Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seGunya loMongameli

Amandla kaMongameli wase-United States asekelwe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, elimisa isebe elilawulayo kwaye lichaza ububanzi balo. Ngokungafaniyo noludwe olunenkcukacha lwamagunya ombutho kwiGatya I, iGatya II lifutshane kwaye libhalwe ngokubanzi, lichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba "Ulawulo olulawulayo luya kubekwa kuMongameli wase-United States of America. Lo mGaqo-siseko ubengumthombo wengxoxo ebanzi kunye nokucaciswa kwayo yonke imbali yamaMelika. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oomongameli baye bandisa igunya labo ngemizekelo, ulawulo lweengxaki, kunye nokubekwa kweembopheleleko ngokuthe ngcembe, lonke ixesha ngoxa kusebenza kwinkqubo elungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuba lingabi likhulu kakhulu. Ukuqonda oko kusenokufuna ukuba umongameli anike imvume nezithethe ezicacileyo kwaye angaziguquleyo ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo.

UMgaqo-siseko awunikezi ludwe olupheleleyo lwamandla obungameli. Endaweni yoko, uchaza iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo ezinjengokusebenza njengomphathi-ntloko, ukuxolela, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngemvume yeCante), ukumisela abaphathi besizwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokuthembekileyo. Oku "kunyamekela uCela u-Claus" kutolikiwe ukunika umongameli ubulumko obuphangaleleyo kumsebenzi wemini-na kunyaka karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Noko ke, abalawuli benza ngabom inkqubo yee-chekeko kunye nee-ntelekiso, imiqathango eqinileyo phakathi koxwebhu olunye. IBhunga lilawula izibophelelo zemali, iBhunga lokuqinisekisa kunye nezivumelwano, kwaye i-judiary inokwenza izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqonga.

Ukuntywila nzulu kwinjongo yokuqala yenqaku II, iZiko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe linika uqhawuko oludityanisiweyo lwecandelo ngalinye kunye nomongo walo wembali.

Amandla alawulayo: Ukuqhuba uRhulumente

Amagunya alawulayo kamongameli abumba umqala wolawulo lwemihla ngemihla. Njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, umongameli umele ajonge ulawulo olukhulu lwesebe lorhulumente, oluquka abasebenzi abangaburhulumente abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini abasasazeke kwimibutho emininzi yamasebe namasebe. Eli gunya liza nezixhobo eziliqela ezikhethekileyo:

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

Umongameli ubeka imigaqo-nkqubo yoonobhala bequmrhu, iintloko zoorhulumente, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye noonozakuzaku, phantsi kokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. La magosa asebenza ngolonwabo lukamongameli ngaphandle kokuba akhuselwe ngomthetho (njengoko kunjalo kumasebe athile azimeleyo). Ulawulo lokususa abangaphantsi luye lwancinwa, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa igunya likamongameli ukudubula amagosa esebe aphetheyo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yingquzula. Oku kuvumela ulawulo olutsha ukuba lulungelelanise urhulumente worhulumente kunye nemithetho yakhe ephambili ngokukhawuleza.

Imiyalelo yegunya neziphumo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo ekhutshwa ngumongameli ukulawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Zithwala umkhosi womthetho kodwa mazisekelwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye kumandla omgaqo-siseko womongameli. Imiyalelo yegunya linokupheliswa yiBhunga ngomthetho okanye ngumongameli olandela umongameli. Imizekelo ehloniphekileyo iquka i-Emanciption Proclation kunye noLawulo lwezigqeba 9066, eyagunyazisa iMelika yaseJapan ukuba idilika idityaniswe ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

Amandla EPardon

Inqaku II linika umongameli amandla "ongumnqophisi noPardons ukwenzela amatyala ngokuchasene ne-United States, ngaphandle kwetyala lokuLawula. Eli gunya liphantse lipheleliseke ngokupheleleyo(ukungaphindiswa ziinkundla okanye iiKhonkla (ngaphandle kwemeko ezingachananga). Oomongameli baye basebenzisa ukuxolela ukuphilisa izahlulo zesizwe, ukukhutshelwa kwemithetho esesikweni, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukukhusela amaqabane ezobupolitika. Eli gunya lisebenza kulwaphulo-mthetho lwamagunya, hayi ityala likarhulumente.

