Ukuqonda Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente: Ukhokelo Lommi

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente sisisiseko sokuqonda indlela olusebenza ngayo uhlanga. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, amandla ahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nekomiti elawulayo. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya akhethekileyo kunye neembopheleleko ezisebenza kunye ukwenza inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso. Olu lwahlulo luthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu kwaye iqinisekise ukuba urhulumente uhlala emele aphendule abantu. Kubemi, ukuqonda la masebe kuyimfuneko ukuze bathathe inxaxheba emanyathelweni oluntu, ukusuka ekuvotisweni ukuya ekuchongeni.

Amandla Omthetho: Isebe Lokwenza Imithetho

Isebe lemithetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Liquka abameli abanyuliweyo abaphikisanayo nabamisela umthetho ochaphazela uluntu. Ukuqonda indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho kubalulekile kubemi njengoko ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. EUnited States, isebe lemithetho-mthetho liyiNgqungquthela, eyilwe yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso neNdlu yabameli. Ezinye iintlanga zisenokuba nenkqubo yepalamente apho indlu yowiso-mthetho iyigunya eliphakamileyo khona.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo yeSebe loMqathango

  • Ukwenza: Umsebenzi oyintloko wendlu yowiso-mthetho kukuthatha idrafti, ingxoxo, kunye nemithetho yokumisela. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukusungula amatyala, iintetho zekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nokuvota. Imithetho ingavela nakweliphi na igumbi, kodwa zombini kufuneka zivumele iinguqulelo ezifanayo phambi kokuba umba wemali uye kumphathi-ntloko.
  • Ulwahlulo: Abameli bamela izilangazelelo zabo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amava ahlukahlukeneyo. Olu melo lukwindawo (esekelwe kwimimandla yengingqi) kunye nomelo olusebenzayo (lusekelwe kwiqela). Ukumela okusebenzayo kufuna abenzi bomthetho ukuba balungelelanise inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni nezinto eziza kuqala zesizwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivumo lokuvunywa kwerhafu: Indlu yowiso-mthetho inamandla okuvumela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente kunye nemali ebonelelwa ngemali. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamandla emalini yemali. Ngamatyala emali, abenzi berhafu bagqiba ukuba imali yomhlawuleli isetyenziswa njani kwi-sombululo, kwisiseko semali, kwimfundo, kwimpilo, nakweminye iinkqubo.
  • Ukugqithisela: AbaLawuli bajonga isebe eliphetheyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokufezekileyo. Ukulawula kuthatha iindlela ezininzi: ukuva kweekomiti, uphando, izicelo zamaxwebhu, kunye neenkqubo zokuqulunqwa. Lo msebenzi unika amagosa aphezulu ityala kumthetho nakuluntu.

Izakhiwo Zemithetho Ehlabathini Lonke

Imithetho iyahluka kwamanye amazwe. Ezinye zi- ibimacameral (amagumbi amabini) njenge-U.S. Congress okanye i-UK Palamente, ngelixesha ezinye zingu i-unicameral [igumbi elinye] [igumbi]) njenge-Swedish Riksdag okanye iPalamente yaseNew Zealand. Iinkqubo ze-Bidamaral zisoloko zinendlu ephezulu (umz., iCatherame) enikezela ngomelo lwengingqi okanye igumbi eligcina isakhiwo esiphantsi (umz., indlu yabameli) esabela ngokuthe ngqo kubemi. Amandla ahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokhetho, kodwa umsebenzi woburhulumente womthetho ohlala uhleli.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kwinkcukacha

Ukuqonda indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho kubalulekile. Imali iyanikezelwa kwigumbi elinye, ibhekiswa kwikomiti yokufundisisa, kwaye ukuba ivunyiwe, iya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokulungisa. Ukuba igqithisiwe, iya kwelinye igumbi ukwenzela inkqubo efanayo. Umahluko uyaxolelaniswa kwikomiti yengqungquthela. Ekugqibeleni, ityala liya kubalawuli besebe abalawulayo ukuze bafumane imvume okanye bafumane i-vetoto. Ukuba i-passion isenokungamela i-voti ye-gracti. I-Candelo linokufumana umthetho osemthethweni ofana no-webhsayithi ze-webhsayithi ezi-.

