Amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe nokugunyazisa ukungenelela komkhosi umi njengenye yamagunya aphambili aphathiswe indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Eli gunya, elisekelwe kwiinkulungwane zeengcamango zezobupolitika kunye nomGaqo-siseko, lisebenza njengelibalulekileyo ekuhloleni amabhongo aphezulu kunye nesixhobo sokukhusela inkqubano yedemokhrasi. Xa ipalamente okanye ingqungquthela igqiba ukubeka uhlanga kwimfazwe, liqhelisela isenzo solawulo esibangela ukuba ukhuseleko lwesizwe lungakhuselwa ngqo, ubuncwane bemali, kunye nobomi babemi. Ukuqonda iziseko ezisemthethweni, indaleko, imbali, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwale mihla yamandla emfazwe kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela isantya esilungeleneyo nesolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ngaphaya kwemimiselo eyahlukeneyo yomgaqo-siseko, indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho ekwenzeni imfazwe iyahluka, kodwa umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala ungaguquguquki: izigqibo eziphathelele imfazwe noxolo azifanele zihlale ezandleni zomphathi omnye. Kumazwe afana neUnited States, iJamani, iJapan, neFransi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ihlala inegunya elisesikweni lokubhengeza imfazwe okanye ukugunyazisa umkhosi, njengoko intsebenziswano yempangelo yosuku ukuya kutsho kusuku loxolo. Olu lwahlulo lwamandla lwenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba isenzo somkhosi siya kubonakalisa ukusetyenziswa kweqela labantu, hayi umgwebo wenkokeli omnye. Kodwa ukuqhelisela, umgca phakathi kogunya lomthetho kunye nolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo lwasehlabathini luye lwandala ngokushwa, ingakumbi kwimisebenzi yexesha lokusebenza kwemfazwe yemfazwe yesibini.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa amandla emfazwe yendlu yowiso-mthetho esuka kwii-engile ezininzi: iimvelaphi zayo zomGaqo-siseko, ukuthelekisa, uphando olungundoqo lwembali, imingeni yamaxesha afana nemisebenzi ye-intanethi kunye ne-drone, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga notshintsho. Ngokuyandisa ngaphaya koshwankathelo lwantlandlolo, sinikela uhlalutyo olubanzi olufanelekileyo kubenzi bemithetho, abaphengululi, kunye nabemi abathenjiweyo ngokufanayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho

Isicwangciso esisemthethweni sokuvakalisa imfazwe sisuka kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, unika kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 lokuba iKhomishini izakuba namandla "ukuvakalisa imfazwe, inike iiLeta zeMarque neReprisal, kwaye yenze iMithetho malunga neBhabhile kwilizwe namanzi. Eli binzana lalikukusabela okungqalileyo kwigunya lokumkani waseBritani ukwenza imfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yepalamente, isikhalazo esibalaseliswa kuSindululo seNtlanganiso. Abalawuli bawa bafaka ngabomfele amandla emfazwe kwiBhunga, isebe elikufuphi nabantu, ngexa besenza uMongameli-Chin yemikhosi yemikhosi exhobileyo phantsi kweSiganga II, iCandelo 2.

Ezinye idemokhrasi zamkela izahlulo ezifanayo. EJamani, uMthetho oPhakathi ufuna imvume yepalamente nawaphi na amajoni axhobileyo kwelinye ilizwe, nangona isindululo esisemthethweni semfazwe sisetyenziswa. Umgaqo-siseko wemfazwe wangasemva kwemfazwe wale Japan ulahla imfazwe ngokungqalileyo kwaye ufuna uDiet uvumo lokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi ye-Uziqualo-Defense. UMgaqo-siseko waseFransi weRiphabliki yeFinFrebra ufuna urhulumente ukuba azise kwaye afune ugunyaziso kumkhosi ohlala ixesha elingaphezu kweenyanga ezine. La malungiselelo abonisa ukuvunywa komthetho womthetho wokulwambutho womkhosi kunye nokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lwephondo.

Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ukwamisa imiqathango. ITshata yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, evunyiwe ngamazwe amaninzi, iyakwalela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi ngaphandle kokuzikhusela okanye ngokugunyaziswa kweBhunga loKhuseleko. Nangona iSicatshulwa singayaleli ukuba kubekho ulwabelo lwasekhaya lwamagunya emfazwe, idala imekobume esemthethweni ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho xa zigunyazisa. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi uquka izibophelelo zesivumelwano, ufuna ngokunempumelelo iziko lowiso-mthetho-mthetho ukuba uqinisekise ukuthobela umthetho wezizwe zonke phambi kokuba uqhube imikhosi.

Key amanqaku:

  • UMgaqo - siseko waseUnited States unika iNkomfa amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, kodwa uMongameli uyalela umkhosi.
  • IJamani ifuna imvume yeBoundstag kwizakhiwo zaphesheya.
  • IFransi igunyazisa ipalamente ukuba ingenelele kwiinyanga ezingaphaya kwezine.
  • ISicatshulwa seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo sithintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwimiqathango yokuzikhusela okanye kwiBhunga loKhuseleko.

Ukuphuhliswa kwembali kwamandla emfazwe yomthetho

Ingcamango yokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho mayilawule ukwenziwa kwemfazwe yavela ekuqaleni kwexesha lale mihla njengenxalenye yombutho obanzi kurhulumente wabameli. ENgilani, iGlorious Revolution yonyaka ka1688 yanciphisa amandla okumkani okugcina umkhosi omileyo ngaphandle kwemvume yepalamente, imisela umgaqo wokuba "amandla esingxowa-mali" akhangele iphulo lomkhosi. Abalawuli bama-komane baseMerika bawuzuz ’ ilifa lo mgaqo-siseko omtsha.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19, izibhengezo zowiso-mthetho zemfazwe zaziyisithethe. Ingqungquthela yavakalisa imfazwe ngo1812 nxamnye neBritane, ngo1846 nxamnye neMexico, ngo1898 nxamnye neSpeyin, nango1917 ngokuchasene neJamani. Isindululo ngasinye sandulelwa yingxoxo enkulu nevoti esemthethweni. UMongameli, ngoxa wayeqhuba imisebenzi yomkhosi, wasebenza phantsi kwesambulela esisemthethweni sogunyaziso somthetho. Le nkqubo yabanjwa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye neBhunga leMibutho elalibhengeza imfazwe eJapan ngoDisemba 8, 1941, kwaye ekugqibeleni ngeJamani naseItali.

Ithuba lasemva konyaka ka1945 laphawula ukutshintsha okuphawulekayo. Umongameli weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye nomongo wemfazwe yomlomo wakhuthaza "izenzo zobupolitika" kunye "nemisebenzi yokugcina uxolo" eyabhabha izibhengezo ezisesikweni. Imfazwe yaseKorea (1950-1953) yagunyaziswa liBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, hayi sisaziso sombutho-ngqungquthela. UMongameli uHarry Truman wacaphula iCarderer kunye namandla omfuno kaMongameli njengeNkulumbuso-i-Chiefe. Oku kwamisela umzekelo wokungenelela kolawulo lomkhosi olawulayo, kamva walandelwa eVietnam, eBalkans, eLibya, kunye nemfazwe ebanzi kwi-ARTH.

Imimiselo esemthethweni kulo lonke ihlabathi elungelelaniswe ngokudlulisa izigunyaziso zokusetyenziswa komkhosi (AMFs) endaweni yezindululo ezisemthethweni. EUnited States, iGulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) egunyazileyo uMongameli uLyndon Johnson ukuba athabathe "onke amanyathelo afunekayo" kuMzantsi mpuma Asia, ngokunempumelelo ukunikezela amandla emfazwe kaBhunga kumphathi-mikhosi. Isigqibo semfazwe yowe-1973 sazama ukuphinda sibekwe eburhulumenteni ngokufuna ukuba uMongameli wamazwe azise iiyure ezingama-48 zemikhosi nokususa amajoni emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga eligunyazwe livunyelwe ukuba liqhubeke libotshwa.

