Ukwakhiwa Kolawulo LwaseMerika: Ukujonga Okunenkcukacha KuMazwe, Urhulumente Namagunya Asekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wase-United States usebenza ngolwahlulo olulungelelanisiweyo lwegunya phakathi kwemigangatho emithathu eyahlukeneyo: urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nommandla. Le nkqubo, esekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States kunye neenkulungwane zokutolikwa komthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba amandla asasazwe kwaye alungelelaniswe. Kubemi, abafundisi- ntsapho, nabafundi, ukuqonda ngokuthe ngqo ukuba umgangatho ngamnye unako / kwaye akanako-ukuthi `u-dodo' ubaluleke ekuqondeni indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo, iinkonzo zinikezelwa ngayo, kwaye amalungelo akhuselwa. Eli nqaku linweba kumandla ombini womgangatho ngamnye karhulumente, lihlola iimbopheleleko zabo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye lihlolisisa ukunxibelelana okusebenza kobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Amandla karhulumente oManyano: Amagunya esiZwe kunye noMagunya oMgaqo-siseko

Urhulumente wesizwe ufumana igunya lakhe kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., onika igunya elikhethekileyo elibaluliweyo. La mandla ayilelwe ukusingatha imicimbi echaphazela uhlanga lonke, eqinisekisa ubudlelane kunye nokungaguquguquki kwemida yesizwe. Umlinganiselo wegunya lesizwe uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, ngemithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, nokusetyenziswa kwamandla achazwayo phantsi koMgangatho noMhleko kaCelako.

Amandla axhotyisiweyo

  • [[NKQUBO:0] ilawula ushishino lwamazwe angaphandle: iThe Commerce Claus (ICandelo I, Icandelo 8) inika iKhonkxa-mandla okulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe kunye namanye amazwe. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa ukuseka yonke into ukusuka kwimigangatho yengqesho ukuya kwimimiselo yemekobume echaphazela amashishini asebenza ngaphaya kwemigca yesizwe.
  • Ukuqulunqa imicimbi yamanye amazwe kunye nesivumelwano esenziwayo: UMongameli uthethana nengcebiso kunye nemvume yeBhunga leNtlanganiso, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe ulawula unxulumano lwezobuzwe, umela i-U.S. kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye usingatha imicimbi enjengezivumelwano zorhwebo kunye noncedo lwamazwe angaphandle.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Isivumelwano sokhuselo lwesizwe: iBhunga linamandla okubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukubonelela nokugcina imikhosi yamanzi, nokulawula imikhosi exhobileyo. ISebe lokhuselo, kunye namaqumrhu obulumko, lisebenza phantsi kwegunya lesizwe ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe.
  • Ukushicilela nokulawula imali: urhulumente wezwe ulawula imali ehlawulwayo, ulawula ixabiso layo, kwaye acwangcise inkqubo yemali ngenkqubo yeFederal Reserve System. Oku kuquka ukukhupha imali yase-U.S., ukumisela inzala, nokuvelela inkqubo yebhanki.
  • Ifaka imithetho yokufuduka neyokwemvelo: Kuphela ngurhulumente wezwe onokuthi agqibe ukuba ngubani ongena kweli lizwe, oba ngummi, kwaye phantsi kwazo naziphi iimeko ezingengobemi bakhona ezinokuhlala okanye zisebenze eUnited States. Le mithetho inyanzeliswa ngabameli abafana ne-Immigration neCFORT Encorganizetion (ICO) kunye ne-U.S.icityshishishinity kunye neeNkonzo zokwahlulwa kwabantu (USCIS).
  • imisa iinkundla zorhulumente nokuchaza ulawulo lwazo: Congress imisa iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo kwaye imisela iindidi zamatyala enokuviwa, kuquka ezibandakanya umthetho wezwe, imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe.
  • Ukhuseleko lwempahla yolwazi: Urhulumente wezwe unika imvume kunye noxwebhu olusemthethweni ukukhuthaza uhlaziyo nobuchule bokwakha, amandla adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko.

