Isiseko Samandla Karhulumente

Amandla karhulumente asuka kwimithombo emininzi echaza ubukhulu becala kunye nobungangamsha bayo. Owona mthombo uphambili kukuvuma kwegunya, umgaqo oboniswa ziinkcubeko ezifana noJohn Locke kunye noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, le mvume iboniswa ngonyulo, umelo, kunye nezivumelwano zomgaqo-siseko. Imiqathango yezomGaqo-siseko ichaza imida yegunya, echaza ukuba ngawaphi amasebe karhulumente anokusebenza kwaye phantsi kwayo na iimeko. Imizekelo embali ikwakheka amandla asuka kwimiqathango yenkundla yembali okanye kwimisebenzi yegunya ecwangco-mthetho emisela imimiselo yexesha elizayo. Iinkqubo zomthetho, kuquka imimiselo, nemimiselo, kunye nezivumelwano, iqinisekisa amagunya athe ngqo anikwe abameli namagosa-mikhosi. Ukuqonda ezi mithombo inceda abahlali ukuba bahlole enoba ngabaphi naphantsi kwiinjongo zabo kwimiqathango yayo.

Amandla karhulumente angahlelwa kwiintlobo eziliqela: uwiso-mthetho (ukwenza imithetho), ukuphatha (ukuphumeza imithetho), kunye nokugweba (ukuchaza imithetho). Uhlobo ngalunye luneembopheleleko ezahlukileyo kunye namandla okuxhatshazwa. Umzekelo, amandla owiso-mthetho anokusetyenziswa ukudlulisela imithetho ekwandiseni intlalo-ntle kawonke-wonke okanye imilanisa inkululeko yobuqu. Amandla olawulo lusoloko ebandakanya izindululo zongxamiseko, umkhosi, okanye ukwenziwa kwemithetho yolawulo. Amandla e-jajiko-mthetho amisela ukulawulwa kwemithetho esemthethweni-siseko kwaye anokusebenza njengovavanyo kwisiphazahlulelo. Ukwahlula amagunya, njengoko kufakwe kwimimiselo emininzi, kucetyelelwe ukunqanda nayiphi nayiphi na into engangeni igunya elingathintelwanga. Kodwa, ukuqheliselana, ukulinganisela phakathi kwezi nkonzo ezi sebe, ukutshintsha-andlalo, iingcinezelo zezobupolitika, iimbono zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke, neemeko.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

Umthetho uluphawu olwenza ukuba igunya likarhulumente lamkeleke ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kubemi. Ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa, igunya liyingxingoso. Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yokuba abantu bavume ukunikezela ngenkululeko ethile ukuze bakhuseleke. Xa urhulumente ephula esi sivumelwano (ngokwaphula amalungelo), ukungaphumeleli kokukhusela, okanye ukwenza ngokusemthethweni ngo-(ukugunyaziswa kwamandla awo kuyawaphelisa. Iinguqulelo zembali, ezinjengeNguquko yaseMerika okanye iMvukelo yaseFransi, zazigwetyelwa zizibanga ukuba abalawuli baye bashiya isiphelo sabo somnqophiso. Kulawulo-mthetho-mthetho lwanamhlanje, ukubekwa komthetho kuqiniswa ngonyulo lwezihlandlo ezithile, iijaji, ukuzimela, nokukhusela okuzimeleyo kwenkululeko. Noko ke, oorhulumente abasemthethweni kufuneka babonise rhoqo ukuba izenzo zabo zisebenzela uluntu olulungileyo, okanye baphulukan negunyazwa lulawulo lwabo.