[[UMTL:0] Incopho yeNkqubela-phambili:

  • 1689:[ IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo ithintela ukuma komkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yepalamente.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0]1787: umGaqo-siseko wase-US ufaka amandla emfazwe kwiBhunga.
  • [[UMTL:0]1945: Isivumelwano seUN somda owenziweyo ngaphandle kwemfazwe.
  • 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution inyusa igunya eliphetheyo.
  • 1973: Amagunya emfazwe Isigqibo senzame zokubuyisela ulawulo lombutho.
  • [[UMTL:0]2001: Igunya lokusebenzisa umkhosi (AMF) nxamnye nabagrogrisi.

Inkqubo zoMthetho ezithelekisayo

Ngeli xesha iUnited States isoloko ilawula iingxubusho zamandla emfazwe, amanye amazwe anikela umahluko ofundisayo. Kudala kudala umgaqo-siseko weNkulumbuso kunye neKhabhinethi isebenzisa igunya lobukumkani ukumisa imikhosi exhobileyo. Noko ke, ukususela kwimfazwe ye-Iraq yowama-2003, indibano yezomGaqo-siseko iye yavela ifuna imvume engqukuva ukuba inyathelo lomkhosi lihambele phambili. Indlu yamaCommons ivote ngo 2003 ukugunyazisa ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq, kwaye ngo-2013 yakwala igatya ukushukulwa kwendlela yokugunyazisa ukuhlasela i-Araq, inyanze urhulumente ukuba atshintshe indlela. Lo mjikelelo, nangona ingazange idityaniswe kumthetho, ibonisa ukunyuka kobunzima obuqhelekileyo kwemvume yomthetho.

EKhanada, urhulumente kufuneka afune imvume esemthethweni nawaphina amajoni ahlala kumazwe angaphandle iintsuku ezingaphaya kwama-60, njengoko kuqinisekiswe kwisakhiwo sentshukumo sangowama-2008. Ukuzinikela kweKhanada kumsebenzi eAfghanistan kwaxutyushwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye kwavotelwa kwiNdlu yeCommons. I-Australia ilandela umlinganiselo ofanayo: ngeli xesha iRhuluneli-Jiner njengeNkulumbuso-in-Chief kuthethwa ukuba ibambe amandla, urhulumente olandelelanayo ufuna ipalamente yemvume yovumo olukhulu, kuquka i-Iraq ngo 2003 kunye ne-Iraq/Syriaa iphulo elichasene ne-ISSIS ngo-2014.

ISiseko soMthetho waseJamani, Inqaku le 115a, lifuna isigqibo esisesikweni sepalamente so "isimo sokhuselo" (imfazwe). Kwinkundla yezomGaqo-siseko weFederal yagqiba ngo1994 ukuba nayiphi na imikhosi exhobileyo yaseJamani kwilizwe langaphandle ifuna imvume yangaphambili yeBundestag, ngaphandle kokuba kukho ingozi ekufuphi. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiingxoxo ezineenkcukacha kunye neevoti kwiinkonzo eKostanti, Afghanistantistani, kunye neMali. Imfuno imfuneko maxa wambi iye yanciphisa iimpendulo kodwa inyusa igunya ledemokhrasi.

Umgaqo-siseko waseJapan, Inqaku le-9, lilahla imfazwe kunye nesisongelo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla njengendlela yokucombulula iingxabano zezizwe ngezizwe. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oku kusikelwe umda kweMikhosi Yokuzikhusela ngokwayo kwiindima ezingqongqo. Ukususela ngo- 2015, ukucaciswa ngokutsha kunye nomthetho kuye kwavumela ukusetyenziswa kweqela elisikelwe umda lokuzigcina uxolo, kodwa nakuphi na ukuthunyelwa kwawo kufuna uDiet. Amava eJapan abalaselisa indlela abumba ngayo amandla omthetho-siseko okwakha imfazwe.

Iingenelo Zolawulo Lomthetho Ngaphezu kwesenzo somkhosi

Ulawulo lomthetho lokwenza imfazwe lunika iingenelo ezininzi zekonkrithi eziqinisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nobuchule.

