Ukuqonda Amandla

Ungquzulwano phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente belizwe lusekelwe kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S., esasaza igunya kumanqanaba amathathu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lomgaqo-siseko, ngoxa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (iii-lokishi, iziqingatha, kwaye zizidalwa zikarhulumente, zikhupha amandla azo kumthetho wesizwe, zikhupha umgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho. Le mithetho esemthethweni idla ngokudala uxinzelelo. Ngaphantsi [[FLT:]0]] Umthetho we-Dillon [[[FLT]] [FLT]] [iilwalton] [ilwalton] [] [iiiilwalton] [iiiiiiimeko-mthetho womthetho] [iiimeko-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho]] [imeko-ngaphithiweyo]]], ngethuba lokungaphazamphindwa kwemiqatha le mithetho yolawulo, kodwa ingu-Rhosamkela kumthetho, ingu-omati-odwa, ingu-onke,

Iingxabano Zezixeko Ezingcwele

Ukulungelelaniswa KweSan Francisco Nokulungelelaniswa KweKhalifoniya

Inkqubo yengcwele yeSan Francisco iqala emva ku 1989, xa isixeko sakhupha umthetho wokungavumeli abasebenzi besixeko ukuba basebenzise oovimba belizwe ekunyanzeliseni imithetho yengingqi yokufuduka. Ngo-2017, iKhalifoniya yadibanisa le ndlela kunye ne- California Value Act (SB 54), imisela intsebenziswano phakathi komthetho kunye namagunya okufuduka. Ulawulo lweTrump lwaziwa oluziphindiselayo yi-ku-ku-ku-lingling eKhalifonia, iphikisa ukuba i-SB 54 ethintelwe umthetho karhulumente. Inkundla enkulu yaxhasa umthetho weKhalifoni, kodwa idabi le synqithi liphakamisa imida ye-Exmplication kwimicimbi yokufudula.

IDenver Nohambo LwaseColorado

IColorado inikela imeko eyahlukileyo. IDenver igcine ixesha elide inkqubo yengcwele, kodwa ngo-2019 indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente yawisa umthetho ofuna ulawulo lwengingqi lwengingqi ukuhlonela i-U.S. Ulawulo kunye neNkcubeko. IDenver yamangalela urhulumente, isithi umthetho waphula umthetho olawulayo ulawulo lwasekhaya. IColorado Ephakamileyo ekugqibeleni yawisa umthetho wokuphelisa imithetho yengingqi yokufuduka, inyanzelela uDenver ukuba asebenzisane. Esi sigqibo sabalase indlela oorhulumente abanokusebenzisa ngayo ukukhuselwa kwengcwele yasekuhlaleni, kwanaxa ezo zikhuselwa zifumana inkxaso ebanzi yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuwa Okungokwasemthethweni Nezobupolitika

Ungquzulwano olunjalo lubangela ukungaqiniseki kwabahlali abangaxelwanga kunye noxanduva phakathi komthetho kunye noluntu oluvela kwelinye ilizwe. Abaxhasi bemithetho yengcwele baphikisa ukuba bakhuthaza ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngokukhuthaza amaxhoba kunye namangqina ukuba aphume ngaphandle koloyiko lokugxothwa. Abachasi bathi bayawululaza umthetho karhulumente kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Udokolwana oluqhubekayo lubonisa indlela oludityanisiweyo lwesizwe [[[FLT: 1]] oluhlala luyindawo ebhabhadula, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasoloko besebenza njengoovulindlela benkqubo eqhubekayo yesizwe ukuze bajongene norhulumente okanye batyhale.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo: Ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango yengingqi. Ukhukuliso lwelizwe

Ukuvalwa Kwebhaskithi YesiXeko SaseNew York

Ngo-2018, iSixeko saseNew York senza umrhumo oziisenti ezintlanu kwingxowa zeplastiki ukuze kuncitshiswe inkunkuma nenkunkuma. Noko ke, urhulumente waseNew York, uyijonga le nkqubo njengendlela yokulungisa ipesenti enokudida abathengi nokuphazamisa amashishini amancinane. Ngo-2020, urhulumente wawisa umthetho owenqabela iingxowa zeplastiki enye kodwa wayikhulula ngokucacileyo nayiphi na intlawulo yasekuhlaleni okanye ukuvalwa komsebenzi wayo. Isixeko saseNew York kwafuneka siphinde sihlawule umrhumo waso. Umzekelo utyhile ukuba inyathelo eliqhelekileyo: lichaza ukuthatha ukuyila imilinganiselo yeyunifomu, kodwa ngokwenza oko bangazithintela inyathelo lokulungisa imeko-mente.

