Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa Kwamandla alawulayo aseMerika

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yesizwe eyahlula igunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente ongamashumi amahlanu. Kwincopho yegunya ngalinye eliyintloko elinye: uMongameli wase-United States kumgangatho wesizwe, kunye neRhuluneli kumgangatho wesizwe. Ngoxa zombini izikhundla zisebenzisa igunya eliphakamileyo, amandla azo achazwa ngemithetho-siseko eyahlukeneyo, ephantsi kovavanyo olwahlukileyo, kwaye esebenzisa kwimida eyahlukeneyo yegunya. Ukuqonda le mbono ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda urhulumente waseMerika, izalathi, okanye inzululwazi yezobupolitika. Eli nqaku libala landisa ukwahluka okungundoqo phakathi kwamandla kaMongameli kunye nalawo eRhuluneli, linikela umxholo onzulu, imizekelo engqalileyo, kunye nemongowongalo yenkquluko.

Amandla Obuongameli: Ulawulo Oluyintloko Lohlanga

Amandla kaMongameli adweliswe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States, eyongezwe yimimiselo, imigaqo yokugweba, kunye nemizekelo yembali. Ngokungafaniyo neeRhuluneli, uMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, indima ephindwe kabini ethwele iimbopheleleko ezikhethekileyo kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente.

IMithetho yeGunya eliPhezulu kunye noLawulo loMbutho

UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo egunyazisiweyo lesebe elilawulayo lehlabathi II, nangona le miyalelo ingafuni kuvunywano lwengingqi, kufuneka ibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt weSigqeba esigunyazisiweyo samaMerika angama-9066 agunyaziswe ngemfazwe yehlabathi II, ukusetyenziswa kwegunya kamva okugxekwa ngababhali-mbali. Ooomongameli bale mihla basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukumisela inkqubo yezoshishino, imimiselo yemekobume kunye nolawulo lwezempilo. Noko ke, imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo inokubhukuqwa ngomthetho okanye ngoMongameli olandelayo.

I-Vito Amandla kunye nomthetho

UMongameli ubambe amandla okulungisa nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga. I-veto ingangahliswa kuphela yivoti emibini-ntathu kwindlu nakwiNdlu yeNdlu, iyenze ibe sisixhobo esoyikekayo. Abalawuli basoloko besebenzisa usongelo lweveto ukubumba umthetho ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthelekisa. Umzekelo, uMongameli George H.W. Bush. ukhuphe isiko lokwandiswa kwemali yokwandisa iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa kwendlu nendlu yendlu. Umkhosi we-veto ungundoqo wokuhlola i-Rocet. Amandla angundoqo kwi-Genesticial, kodwa ulungelelaniswe kukukwazi kwe Privern, kunye nokungakwazi kukaMongameli ukuhlawula iindleko nganye (umkhandiswano-mato walawulwa yiNkundla yeNkundla Ephakamileyo [FLGenecto]]][10]]

Igosa eliphetheyo kunye negunya lomkhosi

UMgaqo-siseko utyumba uMongameli njengoMphathi-Mkhosi woMkhosi, uMkhosi wamanzi, kunye norhulumente wamajoni xa ebizwa kwinkonzo karhulumente. Oku kunika uMongameli igunya elibanzi lokukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi, ukumisa imikhosi, nokubetha umkhosi. Noko ke, iSigqibo seWar Powers sowestery sowewaka lika- 1973 sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga ngeyure ezingama-48 zokwenza imikhosi exhobileyo kwaye abeke imiqathango yomkhosi kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunya lesivumelwano sombutho. Umzekelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama uxhomekeke kulo mgaqo wongenelelo lomkhosi eLibya ngowangowama 2011. Umongameli ukwanegunya elikuphela kwemithetho yokundululwa kwenyuko yenyukliya, igunya elithwala uxandukukhulu.

Imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle kunye noMthendeleko

UMongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko wenkqubo yezorhwebo yamazwe angaphandle e-U.S. Ngesebe leRhulumente kunye nezixhobo zobuGcisa, uMongameli uthethana nezivumelwano, ezifuna ivoti yeQela lesithathu elibini ukuze lidityaniswe. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli angangena kwizivumelwano zegunya namazwe angenayo imvume yeNdlu yeeNteko, njengakwi-Paris Climate Agreement (eyathi uMongameli uTrump warhoxanduva kwi-Mongameli Biden). Umongameli ukwafumana amanxusa, uqaphele oorhulumente bangaphandle, aze ayalele izixhobo zolawulo.