Umthetho wedemokhrasi nokuphendula

Xa intlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ivumela ukuphunyezwa komkhosi, isigqibo sifumana ilungelo elisemthethweni kubameli abanyuliweyo babantu. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi loluntu, umlamleli ngoomameli babo, liviwa ngaphambi kokuba igazi nobuncwane bunikelwe. Ukuphendula kuyenzeka kuba abamisi-mthetho banokuvotelwa ngenxa yokuxhasa okanye ukuchasa imfazwe. Izigqibo zolawulo zingenalo olujelo lungqalileyo lokuphendula.

Ukuzimisela Nobulumko Bokuqokelela

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inyanzelisa ukuba kumiswe inyathelo lokuqwalasela. IiKomiti zibamba iindlebe, amangqina obuchule, kunye neengxoxo zomgangatho eziphikisanayo. Olu cwangciso lungatyhila iingcamango eziphosakeleyo, iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, nokuvelisa izigqibo ezithe ngqo. Ukusilela ukuphikisana ngokupheleleyo ngezakhiwo zemfazwe ye-Iraq kwiZiko le-US ngo- 2002 kudla ngokucatshulwa njengelungu elinegalelo ekucebiseni iimpazamo emva kwemfazwe.

Ukugunyaziswa Okusemthethweni

Ugunyaziso olusemthethweni lomthetho lunika isiseko esisemthethweni somsebenzi womkhosi, esiyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuthotyelwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokhuseleko lomthetho wasekhaya. Ivoti ecacileyo ikwacacisa ububanzi kunye nexesha lomsebenzi, ukuthintela umsebenzi oqhutyelwa phambili. Umzekelo, i-AUMF echasene no-al-Qaeda yowama-2001 itolikiwe ngokubanzi ukugquma amaqela afana ne-ISSIS, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungacacanga ngokwasemthethweni. Ugunyaziso olungakumbi lungaluphepha ubalo olunzulu olunjalo lokufundwa.

Uphatho oluphezulu

Imfazwe ibiza imali eninzi. Ulawulo lomthetho kuqingqo-mali lunika indlu yowiso-mthetho isixhobo esinamandla sokuphembelela inkqubo yomkhosi. Ukwala ukufikelela kwiimali ezifanelekileyo zongquzulwano kungayiphelisa ngokunempumelelo, njengokuba kwenzeka ekurhoxeni kwe-US eVietnam emva kweBhunga leMbutho lanciphisa inkxaso-mali ngo-1973. Amandla emali axhasa amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, edala umaleko ophindo-mthetho ophindiweyo.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwegunya Lemfazwe

Ngaphandle koncedo lwayo, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho kukwenziwa kwemfazwe lujongene nokugxekwa okubalulekileyo nokusesikweni.

Ukucotha kwiMpawu

Uphando lomthetho lungacotha kakhulu kwimpendulo ekhawulezileyo kuhlaselo okanye kwingxaki ekhula ngokukhawuleza. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, izisongelo zingavela ngeeyure, hayi iiveki. Ukuvota kombutho phambi kokuziphindezela i-nethwekhi yabagrogrisi okanye ukusabela ekuhlaseleni ngekhompyutha kungashiya uhlanga lubhentshwe. Abaxhasi begunya likarhulumente baphikisa ukuba uMyaleli-ekhohlo kufuneka athathe inyathelo lokuqala aze afune ugunyaziso kamva.

Ukwahlukana Kwezobupolitika

Ulwahlulo olunzulu olungumqobo lungaphazamisa ukuphunyezwa komthetho. Ukuba iBhunga alivumelani nokuba ligunyazise uthumo, iqumrhu eliphetheyo lingathatha inyathelo lingaze liphinde liphendule konke konke. Ivoti ka-2013 yokuhlasela kwe-Syria kwiNdlu yase-US neBhalume yabonisa indlela ukuthamba kwezopolitiko okungaluthintela ngayo ugunyaziso naxa uMongameli ecela ukuba lugwetywe. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukungathathi nxaxheba kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kusenokuba yivoti engalunganga.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kolawulo kunye nokuphumeza isiphelo

