Ukwazisa: Umbuzo Ohlala Ukho Wamandla Karhulumente

Umbuzo wokuba lingakanani igunya urhulumente afanele alibambe, kwaye apho imida yalo gunya ikhona, idala njengebutho labantu elilungelelanisiweyo. Yonke inkqubo yezopolitiko, ukusuka kwimimandla yokuqala yesixeko ukuya kwimimandla emikhulu yehlabathi, ilwisane noxinezeleko olusisiseko phakathi kwemfuneko yokulawula okusebenzayo kunye nenyanzelo yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda indaleko yembali yamandla karhulumente ayiyondlela yokufundisa nje yemfundo; inika umongo obalulekileyo wokuvavanya iingxoxo zeli xesha, imiqobo, imiqobo, kunye nokulwela amalungelo abantu. Eli nqaku libonisa ukuphuhliswa kwegunya likarhulumente ngeziganeko zembali, lihlola iziseko ezicebise ulawulo lwangoku, kunye novavanyo imiqobo eqhubeka nokuvavanyanisa ulawulo lwamandla enkulungwane engamashumi amabini angamashumi amabini.

Isiseko Samandla Karhulumente

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni nelobuGqeba loLuntu

Phambi kokuhlolisisa ukubonakaliswa kwamandla ngokwembali, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda isiseko sobunzululwazi obuthethelela okanye obusikelw' umda ulawulo lukarhulumente. Ingcamango yentsebenziswano yentlalo, eyavela ngexesha loKhanyiso, iiposi ezithi urhulumente osemthethweni uthathe imvume yabalawuli. Iingcinga ezinjengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau ngamnye wanikela imibono ecacileyo yale sivumelwano. Urhulumente ngamnye, ebhala phakathi kwemfazwe yeSizwe samaNgesi, ephikisana [[FLT: 0] [umthetho osemthethweni] [[FLTLT:1]] umlawuli opheleleyo [uzakugxininiswa ekuphumeni kwemeko yendalo. Locke, ngokuchasene nemigaqo elungileyo yolawulo lwezopoliti, ngokuphikisana nokulinganayo, ngokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yamalungelo oluntu, kunye nempahla ehlala kwimfumbatho-yo ekwakungeneyo ekwakuchaphaka urhulumente.

Umthetho Wemvelo Nemvelaphi Yamalungelo

Ingcamango yomthetho wendalo .Ingcamango yokuba imigaqo ethile yokuziphatha ixhomekeke kwindalo yabantu kwaye ifunyaniswe ngesizathu, iye yanikela uhlolo olunamandla kumandla karhulumente kuyo yonke ingcamango yezobupolitika. Abacingelayo njengeCicero kwiRoma yamandulo noThomas Aquinas ngexesha laphakathi baphikisa ukuba imithetho ebekwe ngumntu mayihambisane nomgangatho ophezulu, wendalo, jikelele. Le sithethe iphembelele kakhulu ukuphuhliswa komgaqo-siseko kunye nemfundiso yamalungelo asisiseko. ISindululo se-American Inkululeko, kunye nokukhuselwa kwayo kwe "ilungelo elingenalo" ekwamkelekeni" nge "Lewizamvelo nendalo Thixo," imele ukusetyenziswa ngqo kwengcamango yendalo yomthetho wendalo kwisiseko sikarhulumente. Umthetho wanamhlanje, kuquka [FLD] [0] Izibhengezo-Rhulumente zamalungelo oluntu [1] [1]