Amandla Afunekayo Nawasetyenzisiweyo

Ngapha koko kudweliswe amagunya, i-Necsary kunye ne-Fact Claus (INcaciso I, Icandelo 8, u-Claus 18) inika iNgqungquthela igunya lokudlulisela imithetho efunekayo ukuze iphumeze iimbopheleleko zayo ezibaliweyo. Le ngxelo ibisisiseko sezenzo zikarhulumente ezisuka ekumiseni ibhanki yesizwe ukulawula imipu kunye nokumisela umthetho wezonyango. Isigqibo sombambo oPhakamileyo kwi-MCulloch. Maryland[FLT:] [18]]]) yaqinisekisa ukuba uBhunga-mthetho-siseko sinokusebenzisa amandla okufeza imisebenzi yayo.

Umanyano lweSupremacy kunye noKhuselo

Umthetho woburhulumente u-Claus [I-Artle VI] uqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente yenziwa ukuba ihlale ingumthetho ophakamileyo, kwaye izivumelwano ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Xa urhulumente norhulumente ungquzulana, umthetho wesizwe usoloko ulawula ngokuqhelekileyo, imfundiso eyaziwa ngokuba kukukhutshwa kwesohlwayo. Noko ke, ulawulo lweSihlaziyo seshumi lokuLamla abaphathiswanga rhulumente karhulumente okanye abantu, udala uxanduva olunamandla olusoloko lusetyenziswa ziinkundla.

Amandla Karhulumente: Amagosa Agciniweyo Namagosa

Oorhulumente basebenza phantsi kweSichibiyelo seTenth , esigcinelwe kumagunya onke anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe okanye angavunyelwanga kumazwe. Eli thuba libanzi liquka amandla olawulo [[[FLT:]] ````igunya lokukhuthaza impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle eqhelekileyo. Amandla karhulumente abanzi kwaye achaphazela ngokunzulu ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zemeko

  • ilawula urhwebo lwamazwe: imisebenzi yorhwebo noshishino eyenzeka yonke kwimida yayo. Oku kuquka izifundiswa (oogqirha, amagqwetha, abachebi begazi), i-inshorensi, kunye neenkampani zolawulo kunye namaqumrhu omanyano.
  • Ukufundisa nokulawula oorhulumente basekuhlaleni: Amazwe adala ubalo, oomasipala, iilokishi, kunye nesithili ezikhethekileyo ngemithetho-siseko nangemimiselo yawo. Amisela amagunya, izakhiwo, nemida yala maqumrhu asekuhlaleni, asoloko ebizwa ngokuba yi "indalo yemo."
  • Unyulo olugunyazisayo: Amazwe anika ulawulo lwamazwe, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, kuquka ukumisela iimfuno zobhaliso, ukuyila isithili sovota, kunye nokuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo. Ngelixesha imithetho karhulumente imisela imigangatho esisiseko, amajelo anesibanzi esibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zonyulo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] ukumisa nokumisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho neyoburhulumente: izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zimisela imigaqo yesohlwayo, imithetho yendlela, imimiselo yomtshato neyoqhawulo-mtshato, kunye nemithetho yesivumelwano. Iinkundla zeRhulumente zikhupha impikiswano engokwasemthethweni, kuquka imicimbi yentsapho, imicimbi yempahla, kunye namatyala okwenzakala kobuqu.
  • Imfundo kawonke-wonke enika ingeniso: UHlaliso lweSindululo seshumi kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente ubeka uxanduva lokuqala lwemfundo kumaphondo. Iibhodi zemfundo yelizwe zimisela imigangatho yokufundisa, iimfuno zokufundisa, kunye neenkqubo zemali kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke K-12.
  • Ukukhangela ubuncwane bendalo kunye nomgangatho wemeko-bume: Amazwe alawula amalungelo amanzi, i-oyile kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi, imigodi, ukuloba, nokuzingela kwimimandla yawo. Amazwe amaninzi anamaziko awo okukhusela indalo anyanzelisa umgangatho womoya nomgangatho wamanzi, ngamanye amaxesha angaphezulu lee kwiimfuno zikarhulumente.
  • I-[FLT] ichaza umtshato, ukukhuliselwa komntwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nemithetho yokulifa, nangona urhulumente evuma umtshato omnye (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015) ebonisa indlela iinkundla zesebe ezinokuzikhusela ngayo iinkcazelo zikarhulumente.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko wakhe onokuthi unike amalungelo abanzi kunawomGaqo-siseko wase-U. umzekelo, eminye imiGaqo-siseko yorhulumente iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ilungelo lemfundo, lobumfihlelo, okanye lokhuseleko lwemeko-bume. Iindleko zamalungelo zikarhulumente zidla ngokwandisa ukhuseleko kubantu ngabanye ngaphaya kobuncinane borhulumente. Esi sakhiwo solawulo-rhulumente sivumela amagunya ukuba asebenze njengeenkonzo zedemokhrasi[, ukucutha nemigaqo enokuthi kamva isetyenziswe ngokwesizwe.