Ukupheliswa Kwemiqathango Yasekuhlaleni EColorado NaseTexas

I-hydrdaulic fractive (ukuvala) ivuselele amadabi amakhulu asekuhlaleni. EColorado, oomasipala abanjengeBoulder kunye neLongmont abavalwayo ukupheliswa kwemithetho ye-oyile phakathi kwesixeko. Ikhomishini ye-oyile negesi yephondo yaluvavanya ezi zithintelo, kwaye ngo-2016 iColorado Colorado Suptance Court yalugatya uLongmont, ilawula ukuba umthetho unegunya kumthetho wasekuhlaleni kwimithetho ye-oyile kunye ne-gesi. Noko ke, ngowama-201919 indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente wanika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni igunya elingakumbi lokulawula iziphumo ezingaphandle. Ngokufanayo, eTexas, izixeko ezifana noDento e-Denton wazama ukuvala umthetho wokuphelisa unqanyuko olunjalo, ukuchaza ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lwezongameko-zoqoqosho.

Imozulu Yasekuhlaleni Isengozini

Kutshanje, amatyala afana neFlorida ne-Arizona anike imithetho ethintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekuvaleni ukudibana kwegesi yendalo kwizakhiwo ezintsha . . Yisixhobo esingundoqo semozulu. Ngo-2021, indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseFlorida yamisa umthetho othintela ukuvalwa kwegesi yendalo yasekuhlaleni, imigaqo yezixeko ezifana neTallahassee. Amanyathelo afanayo akwabanye oorhulumente anokukwazi ukunqanda ukukhutshwa kwegesi yendalo kwizakhiwo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba bathathiwe kwimiqathango yegesi eshushu eshushu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphikisa ukuba bakwimidathanga ephambili yemozulu kwaye bafune ukutshintsha, ngoxa besithi inkqubo yamandla kufuneka ivumelane ukutshintsha kwentengiso.

Iziphumo zempilo yoluntu: ICHOVID-19 yedabi

ITexas Nesigqubuthelo Sokufihla Intloko

Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, oorhulumente bengingqi kunye norhulumente baphikisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngezindululo zokuvala amasigqubuthelo kunye nokuvalwa kweshishini. ETexas, iGunya uGreg Abbott lakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokungavumeli ukulawulwa kwesigqubuthelo sobuso sasekuhlaleni ngoMeyi 2021. Izixeko ezininzi, kuquka iAustin neDallas, zawuchasa umyalelo, zikhankanya amanani anyukayo. Uthothotho lwamatyala lwavela, neNkungampula yeTexas ekugqibeleni i-Texas exhasa irhuluneli, iwisa umthetho karhulumente ukuba inike imikhosi yengozi ebanzi yokuphelisa imiyalelo yempilo yasekuhlaleni. Ingxabano yashiya abahlaza ididekile malunga nemithetho yokuchaphaza idelela imiqatha yemiqhatho kwiindawo apho amagosa ehlala apho amagosa empilweni ayeva i-hamula.

Inkcitho Echasene Nesigqubuthelo Sesikolo EFlorida

IFlorida yaba ngumntwana okwisihlomelo senkxwaleko yesizwe kwimfundo kunye nempilo karhulumente xa iRhuluneli uRon DeSantis wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokuvala imiyalelo yokukhusela amagqubuthelo eencwadi. Ilizwe lasongela ukuyeka ukuxhasa ngemali kwimimandla yesikolo eyayifuna amagqubu eentloko-nyama (ngokomzekelo, iAlachua County kunye ne Broward County. Iibhodi zesikolo zagweba, kwaye ngoxa kamva ijaji yesizwe yawisa umthetho wokuba urhulumente akanakusinyanzela isohlwayo soncedo ngaphandle kokuva, idabi le mfazwe ikhawulezisa amanyathelo okukhusela ngexesha lombutho obulala. Imfazwe ibonisa indlela i-Alachudiod County enkrity empilo yasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kumazwe anamandla okulawula ulawulo.

Imfundo: Imigaqo - siseko, Imali Nolawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Iintsana Ezisezikolweni ZaseFlorida

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, urhulumente wephondo laseFlorida wawagqobhoza ngamandla amaqumrhu ezikolo asekuhlaleni ngemfuno yokufihla isigqubuthelo. Le mbambano yaba sisibongozo esikhuthaza abaxhasi bolawulo basekuhlaleni ababethi amalungu esikolo, anyulwe ngabazali basekuhlaleni, afanele enze izigqibo zempilo kuluntu lwawo. Imeko karhulumente yayikukuba abazali bafanele bathethe ncam, hayi amaqumrhu ezikolo. Le ngxubevange yentanda-ntanda-bulumko yabalaselisa uxinezeleko olunzulu phakathi komgangatho ophezulu wesizwe kunye nokusabela kwasekuhlaleni, qhawe ngaphaya kwemilinganiselo yempilo.