Indaleko Yamandla Karhulumente Nemida Yawo

Impucuko Yamandulo: Imvelaphi Yegunya Elisembindini

Iingingqi zokuqala ezintsonkothileyo zaphuhlisa urhulumente ongowona mzimbululo wasemthethweni obhaliweyo, olawula imisebenzi emikhulu, ogcina ucwangco lwentlalo. EMesopotamia, i- i-Code kaHammurabi (i-li-lixa 1754 BCE) wamisela enye yemithetho ebhaliweyo esemthethweni, emisela igunya lokumkani lokwenza imida ngokubeka imida yempiliso ngomgaqo wokulungelelanisa. KwiYiputa yamandulo, oofaro bathathwa njengoothixo abaphilayo, abaphethe amandla apheleleyo phezu kwemibalawulwa babo. Ukanti kwezi nkqubo ze-omatshini ezisebenzayo, imida eluncedo yayikho: imfuneko yabathunywa, impembelelo yabefundisi, kunye nokusongela okuqhubekayo kokulawulwa kwegunyazwa kwegunya le-ofisi. I-Tshayina yamandulo phantsi kwenkqubo echukulwayo, ii-cracn, ngexesha eliphakathi kwemithetho echazwe kakhulu, nemithetho emiselwe ngumthetho engomthetho.

IGrisi Yamandulo NeRoma: Amalinge Ngobumi Nomthetho

Ukudala kwakudala kwaziseka iingcamango ezaziza kusekwe ukuze zicinge kamva ngegunya likarhulumente. Amaphondo aseGrisi, ingakumbi iAthene, alinga iindlela zedemokhrasi ezithe abemi bangenelela ngqo kwimisebenzi yowiso-mthetho neyomthetho. Noko ke, le nkqubo yayilinganiselwe ekukhululeni amadoda namabhinqa akhutshwe ngaphandle, amakhoboka, nabemi basemzini. Idemokhrasi yaseAthene nayo yatyhila iingozi zokungathintelwa kwegunya eliqhelekileyo, kuquka ukukwazi ukubonakalisa idemokhrasi kunye nokukhohlakaza kwenkoliso yabaninzi.

IRiphabliki yeRoma yavelisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo yorhulumente oxubeneyo, ebandakanya amalungu olawulo lookumkani (ii-compris), izihandiba (iNtsimbi yeNtlanganiso), kunye nedemokhrasi (iiindibano eziqhelekileyo). Ingcamango yomthetho, equkiwe kumgaqo womthetho, owenziwe kwingqiqo [] ichaza ngokunzulu izicwangciso zomthetho [ kwaye kamva kumgaqo osemthethweni weRoma, wamisela umgaqo wokuba umthetho ufanele ulawule kunokuba ulawule umgaqo ongowabalawuli. Elifa liphenjelelwe kakhulu kwingcinga yomgaqo womgaqo-siseko kamva. Ulpian wachaza umgaqo othi "oko kufunwa yigosa-mthetho," kodwa oku kwakulungelene ngokuqonda ukuba umthetho osuka kwisiko, umzekelo, nokungaqikele, nokunga kungayi kumthetho.

Inkqubela Yamaxesha Aphakathi Neenguquko

Kumaxesha aphakathi kwabakho ukwahlulwa kwegunya elisembindini kunye nokuvela kwamaziko akhuphisanayo okulawula. I-Foudal yadala imigangatho entsonkothileyo yeenkosi, ii-vassals, kunye nabalimi, negunya elisasazekileyo elinqumla kwintsalela emininzi yemithetho yolawulo. Oku kuthotywa kwentembeko kwabangela ukuba kubekho isithuba sokuphuhlisa amaziko akwiziko lomelo. [Magna Carta] ka1215], okhutshwe nguKumkani John waseNgilani phantsi kwengcinezelo ekwizintlungwini ezinemvukelo, wamisela umthetho obalulekileyo wokuba ukumkani ngokwakhe uphantsi komthetho. Nangona ekuqaleni kuhlanganwe iMagna yezopoliti, iCargna yaqalisa ukufuzisela ingcamango yorhulumente nenkqubo efanelekileyo. IPalamessssssss, i-Freensesssss, i-sssss, inguend, inguend, inguend, inguqu yalor, ingunxa enkulu, ingu