Amagunya karhulumente wasekuhlaleni: amagunya omgangatho woluntu neenkonzo

Oorhulumente bendawo ``Kuquka ubalo, izixeko, iidolophu, iilali, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo ezivela koorhulumente bamazwe. Abakhankanywanga kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kwaye igunya labo lichazwa ngumthetho karhulumente. Lo lwalamano, olulawulwa nguMthetho weDilton [, luthi, bawasebenzise kuphela loo mandla anikwe ngurhulumente okanye achazwe ngokuyimfuneko yiloo mvume. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye anika igunya lasekhaya elibanzi lomthetho kumasimi-master, ewavumela ukuba abe bhetyelele.

Imisebenzi Yangaphakathi Ebalulekileyo

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukugunyazisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni:[ Izixeko kunye nobalo-manani lungamisela imithetho ngengxolo, ukuhlahlela, imigaqo yokwakha, ulawulo lwezilwanyana, kunye nenkathazo kawonke-wonke. Le mithetho ithwala izigwebo kwaye inyanzeliswa ngamagosa asekuhlaleni kunye namagosa okunyanzelisa ikhowudi.
  • Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazisa izinto eziluncedo ezifana nokufunyanwa kwamanzi, unyango lokungcola, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Bakwagcina izitrato, iindlela zohambo, iipaki, nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke.
  • izikolo zikawonke-wonke zasekuhlaleni: izikolo, ngokufuthi ezizimeleyo kwisixeko okanye kurhulumente wengingqi, zisebenza phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. Iibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ziqesha abaveleli, uqingqo-mali oluvunyiweyo, zimisela izifundo zesikolo, kwaye zilawula iziko(iphondo) urhulumente kunye nemiyalelo karhulumente elawulayo ngokuqhubekayo ukubumba izigqibo zazo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nophuhliso: Amasiko okulungisa izinto alawula oko kunokwenziwa apho/indawo yorhwebo, ushishino, okanye ushishino. Ukucwangcisa kunye neebhodi zolungiso lwezindululo, ukhupho, imvume, kunye nokunyanzelisa imithetho yokusebenzisa umhlaba.
  • Iinkqubo zoncedo lwempilo yoluntu nokhuseleko: amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni anika ukugonywa, ukujongwa kwezifo, kunye nemfundo yempilo. Amasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye namasebe amapolisa anika ukhuseleko loluntu kumgangatho woluntu.
  • Ukulungiselela unyulo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni: Ngelixesha amazwe emisela imithetho yonyulo, amagosa onyulo asekuhlaleni alawula iindawo zokuvota, ubhaliso, nokubala konyulo lonke kulawulo lwawo.
  • Iprojekthi yeenkonzo zentlalo: Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko benikela iinkqubo ezixhotyiswe ngurhulumente ezifana neenkonzo zokukhusela abantwana, uncedo olungenamakhaya, kunye nenkathalo ephezulu, nangona inkxaso-mali kunye nemigaqo yemigaqo ivela kumgangatho ophezulu.

