Ukwazisa: ULawulo oluPhawulweyo lwemfundo kaRhulumente

Iinkqubo zemfundo ehlabathini jikelele azifane zisebenze njengequmrhu elinye, elinombane. Endaweni yoko, zibunjwa kukusebenza okunamandla phakathi komgangatho omninzi karhulumente, ngalinye elinamagunya ahlukeneyo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nenkqubo yemali. Kwinkqubo zorhulumente ezifana neUnited States, ezi zimaleko ziquka ubuzwe (okanye iphondo), urhulumente (okanye iphondo), kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni (okanye urhulumente). Ukuqonda indlela ezi nqanaba lorhulumente ezahlukeneyo ezilawula ngayo imfundo kubalulekile ngayo kubafundisi, abalawuli, abaquququzeli benkqubo yempatho, kwanabazali abafuna ukuqhuba inkqubo ngendlela ephumelelayo. Ukusasazwa kwegunya kubandakanya yonke into kwimigangatho yokufundisa nokufundisa isikolo kunye nokufundisa imigaqo yezifundo. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olunzulu lwemisebenzi, ulwalamano, kunye noxanduquko lwezinzo olulawulayo lwenkqubo.

Urhulumente woManyano ’ Indima: Ukuseka imisebenzi yeFrame yeSizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe akaqhubeli ngqo izikolo eUnited States, kodwa impembelelo yazo inzulu. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Amandla oMgaqo-siseko awuwaphathiswanga urhulumente wesizwe, okuthetha ukuba imfundo ngokuyintloko yimbopheleleko karhulumente neyoluntu. Noko ke, urhulumente wengingqi uye wasebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa imali kunye negunya lomgaqo-siseko ukukhusela amalungelo abantu ukubumba inkqubo yemfundo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ukubeka Izinto Eziza Kuqala Zesizwe Ngomthetho

Imithetho yemfundo yomanyano imisela imiqathango ye-equadl expoint, ufikelelo, kunye nomgangatho. Owona mthetho ubalulekileyo wakutshanje nguMthetho Wonke uMfundi Ophumeleleyo (ESA), odluliselwe ngo- 2015, owenziwe endaweni ye-Arekho Child Lend Bend Act. ESA imiyalelo ethi ivume ukuba abafundi bavavanye ufundo lwemfundo nezibalo rhoqo ngonyaka kumanqanaba angama-3-8 kwaye bakha nje kwisikolo esiphakeme, kwaye kufuneka ukuba baxele baze baxhase izikolo eziphantsi. I-Rhulumentmental imele ityala ngenxa yexabiso lokuphumelela nokuphumelela nokulawula amatyala olwimi. Urhulumente unika amatyala akhuthaza amalungelo abantu asekelwe kwibala, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, ukukhubazeka kwe-R. Isebe le-U.U.S.Isebe lemfundo lemfundo le-Oficity, i-Overst .

Iinkqubo ezijoliswe kuzo zemali

Imali efunyenweyo eManyano ibandakanya ii-asethi ezi-8-10% zemali echithwe yiK-12 eUnited States, kodwa impembelelo yayo ijolise kubemi abathile. Iinkqubo ezinkulu ze-ocester ziquka:

  • Isihloko I soMthetho weElementary neSecondary Education Act: Ibonelela ngemali ezikolweni ezineepesenti eziphezulu zabafundi abasuka kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi. Le mali ixhasa abafundisi- ntsapho abongezelelekileyo, ukufundisa, kunye nezinto zokufundisa.
  • Abantu abanoMthetho wemfundo odibeneyo (IDEA): Iqinisekisa ngemfundo kawonke wonke yamahhala nefanelekileyo kubafundi abaneziphene kwaye ibonelela ngenkxaso yemali kwiinkonzo zemfundo ezikhethekileyo.
  • Uncedo olusebenzayo: iququzelela izikolo ezinendawo yerhafu karhulumente (umz., iziseko zomkhosi, amazwe amaNazantsi eMelika) ukulahlekelwa yirhafu yasekuhlaleni.
  • INkqubo yeNtshontsho yeNtshontsho yeNtshontsho: xhasa iinkqubo zesikolo zesidlo sasemini nezesidlo sakusasa, ezidla ngokuqhutywa liSebe lezolimo lase-U.S. ngokusebenzisana namaqumrhu emfundo karhulumente.