Amandla alawulayo: Isebe elinyanzelisayo

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho nokusebenzisa inkqubo karhulumente. Eli sebe likhokelwa ngumongameli okanye umphathi-mikhosi, kuxhomekeka kwilizwe, kwaye liquka amasebe ahlukahlukeneyo kunye namasebe. Kwinkqubo yomongameli njengaseUnited States, umongameli uyintloko karhulumente nomphathi karhulumente. Kwimigaqo yepalamente, umphathi-mikhosi uyintloko karhulumente, ngoxa umlawuli ozimeleyo okanye umongameli ekhonza njengentloko karhulumente.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo yesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukuphumeza imithetho:[ Isebe eliphetheyo liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho iphunyezwe. Oku kubandakanya ukukhupha imimiselo, imiyalelo, kunye nemiyalelo yesebe echaza indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo. Amaqumrhu omanyano anjenge-Arhente Yokhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo okanye iSebe lemfundo liphumeza le mithetho.
  • Imicimbi yasebuRhubheni: Igunya eliphethe ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe lize limele uhlanga kwimicimbi yolawulo. Oku kuquka izivumelwano zokwenziwa kwezivumelwano (ezidla ngokufuna ukwenziwa kwemithetho) kunye nezivumelwano, ukumisela oothunywa besizwe, kunye nokukhokela imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Umongameli okanye umlungiseleli omkhulu ngumbono wohlanga lwamazwe aphesheya.
  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe: Igunya linetyala lokhuselo lwelizwe kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi. Umphathi-mikhosi (ngokufuthi umongameli) unegunya kwimikhosi exhobileyo kodwa uCongress uvakalisa imfazwe nemali yomkhosi. Olu mlinganiselo uqinisekisa ulawulo lwabemi bomkhosi.
  • Imisebenzi yolawulo: Amaziko ahlukeneyo karhulumente asebenza phantsi komphathi ukulawula iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke neenkqubo. Ezi zilandelelwano ukusuka ekukhupheni ii-isport (Isebe Lesizwe) ekuqokeleleni irhafu (Treasry/IRS) ukulawula ukhuseleko lokutya (FDA). Isebe eliphetheyo liyisixhobo esikhulu sokulawula.

IGawulayo Nolawulo Lolawulo

Isebe elilawulayo lixhaswa yinkonzo yasekuhlaleni engoogcisayo, qha, iqumrhu elisebenzisa iinkqubo zezonyango. Ngeli xesha abasemagunyeni benyuliweyo bemisela ulwalathiso, abasebenzi bemisebenzi banikela inkqubela nobuchule. Abahlali basebenzisana nesebe eliphetheyo ngeenkonzo ezifana neSocial Security, iilayisensi zomqhubi (umgange wesiZwe), kunye neenkqubo zempilo zorhulumente. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kunceda abemi ukuba baqhube iinkonzo zikarhulumente baze baphendule amasebe.

Imiyalelo yegunya neziphumo

Abalawuli kunye noomongameli basoloko besebenzisa imiyalelo yokunqumla [[FLT: 0] ukukhokela umsebenzi wesebe eliphetheyo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Ngoxa le miyalelo inamandla omthetho ngaphakathi kwisebe eliphetheyo, abanako ukuphikisana nemimiselo ekhoyo okanye umgaqo-siseko. Bangacelw'icinezelwa enkundleni okanye bapheliswe ngabaphathi abalandelayo. Eli gunya livumela umphathi ukuba enze izinto ngokukhawuleza kwimicimbi engxamisekileyo, kodwa likwaphakamisa imibuzo ngomlinganiselo wamandla. Funda ngemiyalelo engakumbi yesebe eliphetheyo kwiBhosavelo-omatilo-mthetho .[FLT]]

Amandla Okugweba: Isebe Elitolikayo

Isebe lejaji lichaza imithetho kwaye lilawula okusesikweni. Iinkundla nabagwebi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye amalungelo abemi akhuselwe kakuhle. Ijaji azimele kwamanye amasebe, kunye neejaji ezikhethelwe ubomi okanye iinkundla ezinde zokuyikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Inkundla ephakamileyo eUnited States yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ethi ekugqibeleni ithethe kwimicimbi yezomgaqo-siseko.