Amandla Okumisela Nempembelelo Yezogwebo

UMongameli umisela abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, oonozakuzaku, namawakawaka abanye amagosa aseburhulumenteni. Ukumiselwa koorhulumente abaninzi kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, inkqubo exhaphakileyo eqhubekekayo. Ngokomzekelo, uMongameli uTrump wamisela amajaji amathathu eNkundla Ephakamileyo ngexesha lokulawula kwakhe, ukutshintsha ukulungelelaniswa kwemiqathango yeNkundla kangangamashumi eminyaka. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba abumbe icandelo lejajiji ne-ofisi karhulumente emva kokuba egqibile.

Amandla eGuernator: Igunya lolawulo lolawulo loburhulumente

Ngoxa uMongameli ekhokela uhlanga, iiRhuluneli zisebenza njengezilawuli eziyintloko kumaphondo azo. Amandla azo achazwa ngomgaqo-siseko karhulumente kwaye ahluka-hlukene ngokuphawulekayo. Noko ke, imixholo eqhelekileyo iquka ulawulo kumaqumrhu karhulumente, uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, kunye norhulumente wesizwe (ongalawulwanga ngurhulumente).

Imiyalelo elawulayo nolawulo lwesizwe

NjengoMongameli, iGavent ingakhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo ukuba balawule abameli bakarhulumente baze baphendule kwiimeko ezimaxongo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, iGaveneli ezininzi zasebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli ukumisela izitshixo, amasigqubuthelo omyalelo, kunye nokunikezela ubuncwane. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli yeNew York uAndrew Cuomo umyalelo wolawulo olulawulayo ofuna amakhaya abo banyamekela abaguli abachaphazelekayo kwi-COVID-19. Umlinganiselo wolawulo oluphezulu lweRhuluneli umiswe ngumthetho karhulumente kwaye unokubalelwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente okanye yindlu yowiso-mthetho kwamanye amazwe.

Veto Amandla: Izele, Inxalenye, kunye nomgca- Onento yokwenza

Inkoliso yamaRhuluneli anegunya lokulawula umthetho wesizwe, kodwa amandla elo gunya ayahluka. Ngoo-43 amaphondo, iGunya line-layini-iteni-veto, ivumela umphathi onegunya ukuba abethe izicwangciso ezithile ezivela kwimali ngaphandle kokususa wonke umlinganiso .a amandla uMongameli angenawo kumgangatho karhulumente. Ngokubhekele phaya, amanye amaphondo afuna i-32 yemithetho elawula umthetho, lo gama amanye efuna uninzi olulula. Umzekelo, iGunyameli loMntla Carolina liyakwazi ukuzoba noqingqo-mali kunye nokunyanzela umlinganiselo osisi-ntathu wokuvota, unika isibambiso esibalulekileyo kwimibango ye-fis.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zelifa lemveli

Ibamba lisebenza njengentloko yomphathi-mikhosi wesizwe somkhosi wesizwe sabo, ngaphandle kokuba uMongameli umisele uLindi wongxamiseko lwesizwe. Oku kunika iRhuluneli amandla okuthumela amajoni oLindi ngenxa yeentlekele zemvelo, isiphithiphithi soburhulumente, kunye neengxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli Ron Desantis yaseFlorida yakhuthaza uKhuselo lweSizwe ukuba luphendule ngenkanyamba. Noko ke, uMongameli angathatha ulawulo lwamaqela abalindi belo lwamazwe aphesheya okanye umsebenzi wasekhaya, njengoko kubonwe eWashington, D.C.