Ingcamango Ebalulekileyo Yokuvalwa Kohlanga Neeautonomy Zasekuhlaleni

Enye ingcebiso yemfundo yeqonga elishushu yimfundiso yesizwe nembali. Amaphondo amaninzi, kuquka iTexas, iOklahoma, neTennessee, aye amisela imithetho ethintela indlela othisha abanokuthetha ngayo ngeengcamango ezifana nobuhlanga kunye nelungelo. Imimandla yezikolo yengingqi kwizixeko ezihambela phambili iye yahlehla. ETennessee, ibhodi yesikolo yaseNashville yamkela isigqibo esigweba ukuvalwa korhulumente ekufundiseni imibandela ethile, iphikisa into yokuba iphazamisa inkululeko yemfundo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yamazwe ngokusongela ngokunqikela imali. Imfazwe yezifundo zemfundo yekhompyutha yekhompyutha yekhompyutha ithe yagqiba ngoko kukufunda kwiphondo lwabafundi belizwe okanye uluntu.

Imali ye-Rood yeSebe lezeNtlalo-ntle.

Oorhulumente basebenzisa inkxaso-mali njengesixhobo sokunyanzela ukuhlangulwa. Ngo-2021, i-Iowa yawisa umthetho ofuna ukuba izikolo zinikele nge 100% kwi-person ikhetho lokufunda; isithili esingazange siphumelele ukuthobela inkxaso karhulumente elahlekileyo. Ngokufanayo, eNew Hampshire, urhulumente usongela ukugawula uncedo kwimimandla yesikolo esebenzisa imiyalelo yokugonya iintlawulo zabafundi. La manqaku emali abangela iziphumo ezicaphukisayo, athintela ukuvavanywa kwasekuhlaleni kwanokuba abantu bafuna imigaqo eyahlukileyo. Isiphumo sinokuba kukuphosa ngaphandle kwesigqibo soluntu, njengoko iibhodi zasekuhlaleni zivavanya iindleko zokulwa kwemiyalelo karhulumente ngokulwa neminqweno yabo.

Iindawo ezongezelelekileyo: Izindlu, irhafu nokhuseleko loluntu

Indlu: Ukhukuliso lokulawula

Amasiko okulawula irente yendawo aye ajongene nemeko ekratshayo. Ngo-2022, indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseTennessee yadlulisela umthetho ovala amadolobha ekumiseleni ulawulo lwerente, ngokunempumelelo ibulala umthetho ocetyiswayo eNashville onenjongo yokunqanda ukunyuka kwerente. Imithetho yokukhulula efanayo ikho kumaphondo angama-30, ngokufuthi ixhaswe ngumnini kunye namaqela eendawo zokwemvelo. Abaxhasi bemithetho yolawulo karhulumente baphikisa ukuba ukuqesha ulawulo kuthintele ukuphuhliswa kolawulo kwaye banciphise ukunikezelwa kwezindlu; abaxhasi basekuhlaleni bathetha ukuba izixeko kuphela ezinokuthetha ngokwanda ngokukhawuleza kwemali ethengiswayo eshushu. Le misebenzi iphambili ingakumbi kumaphondo apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuhambela phambili kunemithetho-mthetho yezomthetho ephambili.

Irhafu: Irhafu yasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yerhafu yezorhwebo kwiinkonzo zemali, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aphembelela irhafu yasekuhlaleni okanye ukuvalwa kweentlobo ezintsha zerhafu. Umzekelo, e-Alabama, lo rhulumente uluthintele ubuchule bezixeko kwirhafu ye-levy, unyanzelisa iBirmingham ukuba inciphise iinkonzo. EWashington, umthetho wama-2019 wakhulula irhafu yasekuhlaleni emva kokuba uSeattle emisele irhafu yesiselo esinxilisayo; ukufuduka kukarhulumente kwaxhaswa yishishini lokusela iziselo ezinxilileyo. Le misebenzi inciphisa i-flagstion kwaye i-customsss kunyanze abantu baxhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla ehlayiweyo endaweni yokungalinganiswa, ukungalingani.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu: Ucinezelo Lwamapolisa

Emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngowama-2020, izixeko ezininzi eziqwalaselwa okanye ezamiselwayo ukuze kuncitshiswe okanye kuncitshiswe iimali zamapolisa, ukuvalwa komsebenzi, okanye kuquke iibhodi zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Ngokuphendula, njengaseFlorida, eMissouri, naseTexas, kubekwe imithetho ephelisa iinguqu zamapolisa asekuhlaleni. Le mithetho inyanzelisa izixeko ukuba zigcine imigangatho yokulawula kwanakuba iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni nabaxhasi basekuhlaleni bameme izicelo zokuzama ukufikelela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Abagxeki beli baphikisa ukuba ukurhoxaza kwemali kwinkonzo yezentlalo-ntlalo-ntle ne-ntle yoluntu.