Abaphathi-mikhosi baye bavelisa iindlela ezininzi zokugqitha amagunya owiso-mthetho. Bangachaza imisebenzi njenge "ii-ovential mentations," "uqeqesho lwee-oventies," okanye "uhlaselo lobuphengululi belizwe" oluwela ngaphantsi komnyango wemfazwe. Bangasebenzisa izigunyaziso ezikhoyo, basebenzise imikhosi ekhethekileyo ngokufihlakeleyo, okanye baxhomekeke kumaqabane amazwe ngamazwe ukulungiselela ukugquma. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-drone ePakistan, eYemen, naseSomalia, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kocwangciso-luvo lwamaquluni, ezi ziphelo ziphela.

Unyanzelo lwemfazwe nento enzima

Yintoni ebaluleke njengemfazwe? Umgca phakathi kwemfazwe, ukugcina uxolo, ukulwa ubuphekula, kunye nesenzo samapolisa ubonakala ngathi awuchananga. Uhlaselo lweCyber olubangela umonakalo womzimba ofanayo luphakamisa imibuzo efanayo. Imithetho izama ukuchaza xa ugunyaziso lwayo lufuneka. Isigqibo se-War Powers Resolution se-"Origies" sicaciswe ngokungaqondakaliyo, senza iingcinga-mbilini zazo zingaqiniseki. Oku kuvumela abalawuli ukuba basebenze kwimimandla engwevubayo.

Uphando lwetyala: Ugunyaziso olungokwasemthethweni

Imfazwe yaseVietnam (1955 - 1975)

Akukho ngxoxo yamandla owiso-mthetho apheleleyo ngaphandle kweVietnam. IGulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) yadluliswa ngokulinganayo emva kwengxelo yohlaselo olungaphangwanga nguMtshabalalisi wase-US, kamva yatyhilwa ukuba iyalahlekisa. Esi sigqibo sanika uMongameli Johnson igunya elibanzi "lokuthabatha onke amanyathelo afunekayo ukugxotha naluphi na uhlaselo lwezixhobo" ngaphandle kovumo olusemthethweni lwemfazwe. Oku kwaba lulungiso lweziko lwemfazwe enkulu. Ngowe 1973, iBhunga lalahlekelwa lukholo lwaza ladlulisela iSigqibo semfazwe phezu koMongameli Nixon'sveto, kodwa imfazwe yaqhubeka iminyaka emibini. iVietnam ime njengentsoli ethetha ngemigunya elingentle nemithetho ecacileyo.

Imfazwe YaseGulf yowe - 1991

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush wafuna waza wafumana isigunyaziso esicacileyo sokusebenzisa umkhosi ngokuchasene ne-Iraq emva kokuhlasela kwayo iKuwait. Isigqibo sagqitha iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala 52-47 kunye neNdlu yeNdlu 250-183 emva kwengxoxo enzima. Uvotelo lwalandelwa lumlinganiselo ongqongqo weentsuku ezingama-60 odityaniswe kwizigqibo ze-UN. Lo mzekelo usoloko ucatshulwa njengemo lwendlela inkcitho yemithetho elawulayo enokulola ngayo inkqubo yomthetho ize yakhe ixhase uluntu phambi kongenelelo olukhulu.

Intlalo - ntle yaseLibya (2011)

UMongameli uBarack Obama wakhupha inqwelo-moya echasene nemikhosi karhulumente waseLibyan ngoMatshi 2011 phantsi kwesigqibo se-UN Security Council esigunyazisa "zonke iinyathelo ezifunekayo" zokukhusela abemi. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwaphikisa ukuba umsebenzi wawungeyo "indawo ezilawulayo" phantsi kweSigqibo seWar Powers kuba kwakungekho mikhosi yamajoni asemhlabeni kunye ne-U.S. inxaxheba yayixhasa imikhosi edibeneyo. Amalungu amaninzi eKongreslarelarenti ayavumelana, kwaye umsebenzi waqhubeka ngaphaya komda weentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Ulawulo olusemthethweni lwabalaselugxekwa ngokubanziswe ngokubanzi, kwaye isiganeko sabalase amandla omlawuli okuchaza umthetho amacala angaphandle.

