

Isiphelo

Imbali yamalungelo omtshato nokunconywa kwemitshato yezizwe ngezizwe libali lenkalipho, lokuzinzisa, nokusukela kwimithetho esesikweni engapheliyo. Ukusuka kwimithetho elwa nokulinganayo yephondo ukuya kwisigqibo sokulingana kwecala elikwi-. IVirginia, kwaye ukusuka ekusasazekeni kwemimiselo yezomthetho-siseko kumaxesha emihla ngemihla kumgangatho weentsapho zezizwe namhlanje, ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umtshato uzimisele ukulingana. Kodwa ukwamkelwa ngokupheleleyo kuhlala kungumsebenzi oqhubeke. Inkxalabo yentlalo, imidanganiso engapheliyo, kwaye isithunzi sobuhlanga siyaqhubeka sichaphazela izibini ezihlala kunye nabantwana bazo abanolwayo. Umsebenzi oqhubekayo ukuguqula ukugqalwa okusemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umtshato uxhaswe, kwaye wonke umntu ngamnye uhlala ekhululekile, nokuba kuyinto eyaziwa ngabantu abafuna ukutshata, nokuba ngabani, ingumntu ongokwanelwane.