Imisebenzi Engundoqo yesebe Lejaji

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa phambili kweMithetho: amaNkundla achaza intsingiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho kwiimeko ezithile. Imithetho isoloko iphangalele, kwaye abagwebi bayisebenzisa kwiingongoma ezithile, icacisa indlela ekufuneka iqondwe ngayo. Eli qumrhu lokutolika liyila umthetho wetyala.
  • Isigqibo senkqubo yokugweba isombulula iingxabano phakathi kwabantu, imibutho, kunye norhulumente. Iinkundla zamakhaya zisingatha iimpikiswano ngezivumelwano, impahla, kunye nomonakalo wobuqu. Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zizisa izityholo eziziswa ngurhulumente kubantu abamangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo: IiNkundla zikhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko njengoko kuchazwe kumgaqo-siseko. Ngokumangalelwa, abemi bayakwazi ukucel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente eziphazamisayo kwinkululeko yokuthetha, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Izenzo zejaji zokulondoloza umthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Ijudiagnal ingahlola imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya, elimiselwe kwityala le-U.S. Marbury v. Madison [18, ivumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe umthetho ongamiselwanga. Uhlolo lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho.

Ulawulo Lwenkqubo Yenkundla

Amazwe amaninzi anenkqubo yenkundla yamatyala. Iinkundla zetyala ziva ubungqina zize zigqibe izibakala. Iinkundla ezichaphazelekayo zihlola izigqibo zokuchotshelwa kweempazamo zomthetho. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo (okanye iinkundla ezisemgaqweni) zinikela inkcazelo yokugqibela. Kwinkqubo yenkundla yesizwe neyorhulumente eyahlukeneyo. Iinkundla zoManyano zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, izivumelwano, nomGaqo-siseko, ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha imibandela emininzi. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya elibalulekileyo kubemi abafuna okusesikweni.

Inkululeko neNkxaso

Ukuzimela geqe kuthetha ukuba abagwebi bangalungisa amatyala ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela kwamanye amasebe okanye izilangazelelo ezinamandla. Oku kukhuselwa ngobomi okanye ngamagunya amade, imivuzo ekhuselwe, kunye nemigangatho yokuziphatha. Noko ke, abagwebi bakwanetyala ngokuhlola iziphumo zomthetho, ukukhutshwa kwehambo engafanelekanga, nokucaciswa kwasekuhlaleni. Ulungelelwano phakathi kozimeleyo nokuziphendulela lubalulekile ekuthembeni abantu bonke kwijaji.

Iindlela Zokusebenzisana Nesebe

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi kowiso-mthetho, onegunya, nogwebo lwezahlulelo lwenza inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu nokuqinisekisa ukuba linembopheleleko. Isebe ngalinye linomlinganiselo othile wempembelelo phezu kwamanye, lifuna intsebenziswano nokulungelelaniswa. Le nkqubo ibekwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye namaphepha afanayo kwezinye idemokhrasi.

Imizekelo Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ingqikelelo-mali: Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingayikhupha ivetoes (ngokuqhelekileyo ngevoti ezimbini), ivumile ukumisa ikomiti, izivumelwano zokuchonga, i-rafy, ibhengeze imfazwe, inkxaso-mali yokulawula, kwaye ayihambisanga mithetho-siseko kwaye isusa amagosa alawulayo okanye agwebayo. La mandla anika ikhonkcotha ephawulekayo phezu kwamanye amasebe.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali yeSebe: Igunya eliphetheyo lingawunika umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, limisele abagwebi kwijaji (ngemvume yemithetho), liyalele umkhosi, lixolele, linike imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo. Kwakhona umongameli umisela ucwangciso kwaye angaphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iingqikelelo ze-judicial: Ijaji ingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho semthethweni ngokuhlola okusemthethweni. Iinkundla ziyakwazi ukuchaza imimiselo ngeendlela ezithintela amaqumrhu aphetheyo. Okungakumbi, abagwebi basebenza ubomi, beyikhusela kwingcinezelo yowiso-mthetho okanye yegunya.