Izixhobo Zemichiza ZaseSiriya Zama - 2013

Xa uMongameli Barack Obama evakalisa ukuba uza kufuna ugunyaziso lombutho wesigunyaziso sokuhlasela urhulumente wase-Siriya ngokuziphindezela amaxhoba olawulo lwezixhobo zemichiza, abaninzi babelindele ukuvota ngokusondeleyo. Indlu neNdlu yeQela yabelwayo yabelwa ukuvakala, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ulawulo lwasisusa isicelo emva kokukhusela ulawulo lwezixhobo ze-Syria. Esi siganeko sabonisa ukuba isisongelo nje sovoti yemithetho-mthetho singabumba inkqubo, kodwa kwakhona kwanokufumana ugunyaziso kwimekobume engaphandle kunzima kakhulu.

Iingxaki Zale Mihla Nezakhayo

Imisebenzi yeCyber

Uhlaselo lweCyber lungabangela umonakalo olinganayo nokuhlasela okuphathekayo ``ii-groupy' zamandla, ukonakalisa ugcino-lwazi, ukuphazamisa iinkqubo zemali//kodwa aziyichani ncam intsingiselo yesithethe yemfazwe. Ukuba ngaba indlu yowiso-mthetho ifanele ivumele impindiselo yekhompyutha ebangela umonakalo womzimba? Kuthekani ngokusetyenziswa kweziphene? I-United States ayikafuni ukuvota kombutho woburhulumente kwimisebenzi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi, kodwa umbangasaphikisani ngokuqhubekayo. Abanye baphikisa ukuba u-200AMF u-AUMF ungagquma izenzo zekhompyutha zamaqela abanqolobi, ngoxa abanye benyanze uvuzo ezitsha ziyimfuneko. Ukungalungisi kolawulo lwendlu ye-ofisi ye-computting.

Ukuhlaselwa Yinqwelo - moya Nokubulawa Kwabantu

Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwee-drones ezixhobileyo ukubetha abantu kude kwiidabi ezisebenzayo kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngokujongelwa ulawulo lwemithetho. E-United States, iKhonklane okanye iinkundla azizange zilinyanzelise ngokuphumelelayo igunya lomphathi-mikhosi ukuba asebenzise amandla abulalayo nxamnye neengingqi zemfazwe ezirhanelwa ukuba zingekho kwimimandla yemfazwe. I-2001 i-AUMF itoliwe ukugunyazisa ukuhlasela i-al-Qaeda, iTaliban, kunye ne-"ascoractic ment" naphi na ehlabathini. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba le yintlungela ephazabalazayo ejongela indima yeBhunga-Bhunga. Amanye amazwe, njengeJamani, kufuna ukuvunywa kwepalamelwa kwe-drone, kodwa kuqheliswe ezo zingquthelana.

Ukugcina Uxolo Nemisebenzi Yomanyano

Imisebenzi emininzi yanamhlanje yenziwa phantsi kwe-ANTO, i-Afrikaan Union, okanye i-UN. Ii-Legislature zingazama ukulawula inxaxheba yelizwe labo kwizenzo ezidityanisiweyo apho umyalelo nothumo lwelizwe lonke lumiselwe ngokuphinda-phindeneyo. Ipalamente ingavota ukuvuma ukuthabatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi wokugcina uxolo, kodwa imithetho yokuganana kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo ingatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Le "sindululo" singayiphelisa injongo yomthetho womthetho.

Izindululo Zotshintsho Neenkqubano Zexesha Elizayo

Ngenxa yokungavisisani okuqhubekayo phakathi kobugqwesi beendlela eziphakamileyo nolawulo lowiso - mthetho, kuye kwavela iingcamango ezininzi zokuphucula ulungelelwano.