IRenaissance yavuselela imfundo yamandulo yaza yaqalisa iindlela ezintsha zokucinga ngezobupolitika. UNicoljā Machiavelli's uPrince (1532) wanikela uhlalutyo olucacileyo lwezigunya, ukwahlula ubuchule bezobupolitika kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha engokwesithethe. Ngoxa kwakusoloko kuqondwa ngokuphosakeleyo njengokukhuthaza ubugcwaba obunyulu, umsebenzi kaMachiavelli waphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngolwalamano phakathi kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nolawulo olusasebenzayo. UHlazinzo lwamaProtestanti lwaqhubeka lucelda igunya lomntu ngamnye onjengoMartin Luther noJohn Calvin lobugropol waqinisekisa ukuphakama kwesazela sobufundisi kunye namandla omhlaba, ebeka isicwangciso-siseko senkululeko yonqulo kunye nokuchasamciso.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokuzalwa KomGaqo-siseko Wanamhlanje

Ukukhanyiselwa kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe neyeshumi elinesibhozo kwamela ukutyhalela phambili ekucingeni ngamandla karhulumente. Intanda-bulumko zavelisa iingcamango ezicwangcisiweyo zamalungelo emvelo, imvume, kunye nokwahlukana kwamandla aza kubumba amaziko edemokhrasi angoku. John Locke's [Iiingcamango ezithe ngqo] zikaRhulumente [[FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [[FLTY] [ict:3] [1689]]) zaphikisa ukuba abantu banelungelo lemvelo lobomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla, kwaye urhulumente ukho kuphela ngemvume yabo, ngenjongo elinganiselweyo yokukhusela la malungelo. Ukhuthulo lwamaMelika.

nguMontesquieu' Umoya woMthetho (1748]) wawuchaza ngokuchanekileyo umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya phakathi kwemithetho, igqeba, kunye namasebe ejaji, ephikisana ukuba amandla okunikela ingqalelo kulo naliphi na iqumrhu elinye akhokelela kubuzwilanisi. Le siseko saba ligumbi lesiseko leU.S. Constitution kunye nedemocracy yesiseko solawulo-siseko somhlaba wonke. Ezinye iingcukacha zeNte, kuquka uVoltaire, uRosse, kunye noMelika abaHlunyuli, iingcamango ezi-lungelanayo ngenkululeko yokuthetha, ukunyamezela, ulawulo lonqulo oludumileyo, kunye nokungasekunene kweenguquko-vo. I-Melika (1775-17178) kunye ne-1999) i-Ediast inguqulelo zezo zezopolitika ezilawula iinjongo zehlabathi ezilawula zehlabathi jikelele.

Ulawulo Lwale Mihla Nemida Yamandla Karhulumente

Umthetho-siseko, ukujonga nokulungelelana, noMthetho

Oorhulumente bedemokhrasi bale mihla bekhiwe kumgaqo-siseko wokuba amandla karhulumente amele amiswe ngomgaqo-siseko ochaza umqathango kunye nesakhiwo segunya. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kunye nenkqubo yawo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, urhulumente, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo akhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, zimisele imodeli eye yalungiselelwa ngamazwe amaninzi. Ingcamango yomgaqo-siseko wezomthetho-siseko kufuneka isebenze ngokwemithetho elawula imigaqo elawulayo.

Umthetho ufuna ukuba bonke abantu kunye namaziko, kuquka norhulumente ngokwawo, bathobele umthetho. Lo mgaqo uthetha ukuba imithetho kufuneka ibe yeyoluntu, ibe yecacileyo, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo. Kwakhona uthetha ukuba amandla alawulayo kufuneka asetyenziswe ngaphakathi kogunya elisemthethweni, ukuba iinkundla zizimele, kwaye abemi kufuneka bafumane amayeza asemthethweni karhulumente okuqhatha. Amazwe alawula ngamandla abonisa umgangatho osezantsi wokonakala, ukuphuhlisa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wozinzo lwezobupolitika.