Amandla Omthetho: Ukubhukuqa uMthetho

Nangona umongameli engeyolungu leBhunga, umGaqo-siseko unika isikhulu esiphetheyo indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Umongameli angafaka umthetho, anikeze idilesi yeSizwe se-Union ukumisela ucwangciso, aze abize iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo. Elona gunya linamandla lingu-veto.

Xa iBhunga ligqithisa ityala, umongameli angasayina ngalo umthetho, ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (ukuba iKhomishini iseqeleni), okanye iveto. Iveto ingangatshazwa kuphela ngabaninzi abaziisithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi, okunqabileyo (ezingaphantsi kwesihlanu ekhulwini zazo zonke iivetoes zirhoxisiwe. Umongameli ukwane "ipekset" ukuba iKhomishini ithunyelwe ngeentsuku ezilishumi zokuthumela isibham, umongameli akasayi kutyikitya, kwaye isibhengezo asisayi kufa ngaphandle kwesizathu sokulawula. Oku kunika umongameli umrhumo omkhulu kwingxoxo yomthetho.

Ukongezelela, umongameli unamandla okukhupha iingxelo zokutyobela, ezibhalwe phantsi ezikhutshwe xa kutyikitywa isibhengezo somthetho. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa ezi zinto ukuchaza indlela abawuchaza ngayo umthetho okanye ukubonisa ukuba ngawaphi amalungiselelo abaceba ukuwanyanzelisa. Lo mkhwa uye waphikiswa, njengoko abahlalutyi bephikisa ukuba ulingana nomgca ongavumelaniyo nomthetho-meta-monki. INhlangano yeMelika Bar iyakugweba ukusetyenziswa kakubi kophawu lokutyikitya, kodwa ihlala ingumsebenzi wobumongameli bale mihla.

Inkonzo yophando lweKhompolathi inika ingxelo ebanzi [[FLT: 0] kwivetoes zomongameli elandelela imbali kunye nobuninzi balamandla.

Amagunya Okugweba: Ukuhlazisa Iinkundla

Impembelelo kamongameli kwijaji yesizwe inzulu kwaye ihlala ixesha elide. Ngegunya lokulawula abagwebi kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwiinkundla zesiphaluka, kunye neenkundla zesithili, umongameli angabumba ukutolikwa okusemthethweni kangangamashumi eminyaka. IiJaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zisebenza kukumiselwa kobomi bonke, ngoko ke ukutyunjwa komnye kungawuchaphazela umthetho waseMelika ngaphaya kwexesha lomongameli. IBhunga "igcunts nemvume" inikela umsebenzi wokuhlola, kodwa oomongameli badla ngokukhetha abalawuli abavumelana nentanda-bulumko yabo.

Ukongeza kwimiqathango, umongameli anganika ingqwalaselo ephezulu, i-clems, i-commons, kunye ne-reprieves(-) kubantu ababotshelelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente. Nangona eli gunya lingekho negunya lokugweba ngengqiqo engqongqo, livumela umongameli ukuba adlulise izigwebo zejaji. Umthetho usetyenziswa ukulungisa izigwebo eziqatha, iintsapho eziphindiweyo, kunye nokulungisa isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama warhoxa izigwebo zamakhulukhulu abaphuli-mthetho abangaphangaliyo, lo gama uMongameli uDonald Trump evumela ukuba kuxhakathiso oluphezulu.

Imicimbi Yamazwe Asemzini Namagunya Omkhosi

Umongameli usebenza njengomphathi-mikhosi nomphathi-mikhosi wesizwe. Ezi misebenzi zimbini zinika isibanzi esikhulu sokubumba inkqubo yangaphandle kunye nokuqhuba imisebenzi yomkhosi. Kodwa ke, zikwayindawo zengxoxo enzulu yomgaqo-siseko.

Iingcebiso Nezivumelwano Ezilawulayo

Umongameli uthethana nezivumelwano namazwe asemzini, kodwa izivumelwano zifuna ukuba imvume yamaBhunga amabini anesithathu eeNdlu zeNdlu yeMali ibopheleleke. Ukuphepha lo mqobo, oomongameli basebenzisa ngokukhulayo izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu, ezithe zathe zasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe angafuni myalelo weBhunga. Izivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu zisebenza phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kwaye zisoloko zigquma imicimbi, kodwa zikwasetyenziswa kwimigaqo engundoqo efana nolawulo lwenyukliya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwazo, kodwa izivumelwano eziphakathi kwezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano zezikhulu zihlala zingu-Olistone.