Igunya loqingqo-mali kunye nobugosa

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi unika uRhulumente amandla okucebisa uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, ngokufuthi ngokunxulumene nomalathisi woqingqo-mali. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ngoko iyaphikisana kwaye ivumela uqingqo-mali lokugqibela. Ibamba linegunya eliqhelekileyo elinegunya lomgca lolwakhiwo lwezihlomelo, elizinika impembelelo eyomeleleyo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iRhuluneli kufuneka ityikitye uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo /imfuneko engabekwanga kurhulumente wesizwe. Le mikhosi ilawula ukwenza ukhetho olunzima phakathi kokuchitha izinto eziphambili kunye nengeniso, ngokufuthi ikhokelela kumadabi ezobupolitika kwiinkqubo erhafu nenkonzo zikarhulumente.

Amadinga noKhetho lweMgwebo yeMveli

IRhuluneli imisela iintloko zamasebe karhulumente (umz., iSebe lezethutho, iSebe lezemfundo), amalungu eebhodi kunye noorhulumente, kwaye, kumaphondo amaninzi, abagwebi borhulumente. Iinkqubo zoqinisekiso ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu: amanye amaphondo afuna imvume yeNdlu yeendlu zowiso-mthetho (ngenxa yamaphondo anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezingquzulwano), ngoxa amanye efuna isiqinisekiso libhunga okanye ukungaqiniseki konke konke. Ukumiswa kwekomiti yezomthetho wezomthetho wenkundla emile okwezomthetho kunye nemithetho-siseko, okunokuba nempembelelo enzulu kwimibandela efana nokuqhotywa, namalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: Umahluko ongundoqo kumda kunye nemeko

La macandelwana alandelayo abalaselisa eyona mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwamandla oMongameli nawoRhuluneli, agxininisa kwigunya, kwimibutho yowiso - mthetho, kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, kwimicimbi yokugweba, ekumiselweni, ekunganyanzelini nakumandla ongxamiseko.

Ummandla weGunya: urhulumente weSizwe

Igunya likaMongameli ligubungela onke amaphondo angama-50, amaphondo ase-U.S. kunye namaphondo asekuhlaleni. UMongameli anganyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, alawule urhwebo lwezorhulumente, amisele inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini. Igunya leRhuluneli lilinganiselwe ngokupheleleyo kwimida yezwe lalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iRhuluneli ayinakuyiphembelela inkqubo yerhafu karhulumente, ukungena kwizivumelwano, okanye ukuyalela iMikhosi eMeleji. ULawulo lweshumi leSihlalo lugcina onke amagunya anganikwangagunya karhulumente karhulumente okanye kubantu, ngaloo ndlela lungawuchazi ummandla olinganiselwe weRhuluneli.

Ungenelelo loMthetho kunye noMmandla

UMongameli usebenzisana neBhunga leBhunga leMidlalo-mthetho elinamagumbi amabini anamandla alinganayo owiso-mthetho (ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa okupheleleyo kwamandla eBhungane kunye nesivumelwano). Imidlalo inzima kwaye isoloko iqiniswe. Ngokwahlukileyo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisenokuba zigqitywe ixesha okanye inxalenye yexesha, kunye namazwe angama-49 (ngenye i-Banessagellal) anenkqubo ze-biobaral. Irulagu elinokujongana nendlu yowiso-mthetho elawulwa liqela elichasene neqela elichasene nemithetho, elikhokelela ekungagunya-mthetho, okanye urhulumente omanyeneyo ohamba ngemimiselo ye-mthetho. Umzekelo, uRhuluneli u-Minneso-Tim Walz ulawula u-Am Walz ulawulwa yimithetho eyahlulo eyahlulweyo, okubangelwa yingxoxo yocaluvo lombano lomthetho.

Umyalelo womkhosi: I-specular esipheleleyo v. umgangatho karhulumente

UMongameli uyalela wonke umkhosi wase-U.S. .Army, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wesibhaka-bhaka, kunye nogada wonxweme (ngexesha loxolo). UMongameli angawayalelayo umkhosi womkhosi kunye nemikhosi eqeshiweyo emhlabeni wonke. IRhuluneli iyalela kuphela urhulumente wesizwe, kwaye elo gunya linokuthatyathwa indawo ukuba uMongameli ugunyaze ugadeli we-gadabi. Ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, uMongameli uTruman wamisa wonke amaqela esizwe esizwe ngenxa yongquzulwano. Lo mahluko ubalulekile: IRhuluneli ayinakungena emfazweni okanye iqhube imisebenzi yomkhosi ezimeleyo.