Ukuchaza Ubuhle Babantu Bonke

Ingcamango yokulunga kukawonke-wonke iyaphikiswa ngokwemvelo. Ingcamango yoluntu ibandakanya ukufumaneka kwamanzi acocekileyo, umoya, nokutya; iinkqubo zemfundo kawonke-wonke; izibonelelo ezinjengendlela, ibhulorho, kunye ne-Internet kunye ne-internet. Embilinini yayo, ibhekisela kwiziphumo kunye neemeko ezinceda bonke abantu abahlala apho, hayi nje ezimbalwa. Ezi zinto ziquka ukufumaneka kwamanzi acocekileyo, umoya, nokutya; iinkqubo zemfundo zikawonke wonke; izinto ezifana nemisebenzi yendlela, iibhulorho, kunye ne-intanethi; iinkonzo zempilo; kunye nezokhuseleko lwemeko-bume. Ezi zinto zidla ngokuba ziluncedo ezingeyokungaxhomekekanga kwaye azithathi zizinto ezifanelekileyo, okokuba, ukusetyenziswa komntu akukuphelisi ukufikelela komnye umntu, kwaye kunzima ukukhusela nabani nabani nabani ekufikeleleni kuzo. Ingcebiso, i-Elhouse, i-orensirensi, kunye ne-orensitive, ne-o)

Noko ke, uluntu lulungile alumi ngamaxesha onke. Inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwamanani, kunye nokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo kungunda wokoqobo ogqalwa njengokubaluleka. Umzekelo, i-intanethi yamabhanki ebanzi ngoku ijongwa ngokubanzi njengezinto ezifanelekileyo ezifunekayo kuluntu ukuze kungenelwe uqoqosho kunye nezoluntu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwandisa umgangatho wokukhusela imekobume njengokhuseleko olulungileyo, lufuna intsebenziswano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Iingxoxo eziphathelele izinto zikawonke wonke ezinokugxininiswa kwimali ekhoyo: irhafuzo zerhafuzo zerhafuthe ekufuneka zijongwe kwizikolo ezimelene nenkqulekiso?

Ucelomngeni Lokubonakalisa Ubuhle Babantu Bonke

Enye ingcelele kukuba uluntu lungasetyenziswa ukuthethelela iinkqubo zolawulo olungqongqo. Iinkokeli zingathi ukucinezela ukungavumelani okanye ukulinganisela inkululeko kunceda “kulunge ngakumbi.” Imizekelo yembali iquka imigaqo-nkqubo yokuqokelela yeSoviet Union, egwetyelwe njengokuqhubekisa uluntu ngokubanzi kodwa ebangela indlala. Ngokufanayo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe luye lwasetyenziswa ukuthethelela iinkqubo zokuhlola iinkqubo eziphazamisana kwimfihlo. Idemokhrasi esempilweni ifuna ukuba ingcaciso yokulunga kwabantu ekuvulweni kwengxoxo, engabekwanga yimithetho ephakamileyo. Olunye ucelomngeni lukungachasana phakathi kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye neenkonzo ezimanyeneyo. Umzekelo, ukulwa nezifo ezasulelayo kunceda uwonke wonke, kodwa ukuqhathanga kwemithetho esemthethweni i-ogconsole. Ukudibanisa ezi migaqo-mthetho kusenokuphikisana nokukhuphisana nokukhuphisana.

Imbambano Phakathi Kwegunya Nembopheleleko

Igunya libhekisela kwilungelo elisemthethweni lokusebenzisa igunya; imbopheleleko ibhekisela kwimbopheleleko yokusebenzisa elo gunya ngokwendlela efanelekileyo nangempumelelo. Ukuxinezeleka kuvela xa iinkokeli zikarhulumente zimisela igunya lokugcina igunya phezu kokuphumeza iimbopheleleko zazo. Oku kungabonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ukusebenzisa ubuncwane borhulumente ukuze kufumane inzuzo yobuqu, ukungabuhoyi ubungqina obungokwenzululwazi ekwenzeni inkqubo, okanye ukucinezela inkcaso yokuhlala unegunya. Ukuhlisa oku, ubuchule bokuphendula ityala kubalulekile. Ukuphendula kwamagosa karhulumente ngezenzo zawo kwabanye abantu okanye kwamanye amasebe. Ukhuthumelo luluhlobo oluthe ngqo lokuziphendulela, kodwa alwanelanga ukuba ngabavoti bengenalwazi. REVERight Transhouse, iingxelo, ova kawonke, kunye nooperalces jces shoreations shorts shorts shore orces shore or)