Igosa eliphetheyo kunye namandla emfazwe

UMgaqo-siseko umisela umongameli njengenkokeli yoMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi, kodwa ukwanika iKhomishini amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe. Oku kwahlula-hlula kubangele umlo owenziwe ixesha elide ngenxa yokuba iUnited States isebenzisa imfazwe. Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, oomongameli baye basebenzisa imikhosi rhoqo ngaphandle kokubhengeza okusemthethweni kwemfazwe, becaphula igunya labo lokukhusela uhlanga. Umthetho wemfazwe ka 1973 uzama ukuphinda ulwelo lweBhunga ngokunyanzela umongameli ukuba azise iBhunga kwiiyure ezingama-48 zemfazwe, amajoni aphinde awarhoxe emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga livume ukuba liqhubeke. Noko ke, umongameli ngamnye ukususela oko uNixon uphikisa eso sigqibo kumagunya awo omgaqo, kunye nokuphumelela kwalo.

Umongameli ukwanegunya lokusebenzisa umkhosi ekusabeleni kwisongelo esikhawulezileyo, njengokuba sivunywa kwiSigunyaziso sokusebenzisa umkhosi womkhosi (AMF) esigqithe emva kohlaselo olungu-9/11. Olu gunya lubanzi luye lwasetyenziswa ukuthethelela izenzo nxamnye namaqela amaphekula kude lee kumgangatho wangaphambili, kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nemida yemikhosi elawulayo. Ukusukela kokungasemva kwi-AUMF, Confernforn.gov iphepha[FF:1]

I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa

Umongameli kuphela unawo amandla okuqonda oorhulumente bamanye amazwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba luluphi ulawulo lwe-United States oluza kuluphatha njengolufanelekileyo nolunento yokwenza nolwalamano olufanelekileyo. Ukuqatshelwa kusenokuba nentsingiselo enzulu . Ukuvula okanye ukuvala urhwebo, ukunikezela ngokomthetho kurhulumente, okanye ukubonakalisa ukungakholiswa. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa uxabiso njengesixhobo sokuphembelela iziganeko kwelinye ilizwe, njengoko kubonwa ngokuhlaziywa kolwalamano oluqhelekileyo neCuba ngo-2015.

Imida Kumandla Omongameli

Abalawuli baqonda ukuba amandla agqithiseleyo ayingozi. Inqaku II lidityaniswe ngabom nee-checks zamanye amasebe, kwakunye nezithintelo ezivela kumazwe nakuluntu. Ezi zithintelo ziqinisekisa ukuba kwanawona mongameli unegunya akanakwenza ngaphandle kokuzibamba.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IKhomishini inezixhobo ezininzi ezinamandla zokuhlola umongameli. IBhunga leSikhwakhwama mhlawumbi lisesona sibalulekileyo, akukho senzo siphezulu esinokuxhaswa ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sombutho. IKhomishini ingayiphelisa inkxaso-mali kwiinkqubo ezingavumelaniyo, indawo yeemeko zokuchitha, okanye ukususwa kwawo onke amasebe eenkonzo. IBhunga leNtsimi liyinika igunya elingqalileyo lokuba iqumrhu eliphetheyo lisebenze kwisebe likarhulumente. Yaye amandla okulawula isebe eliphetheyo avumela iNdluvosayo ukuba inikezele umongameli nge "kwizigebetho kunye neMisdemeor," ngokuqhuba iBhangenwa, ngokususwa kwetyala. Umongameli weCanteneiadensie, udemy akakhutshwanga. Umongameli abathathu udeny Johnson, uBill Cconnew, uClans Cennoldennew, nangona esunyusiwe kabini.