Imizekelo Yembali Ebonisa Ukulungelelana Nokulungelelana

Inkqubo yokuvavanya nokulinganisela ivavanywe ukutyhubela imbali. Umzekelo, uMongameli uHarry Truman ukuphambana kwemijukujelwa yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea kwabethwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ] ulutsha oluncinane sheep & Lamp; Tube. V. Sayer[[FLD:1] [1952]. Ingqungquthela iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okulinganisela izenzo zesikhululo, njengokuthintelwa kwemali yemisebenzi yemikhosi kumazwe angaphandle. I-Impteachment iye yasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nomongameli uAndreans Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump, nangona kungekho komiti eyagwetywa yiBrive. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukukhasiphakathi kwamasebe. Iimeko ezininzi zembali zibhalwe ngu [FFORD [F] [F]

Ukubaluleka Kwamandla Karhulumente Okuqonda Kubemi

Kubalulekile ukuba abemi baqonde amagunya ahlukeneyo esebe ngalinye likarhulumente. Kunika abantu amandla okubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yoluntu, bamele bathethele ngamalungelo abo, baze baphendule amagosa karhulumente. Xa besazi ukuba liliphi isebe elibeke ityala, banokuthetha ngokufanelekileyo ngemicimbi yabo, imigaqo enxulumene nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abantu, okanye ijaji ethetha ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuba Nayo Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukufundisa Isizukulwana Esilandelayo

Imfundo ye-BIC ibalulekile ekuxhaseni idemokhrasi. Abazali, abafundisi- ntsapho, neenkokeli zoluntu kufuneka bafundise abantu abaselula ngamasebe amathathu karhulumente, indlela enziwe ngayo imithetho, nendlela abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo. Amaqumrhu anjenge ii-Cicops anikela imidlalo kunye neeplani zesifundo ezenza ukufunda ngokubandakanyeka kukarhulumente. Ummi ofunde kakuhle ukhusela ngeyona ndlela ekuchaseni i-dentilikitha nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Kumandla Ahlukeneyo

Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo. Imingeni yangoku iquka ulwandiso lwamandla olawulo oluphezulu ngoorhulumente, ukwenziwa kokumiselwa komthetho, kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango kwemithetho okuthintela ukulawulwa okunempumelelo. Abami kufuneka balumke ukuze baqinisekise ukuba uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso luhlala luqinile. Impikiswano efana nokuqhathwa kwegunya, ukuphenjelelwa kwenkundla, kunye nokupheliswa kwenkundla kusongela ukwenziwa kolawulo lokuqala.

Indima Yamajelo Opolitiko Nabemi Basekuhlaleni

Imibutho yamajelo eendaba nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo ibalulekile ekugcineni onke amasebe etyala. I-lifa le-liventium ibhenca ukuziphatha okubi, ukubonakala kwasemthethweni korhulumente kuqinisekiswe ngemithetho efana ne-Freedom of Information Act, kwaye amaqela alawulayo azisa ukumangalelwa ukuze acel

Isiphelo

Amasebe owiso-mthetho, olawulo oluphezulu, kunye newokugweba ngalinye linendima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente. Ngokuqonda amandla neembopheleleko zabo, abemi bangasebenzisa kakuhle indlela abaphila ngayo ngokwezobupolitika baze bafake isandla kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela asiyonkqubo yomgaqo-siseko nje eqwalaselweyo; sisakhiwo esiphilayo esifuna ukuba nenxaxheba nokuhlala uphaphile. Ummi ngamnye unendima ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amandla ahlala ahlukene, amalungelo ayakhuselwa, kwaye urhulumente ulungiselela abantu. Ulwazi luyinyathelo lokuqala