Uxanduva loLawulo noluntu

Isiphumo solwando olunyusiweyo sinzulu. Amadabi asemthethweni abandakanya uqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni; isixeko sase-Austin sichithe malunga nezigidi ze-$2 kwimali esemthethweni yokukhusela igunya lokufihla isigqubuthelo. Ukudideka ngayiphi imithetho esetyenziswayo ukuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu nokuthobela u-(_umongameli) kunokungayinaki yomiqathango yoluntu kunye neyorhulumente, bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo yophukile. Amagosa asemthethweni angakwazi ukuphazamisana nentsebenziswano kwimicimbi efuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezidibeneyo, ezifana nezixhobo zokuthutha okanye intlekele. Ngokungakumbi, le mizantlukwano iphakamisa imibuzo ngendalo yomelo yomelo yomelo lwedemo-demokhrasi: xa imigaqo yorhulumente ikhubaza imigaqo ethandwayo eqhelekileyo, angayiphazamisa kakhulu imibutho yasedolokhweni esemaphandleni esemaphandleni kwizindlu zezindlu zasemaphandleni.

Ukuzicingela kukwakuphelisa ukungalingani kwemimandla. Iimeko ezikhoyo zingavala uvavanyo lwenkqubela-phambili lwengingqi logama amazwe akhululekileyo enokuthi atshitshise iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni eziqhelekileyo, kodwa utyekelo oluqhelekileyo lukukwenza umbindi wamandla kumgangatho worhulumente. Oku kungashiya amaqela akwimida ephantsi kwecala elikwizixeko-8. Ngokufuthi kugxininiswa kwizixeko. Kulo lonke icala, ukukhutshwa kombuso kungaqinisekisa umgangatho wokudlala ibala leshishini nokunqanda umsebenzi wesiphatho wemithetho ethintela ukwanda kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda ulawulo lwamaMelika. Uxinzelelo phakathi kwenkululeko yobulali kunye negunya lorhulumente aluyonto intsha; luye lwaba luphawu lolawulo lwezwe ukususela ekusungulweni kwalo. Kodwa kwixesha lokubekwa kwezobupolitika, ukucinywa kuye kwaba liqhinga lokuhamba-hamba ukuze oorhulumente banyanzelise imimiselo elandelelanayo kumazwe onke, ngokufuthi intsingiselo ephambili yasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Ukulawula iFederalism Entsha

Njengoko abantu beqhubeka bejongene neengxaki ezingaqhelekanga .ukusuka kwizifo ezingaqhelekanga ukuya kubunzima bezindlu ukuya kutshintsho lwemozulu, -- ukukwazi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukusabela ngokunempumelelo kuya kuxhomekeka ekuvumeni kweendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukunikezela okanye ukuzikhulula. Uhlolisiso oluxutyushwayo apha lubonisa ukuba imizabalazo yamandla ayiyongcamango nje engacacanga kodwa iphila ngeziphumo ezibonakalayo. Lubonisa ukuba ingquzulwano yamazwe asekuhlaleni ayibalulekanga kangako ngokomthetho kwaye ingaphezulu ngokuphikisana kwemibono ephikisanayo yokuba ngubani ofanele alawule okanye ofanele angene.

Ukujongwa phambili kotshintsho kusenokuquka ukhuseleko olucacileyo lomgaqo-siseko womthetho wasekhaya, ukuhlaziywa kolawulo lombuso, okanye kwanongenelo lwezwe lokumisela ukutshayelelwa kwemeko kwiindawo ezifana nempilo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, utshintsho olunjalo lujongene nemiqobo emikhulu yezobupolitika. Okwangoku, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni kufuneka zihambele phambili kumhlaba ontsonkothileyo, zisoloko zifuna amanyathelo anzima okanye amanyathelo okukhusela igunya lazo. Abafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi banokungenelwa ekuqondeni ezi ntshukumo zingabini njenge-asithavia esemthethweni kodwa njengemibuzo engundoqo yamandla, egqwetyele, kunye nokuzibophelela kwabantu. Ikamva lolawulo lizakwenziwa ngendlela esiphendula ngayo.