IBhunga likwanokuthatha amatyala, lifake ityala, lize linyanzele amagosa esebe aphetheyo ukuba anikele ubungqina. La mandla aphandayo anokubhenca ububi aze akhe ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, oomongameli badla ngokuvakalisa ilungelo eliphezulu lokugodlela ulwazi, nto leyo ekhokelela kumadabi angokwasemthethweni apheliswa zinkundla ekugqibeleni.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zephondo zingavakalisa izenzo zomongameli ezingahambelaniyo. Eli gunya lamiselwa ku- Marbury v. Madison [1852] kwaye iye yasetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukumisela ukunyathela umlawuli ophezulu. Umzekelo, ulutsha olusemgceni & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayer [ [1952], iNkumbuso ephakamileyo yabetha phantsi kwegunya likamongameli uTruman ngecala lolawulo lwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, igqiba kwelokuba umongameli wayengenalo igunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho lokwenza loo msebenzi. Ukuhlola kusebenza kwimiyalelo yolawulo, izibhengezo-olawulo, nakwezinye izenzo zomthetho. Ukuba umongameli wenkundla ufumana inyathelo elihamba phambili.

Iimbono Zasekuhlaleni Nokhetho

Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwamandla obungamongameli yibhokisi yebhola. Oomongameli basebenzisa imiqathango emine yeminyaka kwaye bangaphinda bakhethwe kanye phantsi koMphengululo wama-22. Umongameli ophulukana nenkxaso kawonke-wonke angafumana amacebo abo enqatyiswe yiKhonkxale, kwaye ukoyiswa okunamandla okunyuliweyo kungakhokelela ekususweni kwemigaqo yabo. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lulawula indlela umongameli angenza ngayo izinto ngamandla. Ngexesha lamanqamlezo, oomongameli basoloko benandipha ububanzi, kodwa xa ukuthembanaba, loo mgangatho unciphindo. Activity, ihendelist, imithombo yezixhobo zekhompyutha, kunye namaqela anomdla agcina oomongameli benoxanduva, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zabo zihlala zihleli kwimidanga yedemo-demo-demokhrasi.

Umanyano Nemida Karhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko wahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente. Igunya lomongameli alinyukeli kwimicimbi egcinwe kumazwana, njengomthetho wasekuhlaleni, inkqubo yemfundo, okanye urhwebo lwamazwe. Ngelixesha urhulumente wesizwe enokuthi aphembelele inkqubo karhulumente ngokunika inkxaso-mali kunye neemeko zemali, akanakuyalela amagosa karhulumente ukuba aqhube iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Lo mqathango wobume ngomnye umaleko wokukhusela kwigunya elikhulu.

Ukuguquka Kwamandla Omongameli Kumaxesha Anamhlanje

Amandla obungameli aye akhula kakhulu ukususela ekusungulweni. Oomongameli bokuqala, ingakumbi uGeorge Washington, bamisela imizekelo yokuthintelwa nokuthotyelwa kwengqungquthela. Noko ke, amanqam anjengemfazwe yamakhaya, uDondonamba olukhulu, kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II andisa ukufikelela komphathi omkhulu. UAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa amandla akhe emfazwe ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus kwaye wakhupha i-Emancip Proclation ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwamagunya. U-Franklin D. Roosevelt wadala i-ocementment ephethe ngemiyalelo yegunya elikhulu ngexesha le-New Fareal. I-9/11 yabona ukudalwa kweSebe loKhuseleko lwengiselwano lwezwe lasekuhlaleni kunye nolwando lwamandla.

Namhlanje, umongameli ungoyena mphathi unamandla ehlabathini, kodwa uhlala ephahlwe ngumthetho nayisithethe. Ingxoxo yokuba oomongameli baye bawugqitha umgaqo-siseko iyaqhubeka kulawulo lwabo. Kwimbono elungeleleneyo yembali, izakhiwo zobumongameli eziphezulu zendlu emhlophe [[FLT:] inikela ukuqonda ngendlela abalawuli abaphezulu abatolika ngayo indima yabo.

Isiphelo

Amagunya kamongameli athe xhaxhe kwaye anyanzelekile ngenyameko. Inqaku II linika isakhiwo, kodwa imbali, imizekelo, kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika zibuyile indlela asetyenziswa ngayo loo mandla. Umongameli angalawula imikhosi exhobileyo, i-veto umthetho, amisele abagwebi, kwaye amise inkqubo yamanye amazwe . kodwa kuphela kwinkqubo enika iBhunga, iinkundla, amaphondo, kunye nezixhobo zikawonke wonke ezinokuhlola elo gunya. Ukuqonda le mida ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo. Ubuchule bomGaqo-siseko abukho ekunikezeleni amandla angathinteleki, kodwa ekudaleni iprojelo apho kwenziwa khona ukulwa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu omnye olawula urhulumente.