Amalungelo Abantu Njengomda Wegunya Likarhulumente

Ucwangciso lwamalungelo abantu lwezizwe ngezizwe olwavela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II lumela eyona migudu yamabhongo yokuchaza indalo iphela kwimida yegunya likarhulumente. Isibhengezo sobuzwe samalungelo abantu kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo zimisela imilinganiselo yokuphatha abantu ngabanye ngamazwe, ukugqubuthela amalungelo abantu kunye nezopolitiko (njengenkululeko yokuthetha, indibano, kunye nonqulo, kunye nenkxaso echasene nokuthuthukiswa ngolunya) kunye nezoqoqosho, intlalo-ntle, kunye namalungelo enkcubeko (ngokufana namalungelo emfundo, ukukhathalela impilo, kunye nemilinganiselo eyaneleyo yokuphila). Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uyavuma ukuba amalungelo athile, njengawokuthintelwa kwengtshutshiso, apheleleyo kwaye akanakumiswa kwimiqatha.

Umanyano Nokwahluka Kwamandla

Isixokelelwano somanyano lolawulo lomanyano lwahlula-hlula amagunya phakathi koorhulumente abasembindini kunye nemimandla, ukuvelisa amaziko amaninzi anamandla anokuxilongana. Esi sakhiwo singakhusela uzimele-zintlu-ntlobo zengingqi, sihlalise iinguqu zengingqi, size senze iirabhata-mvume zokuvavanya inkqubo. I-United States, iJamani, iKhanada, ne-Australia, zonke zisebenzisa amalungiselelo karhulumente, nangona icandelo elithile lamagunya lihlukene ngokuphawulekayo. Noko ke, i-Federalis ayingekhoyo ngaphandle kocelomngeni lwayo. I-efficiences, inokwenza ukuba kubekho ukuthintelwa kwemigaqo yesizwe, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ivumela oorhulumente bengingqini ukuba bahlule amalungelo akhusele amalungelo orhulumente ombi. Ulungeleneyo phakathi komanyano lwesizwe nolwe-Ostcial ahlala engumbuzo oqhubekayo kwinkqubo yorhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kwimida Yamandla Karhulumente

Ukunganyaniseki Nokuncitshiswa Kokholo

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sikarhulumente ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese, //Ibonisa ukwaphuka okusisiseko kwemida yegunya elisemthethweni likarhulumente. Kuthoba ulawulo lomthetho, kugqwetha inkqubo, kuchitha ubuncwane boluntu, kwaye kuphelisa ukuthembana kumaqumrhu edemokhrasi. Ukulwa ubuqhetseba kufuna iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezicace ngokucacileyo, amaqumrhu olawulo oluzimeleyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ochasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemiqathango ephezulu yabaqhushumbisi bempepho. Iintlangano ezifana [[FLT: 0] Transparancy International International [ isebenza ukubhenela urhwa noxinzelelo lolawulo lotshintsho. Ukusebenza kwemigudu yokulwa kwe-ogrobithi ye-gracratic kuxhaphaze kakhulu, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu worhwayilo olufumaneka kulawulo olusezantsi lomthetho noluwongameleyo.

Ukuvuselelwa KobuOsteralitarianism Nokubuyiselwa Kwedemokhrasi

Kumashumi amabini anesihlanu enkulungwane, amazwe amaninzi aye afumana imizekelo yedemokhrasi, apho iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo zisuka ngokuthe ngcembe zitshayelele idemokhrasi kunye nezithethe. Le nkqubo isoloko ibandakanya ukuhlasela kwemiqathango yejaji, imiqathango yenkululeko yamajelo eendaba, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yokhetho, kunye nokucinezelwa kwamazwi achasayo. IHungary, iTurkey, kunye neVenezuela zisoloko zikhankanyiwe, kodwa inkxalabo ngokukhutshwa kwedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi iye yaqala kwidemokhrasi esungulweyo. Iinkokeli zoburhulumente zisoloko zisebenzisa ulwimi lolawulo lwazo lwezikhundla oluqhelekileyo ukuthethelela ukumanyana kwazo, zithi zimela "uthanda ukna lokuthanda kwabantu abaphezulu kunye namaziko antiyo. Oku kuye kwavuselela ukunikela ingqalelo kukubaluleka kwemikhosi yedemokhrasi, ibutho labantu abazimeleyo, kunye nomanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ekukhusele ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ubuchule bamanani, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nobugcisa obutsha