Ulawulo lwasekhaya luving. Umthetho ka Dillon

I-States yahluka ngokuthi zingangakanani izikhundla ezizinika indawo. umthetho wasekhaya unegunya lokusebenza nakuwuphi na umba ongayalelwanga ngumthetho karhulumente, lo gama [ I-Dillon's Umthetho [ amagunya angenza kuphela oko kugunyazisiweyo. Umzekelo, isixeko solawulo lwasekhaya singagqithisa umgaqo wobulali okanye isivalo seplastiki, ngexa isixeko soMthetho we-Dilton' sifuna ummiselo wegunya lokunika elo gunya. Utyekelo lungakulwandisa umthetho wasekhaya, kodwa ulawulo lwemeko lushiyekile.

Ukusebenzisana Nokuqhwaba Ngokugqithisileyo: Intsebenziswano Nengxabano

Ngenene, imigca phakathi kwamagunya orhulumente, orhulumente, nawobulali ayisoloko icacile. Iingingqi ezininzi zenkqubo zibandakanya yonke imiphakamiso emithathu esebenza kunye/okanye maxa wambi ikhuphisana. Ukuqonda la mandla ahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo imisebenzi yolawulo yale mihla.

Irhafu nengeniso

Umgangatho ngamnye umisela irhafu yawo, kodwa badla ngokuphindaphindeka. Irhafu yengeniso yemali efunyanwa ngoorhulumente ikho kunye nerhafu yengeniso kumazwe amaninzi (ngaphandle kwalawo angenayo irhafu yengeniso). Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, kwirhafu yentengiso, nakwimiqathango yerhafu. Imali yemali yesebe isetyenziswa kwizikolo.

Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Amagosa aseburhulumenteni (FBI, DEA, ATF) aphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamleza imida yorhulumente okanye oluchasene nomthetho karhulumente. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ajikeleza iindlela zelizwe kwaye anyanzelisa imimiselo karhulumente. Amapolisa asekuhlaleni asingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemihla ngemihla kuluntu lwawo. Ukutshutshiswa kwenzeka kuwo onke amanqanaba(amagqwetha asematyaleni) kwiinkundla zesithili, amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni, kunye nabatshutshisi basekuhlaleni kwiinkundla zikamasipala. Umthetho wokwamkelwa ngemikhosi kunye nolwabelano lolwazi luqhelekile, kodwa iimpikiswano zolawulo zinokuvela.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Oohola-ndlela abakhulu badla ngokwakhiwa ngemali karhulumente, begcinwa ngamasebe ezothutho, kwaye bedityaniswe kwiindlela zasekuhlaleni ezilawulwa zizixeko okanye izibalo. Izikhundla zenqwelo-moya, amazibuko, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke zifumana inkxaso-mali evela kuwo onke amaqondo amathathu. Inkqubo ye-Intertestate Highway [ ngumzekelo wokuqala wentlalo-ntle, kunye nemigangatho karhulumente, ulwakhiwo lwesizwe, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lwezintlukwano.

Impilo Kawonke - wonke Nempendulo Yexesha Lentlekele

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni umisela imigaqo ngoomeli abafana neCDC kwaye unika inkxaso-mali kumasebe ezempilo karhulumente. Ama-United States aphumeza iinkqubo ezifana ne-Medicaid, kunye namasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni anikela iinkonzo ezithe ngqo. Ngexesha longxamiseko(_iintlekele zemvelo, iindyikitya, okanye iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke) onke alungelelaniswa phantsi kwemiqathango efana neStafford Act kunye neNational Incident Management Management System. I-COVOVID ibalase amandla kunye noxanduva lwale nkqubo eyahlukeneyo.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

I-Evenvironmental Protection Agency (imekobume) imisela imigangatho yesizwe yomgangatho womoya namanzi, kodwa urhulumente usoloko enikela le migaqo ngeenkqubo ezinikezelweyo. Ama-odonga angamisela nemimiselo engqongqo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphatha ulawulo oluqinileyo lwenkunkuma, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi ombane, kunye nezigqibo zokusebenzisa umhlaba ezichaphazela imeko-bume. Utshintsho lwemozulu lubandakanya onke amanqanaba, ukusuka kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ukuya kumgangatho wokunciphisa isixeko.