Ulwalamano Lwamanye Amazwe Nempembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

UMongameli unendima engqalileyo, yomgaqo-siseko kwimibutho yamanye amazwe, kuquka ukwenza isivumelwano, ukuxoxa ngezorhwebo, kunye noxokelelwano. IGavera-mikhosi inempembelelo elinganiselweyo yezizwe ngezizwe, nangona zingabandakanyeka kumsebenzi wophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwelinye ilizwe okanye zidibane neinkokeli zamazwe angaphandle ukuze zixubushe ngezorhwebo. Umzekelo, iGawula-mikhosi yaseKhalifoniya uGavin Newsom waya eTshayina ngo-2023 ukuya kuxubusha ngenguquko yemozulu, kodwa olo hambo lufuziselaneyo kwaye alukho umanyano. Inkqubo yoMongameli wamazwe angaphandle iyazifihla izenzo zikarhulumente ezingqubananononomthetho worhulumente.

Izivumelwano zowiso-mthetho: IBhunga leMicimbi yoBudala beXesha Lobomi

UMongameli umisela abagwebi bephondo ubomi babo bonke, bephantsi kwesiqinisekiso seNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kuquka abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, abagwebi beziphakamile, nabagwebi besithili. Ubomi babo babakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Irhuluneli zimisela abagwebi bephondo, kodwa amagunya abo ayahluka: abanye basebenza ngokweemfuno ezimisiweyo, abanye bajongene nonyulo, abanye bakhethwa. Inkqubo yokumiselwa kwabagwebi bephondo isoloko ibandakanya iintlanganiso zokugweba, ezithenwa ngabacutheli. Oku kuthetha ukuba ifa likaMongameli lizahluleli lihlala ixesha elide, ngoxa iRhuluneli kwiinkundla zikarhulumente isenokuba neziphumo zexeshana.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

UMongameli anganyanzelwa yiNdlu yabameli aze asuswe eofisini ngevoti yekota enesithathu esibini “esizathu, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nezingezo ezifanelekileyo.” Kuphela ngabaphathi abathathu base-U.Andrew Johnson abanyanzelwe (Undrew, uBill Clinton, uDonald Trump/tice), kwaye akukho namnye ogwetyiweyo. Abalawuli bajongene nenkqubo efanayo kumazwe abo, kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho enegunya lokungameleliyo kunye neBhuluneli karhulumente ukuba agwetyelwe. Noko ke, iRhuluneli ezininzi ziye zanyanzeleka ukuba zirhoxe phambi kwevoti ye-illinote, njengeRod Blagojech yase-Illinoch ngo-2009.

Amandla Engozi: Ukujongwa Ngokuthelekisayo

Ngexesha leengxaki, uMongameli kunye nooRhuluneli bangavakalisa izinto ezingxamisekileyo kunye namandla akhethekileyo. UMongameli angavakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe phantsi koMthetho weNational Emerdictingress (1997), efumana igunya lokwexeshana lokubuyisela imali, ukunqumamisa imimiselo, kunye nokuthumela ubuncwane bukarhulumente. Ibamba liyakwazi ukuvakalisa iimeko zongxamiseko phantsi komthetho karhulumente, likwazi ukuwenza asebenze amaGunyazo, abeke imingeni esemthethweni ebekwe umthetho, kwaye alawule intshukumo yezinto. Isifo seCHOVID-19 sabonisa uxinzelo phakathi kwamandla orhulumente kunye noorhulumente ongxamisekileyo: uMongameli uTrump wavakalisa ungxamise uxakeka wesizwe, kodwa iRhuluneli ezininzi zakhupha imiqathango yazo yokuhlala, zikhokelela ekusebenzeni imingeni esemthethweni phezu kwegunya lokubeka imiqatha.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Yokuwa Ngokugqithiseleyo Neyokuxambulisana

Umanyano lwezazulu ludala iindawo apho amandla omongameli nawomkhosi adibana khona yaye maxa wambi angquzulana.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