Enye into engundoqo ngumthetho, odibanisa izenzo zikarhulumente kwiinkqubo zomthetho. Xa iinkokeli zisebenza ngaphezulu komthetho, igunya liba lizimele. Iijaji ze- Independent zifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni umthetho, ukuqwalasela izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu nomthetho womgaqo-siseko. Imibutho yezentlalo yabemi, njengamaqela ajongileyo namalungelo abantu, ikwathi oorhulumente baphendule ngokubhenela ngokubhenela kwizenzo zokungalungisi nokukhuthaza utshintsho. Ukuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente ekulawuleni izakhiwo zedolophu, ukuphawula amaxesha, ukuqwalasela ikomiti yezolawulo-demokhrasi, kunye nokuqinisekisa amanyathelo afana nokubhekisa i-entathematilo-masmes-ne, kwaye inika abami bemibutho eencwadi e-othentiums, kunye nemigaqo echaphazelayo kwizigqibo ezichaphazela bona kuphela. Ezi zikwaneendleko zokuzibondayo zokuzinzisa iimbono zotshintsho zemithetho-mthetho.

Ukufundisisa Ngemeko: Amandla Exesha Lentlekele Nemida Yawo

Ngexesha leengxaki, oorhulumente badla ngokusebenzisa igunya elandayo ukuze bakhusele ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amazwe amaninzi abeka imiqathango yokuzibophelela, imiqathango yokuhamba, kunye nemiyalelo yokuvala amasigqubuthelo. La manyathelo ayegwetyelwe njengokusebenza okulungileyo koluntu ngokunciphisa ukugqithisela nokuthintela ukugqithisela kwenkqubo yempilo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamisekileyo kwaphakamisa amatyala okuhlasela ukhuseleko. Abanye oorhulumente basebenzisa indyikitya yokuhlasela njengerhintyelwa kwemiqathango yokuphelisa abachasi bezobupolitika okanye ukuvala inkululeko. EHungary, uMphathiswa wezomkhosi uVioccioclerál Orbán wasebenzisa umthetho wexesha likaxakeka, ukujongelal ’ ukujongana nokugxeka okucacileyo kwemithetho ecacileyo elawula ulawulo olungxamisekileyo, nokuzimela ngokwawo lwexesha eliphakathi kwezenzo ze-ofisi ze-ofisi zexesha elisisigxina.

Uhlolisiso Lwembali Ngetyala: Ukuphumelela Nokusilela

Uhlolisiso lwembali lufundisa ulawulo lwangoku. Elinye ibali lempumelelo kukusekwa kwenkqubo yonyango lukawonke-wonke kumazwe amaninzi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kulo Bukumkani boMntlalo weSizwe, iNkonzo sezeMpi Yonyango (NHS) yasekwa ngo-1948 ngomgaqo wokuba ukunyamekela impilo kuyinto elungileyo kubantu bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yimali ehlawulwa yiyiphi. Urhulumente wasebenzisa igunya lakhe lokuhlawula irhafu kunye nokukhupha ubuncwane, kwaye wabeka imbopheleleko yokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwehlabathi lonke. Oku kwaphucula ubomi kunye nokuncitshiswa kwempilo. Ngokufanayo, i-New Healthment eUnited States ngexesha loLawulo oluKhulukhulu lolawulo lwasebenzisa amandla karhulumente ukudala imisebenzi, ukwakha izibonelelo (njenge HoverDam), kunye nokumisela ukhuseleko. Ezi nkqubo zaxhaswa kwaye zibonisa indlela yokusetyenziswa kwegunya elilungele uluntu.

Ngokuchaseneyo, ukungaphumeleli koluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe ukungenelela kugxekwe kakhulu. Oku kusilela kolawulo lukarhulumente kukusabela kwiSiphepho uKatrina ngo-1995, apho urhulumente engazange aphumelele ekufezekiseni iimbopheleleko zakhe, apho ukulungiselela nokucotha kobundlobongela obungunobugxalaba kumaTutsi. Oku kusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kwaphumela ekufeni kwamakhulu amawaka amawaka abantu. Oku kusilela kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ukungenelela. Oku kusilela kokungathobekiyo kukuphumelela kweSiphepho uKatrinat ngo-2005, apho urhulumente engazange anele ukulungiselela nokucombulula iziphumo ezibangela intlekele. Le ntlekele yatyhila ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo ephambili, umanyano, ulawulo olufanelekileyo, kunye nokuhlala phantsi kolawulo. Xa oorhulumente bengayiphumeleli iimbopheleleko zabo, iziphumo.