Indaleko Neengxaki Zanamhlanje

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya luye lwavela ngomthetho ophawulayo, izigwebo zenkundla, kunye neenguqu zezentlalo. Ixesha elitsha le-Dabare landisa igunya lorhulumente kwezorhwebo nentlalo-ntle yabantu. Imo ye-Civil Rights Movement yowiso-mthetho yoqiniswe amandla okukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nocalulo lwaseburhulumenteni. Umbutho woTshato-nguquko wowe-1990 wabuyisela iimbopheleleko ezithile kumazwe, ezifana notshintsho lwezentlalo-ntle phantsi kocwangciso lwexeshanala lee-Presyly Families (TEF). Kutsha, ingxoxo yolawulo loburhulumente malunga nolawulo lwezempilo, ukulawulwa komdlalo, ukulawulwa komdla, kunye nemigangatho yemfundo.

Imingeni yangoku iquka ulawulo lwentsebenziswano yemali .] Uxinezeleko phakathi kwemali karhulumente kunye nenkululeko yorhulumente, kunye nokunyuka kwamadabi okukhulula apho amazwe amisela khona ummiselo wegunya lasekuhlaleni (umz., ukuvalela unyuko lwemivuzo encinane). Inkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka ichaza imida yamandla karhulumente kwiimeko ezibandakanya u-Classiaske, uHlunyulo lweshumi leSigqibo, kunye noMbenzo we-Claus.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukuqonda ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elinegunya kwimbambano ethile kunika abemi amandla okuxhasa ngokunempumelelo. Ummi oxhalabele imingxuma kufuneka aqhagamshelane nesebe lemisebenzi kawonke-wonke lasekuhlaleni, hayi nendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Umntu ofuna ukutshintsha imithetho yomtshato uza kubandakanyeka nabenzi bemithetho karhulumente. Ummi ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo yamanye amazwe uza kujolisa ingqalelo kwiBhungane kunye noMongameli. Ngokwazi umgangatho ofanelekileyo, abantu ngabanye banokujolisa inxaxheba kwabo kwezentlalo-rhulumente, baqhagamshelane nabameli, okanye baye kwiintlanganiso zikawonke wonke.

Le nkqubo igqunywe ngomaleko ikwathetha ukuba amalungelo neenkonzo zingahluka ngokwendawo. Inkululeko yokutshata nomntu wesini esifanayo ngoku iyafana kulo lonke ilizwe, kodwa ixesha lokusela elisemthethweni, imida yesantya, neminye imithetho emininzi eyahlukileyo kurhulumente ngokwemeko-bume. Amasiko ommandla kwimiqeshwa emfutshane, ingxolo, okanye ubunikazi bomzimba womntu angahluka kwingingqi enye. Abami kufuneka bahlale beyiphaphele imithetho esebenzayo kuluntu lwabo.

Isiphelo

Amandla orhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, worhulumente, nowasekuhlaleni akha inkqubo entsonkothileyo kodwa elungelelanisiweyo elungelelanisiweyo nomanyano. Urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ulawula imicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe, ulawula uludwe olubanzi lwenkqubo yasekhaya, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo zoluntu. Iimbopheleleko zabo ezabelwenayo kwimimandla efana nerhafu, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye nokukhuphiswano. Kumntu ofuna ukulungelelanisa ubomi boluntu, ukuqonda la magunya ahlukeneyo kodwa angenayo akukhona mfundo mfundo. [[FLT:] kuyafuneka ukuba abe ngummi abami abasebenzi abasebenzayo. okanye uphando olupheleleyo