Ukuqinisa Isigqibo Samagunya Emfazwe

EUnited States, izicelo ziquka ukuqinisa ingcaciso "yokhuselo lokhuselo," ukucutha iwotshi yeentsuku ezingama-60, efuna ukuvunyelwa kobukho bomkhosi phambi kwaso nasiphi na isenzo esibalulekileyo, kunye nokunciphisa amandla kaMongameli okusebenzisa i-AUMFs ekhoyo ngokuphangaleleyo. Umthetho we-2019 kazwelonke woKhuselo lokhuselo-Mbali uquka amalungiselelo okuphinda i-1991 kunye no-200 Iraq AUMFs, kodwa ukurhoxisana nokungaphindwa okunga ngokupheleleyo. Abanye abaxhasi baphikisa ukutshintsha konke okukhoyo kwe-AUMFs, okumiselwe ixesha elichaza utshaba, ukwakhiwa kwendalo, kunye noxanduva.

I-Voto yoMgaqo-siseko phezu kweMikhosi

Amanye amazwe aye azama ukufuna imvume yepalamente ngexesha elimiselweyo emva kokuqalisa kwemisebenzi, efana nomthetho wenyanga ezine weFransi. Oku kunika icebo lokuqala elilawulayo kodwa kunyanzelisa ingxoxo yamva. Ezi "posi zogunyaziso" aziphazamisanga kangako kunokwenziwa kombhali kodwa zisanikela ukhangelo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kakuhle Kwamandla Okuthenga

IBhunga linokusebenzisa ulawulo olungaphezulu ngokudlulisa imiqathango yomgca ekwalelweni kwemali ukwenzela imisebenzi ethile, okanye ngokufuna ukuba imali ivote ngokwahlukeneyo njengezongezo. Indlu yabameli maxa wambi iye yaphikisana ngokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi ehlaziyiweyo eYemen naseLibya. Ukwenza inkxaso-mali yevoti enye inyanzelisa ukhetho olucacileyo olude okanye oluphantsi.

Utshintsho Lomnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, ukuqinisa indima yeBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ekugunyaziseni amandla kunganciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwisenzo sokulawula esingomnye. Noko ke, iBhunga loKhuseleko loMmandla lihlala lingumqobo. Iziko lengingqi njenge-African Union liphuhlise imithetho efuna uvumo-mthetho phambi kongenelelo, kodwa ezi zinto zisoloko zikhupha ukuvunywa kwemithetho-mthetho kumgangatho wesizwe.

Isiphelo

Amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okuvakalisa imfazwe nokugunyazisa ungenelelo lomkhosi ahlala engundoqo wedemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba esona sigqibo sibalulekileyo sinokwenziwa lisizwe sinokwenza ```````as'' ukuba abemi balapho bafanele baqhutywe ngolu hlobo loburhulumente', bagunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni, bagunyaziswe yidemokhrasi. Kodwa ukuguquka kwemfazwe kwiinkulungwane ezingama-20 nezingama-21 kuye kwawuvavanya lo mgaqo. Abalawuli baye bafumana iindlela zokudala ukugqitha okanye ukuchaza kwakhona imiqathango yemithetho, kwaye izikhulu zowiso-mthetho ziye zathanda ukuqinisa igunya labo.

Ukubuyisela ulungelelwano phakathi kwesantya kunye nolawulo lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Akufuni lutshintsho olusemthethweni kuphela kodwa kukwafuneka ibutho lezobupolitika elixabisa ingxoxo yowiso-mthetho kwaye elixhathisa igunya lolawulo oluphezulu kukhuseleko lohlanga. Izakhamuzi kufuneka zifune ukuba abameli bazo abanyuliweyo bawathabathe nzulu amagunya emfazwe, kwaye abameli kufuneka banyanzele indima yabo yesiseko somGaqo-siseko. Amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe akayo kuphela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko; luvavanyo olusebenzayo, oluphilayo olumele lusetyenziswe ukulondoloza idemokhrasi yezenzo zomkhosi.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, uphengululo lwengxelo yeNkonzo yophando lweNkqutyana yemfazwe , , iChwepheshe le-UN, kunye nengxelo yeNkonzo yophando loMgaqo-siseko wemfazwe [[FLT] . Ezi zinto zinika uluvo olunzulu lobume bomthetho kunye noqheliso lwembali oluchaza indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho ekugunyaziseni ukusetyenziswa komkhosi.