Izifundo Ezivela Kubaphathi

Ulawulo loburhulumente lunikela izilumkiso malunga namandla angathintelwayo. KumaNazi eJamani, urhulumente wasebenzisa iingcamango zobugxwayiba, amapolisa afihlakeleyo, kunye neenkampu zoxinaniso ukunyanzelisa ukuthanda kwayo, ekwala okulungileyo kukawonke-wonke ekuvumeleni iinjongo zengqiqo. Kulo Siriya yanamhlanje, ulawulo lwe-Assad lusebenzise izixhobo zemichiza kunye neebhombu zemigqomo zokwenza amajoni amajoni amajoni azimeleyo phantsi kobuvutho bobuzwilakhe, ebangela amanqam. Le mikhosi ibonisa ukuba ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, amandla okonakala. Noko ke, kwanolawulo-demokhrasi aluzikhuselanga ekukhukuliweni kwemithetho yedemo-demokhrasi kumazwe afana ne-Hungary nePoland. Ngokutshona kwe-mediadiam, ukupheliswa komthetho, ukupheliswa kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-ntle, kunye nokulawulwa kwemibutho labantu.

Ubandakanyeko Lomsebenzi

Umanyano lwabemi oluthenjiweyo lusenokuba lolona lunempumelelo ekudibaniseni urhulumente ophakamile. Ukubhaliswa kwe-bic kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunokuvota; kuquka ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukubhalela abameli, ukudibana namaqela okungathathi-nxaxheba, ukugxambukela ekuvukeleni, nokuzimela isikhundla. Kwidemokhrasi emiselweyo, abemi bakhuthazwa ukuba bavavanye ii-ntengiso kwaye banikele igalelo ekwenzeni inkqubo yomthetho. Amaziko e-azibonelelo-tentali andise amathuba okudibana: i-e-paneaply, i-intanethi, kunye namaphulo zixhobo eendaba akhuthaza amanani amakhulu abantu. Noko ke, ukubhaliswa kwamanani kukwakunyelwa kwamaqela asekuhlaleni kukwahla, njengamagumbi eentloko nenkcazelo e-tellech. Ukuphumelela kwezeculi ekufumaneni ulwazi, ukubhalisa ulwazi, ukufunda nokubhala, kunye namaziko aquququ

Intshukumo echasene ne-asroot eMzantsi Afrika iye yabangela iinguqu ezibalulekileyo ngokwembali. IMbutho yamaLungelo eBala elinguMbutho eUnited States isebenzise ukuqhankqalaza okungenabundlobongela, imingeni esemthethweni, kunye nocwangciso loluntu ukunyanzela ukuba kumiselwe umthetho owaphelisa ukwahlulwa kohlanga nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo okukhusela ukuvota. Intshukumo elwa nokukhuselwa kwe-asparid eMzantsi Afrika ibonise ukuba oorhulumente bangaba netyala kwaye balungisele okulungileyo. Kuba intsebenzi abanjalo kufuneka bakhuselwe phantsi komthetho wentetho eshukumanyeneyo, kwaye kufuneka bathotyelwe phantsi koorhulumente abathobileyo. Xa benyanzele amalungelo abo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba: Imizekelo

Abanye oorhulumente baye benza iindlela ezisesikweni zokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke. EBrazil, uqingqo-mali lokuncedisa luvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe indlela yokwabelana ngemali kamasipala, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisiseko esingcono nokuncitshiswa kwentlawulo. EIceland, inkqubo yokuzihlaziya okudibeneyo okungumgqeba-siseko ebandakanya abemi abaqhelekileyo ekwenzeni umgaqo-siseko omtsha (nakuba ekugqibeleni awuzange wamkeleke). Olu vavanyo lubonisa ukuba xa uluntu lunikwa amandla okwenene, izigqibo ziyasabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokwako kusenokusetyenziswa xa abaphathi bomthetho-mthetho-siseko belawula inkqubo. Izivumelwano zokwenyaniso zifuna ukuba onke amazwi, ingakumbi abo baceliweyo, balingana namathuba okuviwa.