Utshintsho lobugcisa luye lwadala ucelomngeni olungenakuthelekiswa nanto kwimida yamandla karhulumente. Ubuchule bokujonga ngamanani buvumela oorhulumente ukuba bajonge unxibelelwano, intsebenziswano, kunye nonxulumano lwabemi ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Inkxalabo ngezobuqu zikhule kakhulu ekuvulweni kweenkqubo eziqhutywa ngamaqumrhu obulumko. Kwangaxeshanye, amaqonga onxibelelwano oluphakathi eenkqubo athe aba ziinqwelo-nkqubo zoburhulumente zabagrogrisi, ukungenelela koonyulo lwamanye amazwe, kunye nokusasazeka kwemithetho-mvume yokungahambi. Urhulumente baye baphendula ngemiqathango entsha yolawulo-mthetho, enjengee-European Union Jewild Contection Regation (GR)[FLT] [FLT], emisela ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko olunamandla kolwazi lobuqu. Ucelomngeni lokuphuhlisonqandalo lwezo lwezolongo-mali-othekhrasitiki

Ingcamango Yokuqhatha Nocelomngeni Kulawulo - melo Lwenkululeko

Ukwanda kwemibutho elawula amagunya olawulo-mpulumo kubangela ucelomngeni olwahlukileyo kwimida yolawulo. Iinkokeli zePopulist zithi zimela ukuthanda kokwenyaniso kwabantu abanxamnye nezidwangube ezonakeleyo, zidla ngokuzichaza njengelizwi elisemthethweni lohlanga. Zidla ngokujonga izithintelo ezikhoyo kumaziko , iinkundla zezixhobo, imithombo yezolawulo-methom, kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ezimeleyo, “‘ njengemiqobo ethandwayo. Ukugxininisa kwe-populicism ngokunjalo kucel ’ umngeni amalungelo abantu ngabanye nemingcele yemithetho emininzi esemthethweni. Ngoxa i-populicism isebenza njengendlela elungileyo yokufumana idemokhrasi, ikwanokuthoba idemokhrasi ekhusela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ukuthetha ngeemeko ezikhoyo zokunganeliseki kwezoqoqosho, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, inkxalabo yezobuthemo-yom, kunye nokungagonophothotho kwimi yezobuthothothothothotho.

Isiphelo: Izifundo Ezingokwembali Zolawulo

Imbali yegunya likarhulumente libali lokuthethana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko, ulungelelwano nenkululeko. Ukusuka kwimithetho esemthethweni yaseMesopotamia yamandulo ukuya kwiinkqubo zokujonga ngamanani zenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu, isizukulwana ngasinye siye sabuzwa indlela yokulawula ulawulo lwesizwe ngeli xesha luthintela ukuhlahlela kwalo ngolawulo. Iinkqubo ezinkulu zezobugqeba, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ulawulo lomthetho, namalungelo abantu amela ezona zihlala zisemgangathweni woluntu kule ngxaki. Kodwa ezi zinto azinanto zikhuselekile. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sihlaziye ukuzinikela kwaso ukulinganisela, ukuphendula, nokuvavanywa kwamalungelo karhulumente, ukutshintsha kwemigaqo yolawulo-demo-zimutho, ukutshintsha iimeko zolawulo lwexesha laso. Ukuqonda ulawulo lwembali kunye nezobucuphini borhulumente asiyongomdlalo nje oluqhelekileyo; kodwa ezi zinto ezifunekayo kuluntu ezibonelelwa kuluntu ukuba zimele zimele zifumane inkululeko kuluntu, zimele zimele zimele zithwale iimbopheleleko, zimele ukuba singenelelo lobupolitivezwe, singene, si