UMongameli uphembelela imfundo ngenkxaso-mali karhulumente (umz., noNo Child Oshiyiweyo, noMthand ’ ephambili woMthetho) kunye nezenzo zolawulo (umz., uGaqo-siseko Inkcazelo ye-IX). Kodwa ulawulo oluphambili kwimfundo ye-K-12 luxhomekeke koorhulumente besizwe neebhodi zemfundo zasekuhlaleni. Ijaji yecandelo lemfundo, ivumela imilinganiselo yokufundisa, kwaye iyakwazi ukumisela amalungu eklasini. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli Ron Desantis wemfundo elolongezeleyo ngemiyalelo ye-omphathi-Prodenti kwingcamango egxekayo yohlanga, ngelixa uMongameli uBiden weSebe lemfundo likhupha ukhokelo kumalungelo abafundi adluliselwe kulawulo oluchasene nolawulo lorhulumente.

Okusesikweni Kokwaphula Umthetho

UMongameli walathisela amaqumrhu anyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho anjengeFBI, iDEA, kunye neZigqeba zikarhulumente. Abalawuli abalawula amasebe karhulumente amapolisa bayakwazi ukukhupha ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho nokhupho lorhulumente. Ngo-2021, iRhuluneli uGavin Newsom yabeka imoduleyidium kwisohlwayo sokufa eKhalifoniya, ngoxa iSebe leJaji likaMongameli Biden laqhubeka lifuna isohlwayo sobundlo kumatyala orhulumente. Umongameli ukwanokuphembelela ukunya umthetho ngokunika iinkqubo kunye nemigangatho ye-Propu, kodwa igunya lamapolisa elilathisela ngqo kwiso kumazwe kunye neendawo.

Impilo kunye ne-Medicaid

UMongameli wolawulo lwezonyango ujonge iinkqubo zezonyango zesizwe ezifana neMedicare, i-VA Care comment, kunye noMthetho weNkcubeko weAffordble (ACA). IGavera-mikhosi inika iinkqubo zomgangatho wesizwe zeMedicaid ngokunxulumene norhulumente wezwe. IiRhuluneli ezininzi zinegunya lokwandisa uMdicaid phantsi kwe-ACA, kwaye ezo zigqibo zineziphumo ezinzulu kwiziphumo zombuso zempilo noqingqo-mali. Umzekelo, iRhuluneli uBrian Kemp yaseGeorgia ulukrula ulu ludwe lwesithethe lweMedicaid, endaweni yokufaka imfuneko yomsebenzi we-waterr.

Isiphumo: Abaphathi ababini, Inkqubo enye yomanyano

UMongameli kunye nooRhuluneli bobabini bangamagunya ayintloko, kodwa amandla abo abonakalisa ubunjani obufanelekileyo bolawulo lwamaMelika. UMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kukhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ijaji yejaji yesizwe, kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi. IRhuluneli zisebenza kwingqungquthela enyanzelwe ngakumbi ngezantsi. Iimeko zikarhulumente, amaqumrhu ajongene noqingqo-mali, amaqumrhu karhulumente, urhulumente, ugaqo-gaqo-mthetho wesizwe (ongalawulwangalawulwa ngurhulumente), kunye nomthetho karhulumente. Kodwa zombini ezi zikhutshelwa phantsi kwemiqathango ye-Angrespala neenkundla zenkundla; iiRhuluneli zivavanywa yimithetho karhulumente, iinkundla zikarhulumente, kunye norhulumente olawulwa yiSuymacle.

Ukuqonda oku kwahluka komahluko kubalulekile ekuqondeni amandla kunye noxinzeleleko loburhulumente. Njengoko ilizwe lijamelene neengxaki ezisuka kwizifo ezikhoyo ukuya kwimozulu eguqukela ekungalinganini kwezoqoqosho, imidlalo phakathi kwamandla omongameli kunye nowe-gaberna iza kuqhubeka isenza iziphumo zenkqubo. Abahlali nabafundi abayiqondayo le migaqo bakulungele ngakumbi ukuvavanya ukhokelo nokugcina imigangatho yoorhulumente ibeke ityala.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga iphepha elisemthethweni leWhite House kumagunya ombutho ( umthombo ), ushwankathelo lweNational Guants Association lobuGcisa ( umthombo, kunye neKhomishini yophando lweKhompyutha ([FLT:]] imvelaphi yequmrhu lenkonzo yeNkqumrhu).