Iingxaki Zanamhlanje Nemfuneko Yokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ulawulo lweziko lujongene nocelomngeni olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili oluvavanya ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya noxanduva. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kufuna ungenelelo lukarhulumente kwizikali ezingakaveliyo, ukusetyenziswa kwegesi, ukuhlaziywa kobuchule obungahlaziyiweyo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuzivumelanisa. Kodwa, ukungenelela okunjalo kunokubonwa njengokuphazamisa inkululeko yezoqoqosho okanye ukhetho lobuqu (umz., imiqathango yokungavumelani kwezithuthi zepetroli). Inkcimbi yemozulu ifuna ungenelelo lwe-CHOID oludaye-19 olubhenswe kumandla karhulumente nokuthembeka. Amazwe anokuthenjwa kakhulu, njengoMzantsi Korea naseNew Zealand, ayakwazi ukuqhuba imilinganiselo yempilo yoluntu ngokuthotho lwezibulali ngokuthobela. Ngokwahlukileyo kokuchasana nokuthintela imichiza-chiza. Umlinganiselo wamanani kufuneka abonise imingeni yezo yezolwazi ukuba akhusele iinpolitivel-codioser, kodwa asebenzise imigaqo zokuthetha.

Olunye ucelomngeni lwale mihla kukwanda kokungalingani. Xa iinkqubo zikarhulumente zithe zahluka ngokwemfundo, izinto ezintle zikawonke-wonke ziyathotywa. Umbutho we-Occupy Wall Street kunye nesiphithiphithi sezobupolitika esilandelayo zibonisa imbono yokuba oorhulumente basebenzisa igunya kunokuba basebenze izinto ezizizo zonke. Ukungalingani kufuna ukunyuswa kwerhafu okuqhubekayo, iminatha eqinileyo yokhuseleko, kunye nokuveliswa kweempahla zikawonke wonke ezifana nemfundo kunye nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo. Noko ke, ulwamdlamkelo olunamandla lusoloko luchasa amanyathelo anjalo. Ukulungele ukulingana phakathi kwegunya kunye nembopheleleko ekugqibeleni kumele kuqaphele ukuba igunya likho ukuba alithathi calathi cala; kungasetyenziswa ukunciphisa okanye ukwandisa ukungalingani. Umvoti wonyuswa ngolwazi umele aqinisekise ukuba igunya lixhamke kubo bonke.

Indima Yeziko Ehlabathini Lonke

Iimpahla zikawonke-wonke zehlabathi lonke .ezinjengolawulo lwemozulu, ukuphaphazela kwezifo ezimandundu, kunye nokuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nentle kawonke-wonke lunamandla kwaye luphikiswa. Igunya liyimfuneko ukwenzela oorhulumente ukuba banikeze iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo, bakhusele amalungelo, baphendule kwiimeko ezinzima. Kodwa, ngaphandle koxanduva `embono-embono, ukuphendula, kunye nomthetho we-(austhority) luyingozi. Abahlali abakho phantsi kwemi; banegalelo elisebenzayo kwinkqubo eqhubekayo yokuqwalasela imida yamandla. Ukuphumelela nokungaphumeleli kwembali kunika ukhokelo, kodwa isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka silungelelanise ezi zifundo nomo-mongowaso. Kwixesha lokuguquka ngokukhawuleza, ukusuka ekuphazamiseni kwemozulu, imfuneko yokufikelela kolungelelaniso, ingxamiseko efuna ukuphendula, ukukhuthaza ukuqulungelana kweenkcazelo ezintle, urhulumente uluntu, uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ulungelelo lwalo lwalo lwalo lonke uluntu.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela ezi zinto zilandelayo: uJohn Locke's USELESTITISTY SEATTY of Government inikezela ngeembono ezisisiseko kwimvume negunya; Isindululo esingavumelaniyo samaLungelo oluntu [ sichaza amalungelo oorhulumente abamele bawaxhase; [[FLT:]] umba lwe-Economicum uhlolo lwe-emali ekhompyutheni ngexesha lobunzima; [[FLT6]] ne-octractive International [[FLTLT:7]] inika ukuqonda kobutyala nokonakala. Ezi zinto zinganceda ukuqondwa kocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lwegunya eliphakathi lobugcinelo lwetyala.