Imali karhulumente iza neemeko. Umzekelo, ukufumana isiHloko I semali, izithili kufuneka zivumelane neemfuno zokuphendula nokusebenzisa ungenelelo olusekelwe kubungqina. Oku kunika urhulumente wesizwe isixhaso sokuphembelela urhulumente nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokulawula iiklasi ngqo.

Uphando, ugcino-lwazi, kunye noncedo lobuchule

Urhulumente wezwe lonke uxhasa imfundo ngophando kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi. Iziko leNational for Education Statistics (NYAKA) linikezela ugcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo ekuphumezeni kwabafundi, kwimali yesikolo, kunye nenkqubo yamanani abantu. IZiko lemfundo lezimali likhuthaza uphando lwezemali olusebenzayo lokufundisa kwaye liqhube iWhat Work Classinghouse. Ngaphezu koko, iSebe lemfundo ̱ i-ofisi yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo yemfundo yangaphakathi kunye nokufikelela kwezikolo.

URhulumente ’ Indima: Igunya lomGaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo

Oorhulumente bangamagunya angowona aphambili asemthethweni ajongene nemfundo karhulumente eUnited States. Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wesizwe uquka igalelo elifuna ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho imisele ize igcine inkqubo yezikolo zikawonke wonke ezikhululekileyo. Oku kunika amandla aphangaleleyo okumisela imigangatho yemfundo, abafundisi-mfundo, nokunika inkxaso-mali. Kumaziko esizwe, amaphondo anengqiqo ephawulekayo yokuyila iinkqubo zawo zokuphendula, ukukhetha isikolo, nokulawula uvavanyo lwabafundisi.

Ukuseka imigangatho yemfundo kunye nohlolo

I-States yamkela imigangatho yomxholo okhoyo echaza oko abafundi bafanele bakwaziyo kwaye bakwazi ukukwenza kwisigaba ngasinye kwizifundo ezifana nobugcisa bolwimi lwesiNgesi, izibalo, inzululwazi, kunye nezifundo zezentlalo. Amaphondo amaninzi ngoku asebenzisa iCommon Core State (okanye iMigangatho esondeleyo), ngoxa abanye beye baphuhlisa eyabo. Uhlolo lwaseburhulumente lunikwa minyaka lento ukuze balinganisele inkqubela kumgangatho wabafundi kwimigangatho. Ezi zivavanyo zisetyenziselwa ukuphendula isikolo, ukuchaza izikolo ezilwayo, kwaye maxa wambi kwimfuno zesikolo eziphezulu. Umzekelo, IKhomishini yoluvo-Exption ye-Expt [FLT]

Ukuqinisekisa umfundisi- ntsapho nophuhliso lobugcisa

Oorhulumente bamisela iimfuno zokuba ngumfundisi- ntsapho, kuquka amaqondo afunekayo, umsebenzi, kunye neemviwo ze-insulam. Bakwamisela imiyalelo eqhubekayo yophuhliso lobugcisa kwaye banokuphelisa ii-rectory zokufundisa ngehambo evakalala. Amanye amaphondo azama ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba afundisa umfundisi-lwazi, ngoxa amanye egcina iindlela ezingqongqo. Iibhodi zemfundo kunye namaqumrhu emfundo (ngoku) ajonge ezi nkqubo.

Imisebenzi yezesikolo

Uninzi lorhulumente lunika intsabelo ebalulekileyo ye-K-12 yemali-emalunga nama-47% esizwe. Inkxaso-mali idla ngokusasazwa ngenkqubo enenjongo yokudibanisa ubuncwane phakathi kwesithili esifumileyo nesihlwempu.

  • Isiseko nge-pipili nganye (efanayo nomfundi ngamnye)
  • Uhlenga-hlengiso lweemfuno zabafundi (umz., abafundi bamaNgesi, abafundi abasuka kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi, imfundo ekhethekileyo)
  • Uhlenga-hlengiso lweempawu zesithili (umz., iziqithi ezincinane ezisemaphandleni, iindawo ezinamaxabiso aphezulu)
  • Inkcitho yomnikelo yasekuhlaleni (amacandelo kufuneka anyuse irhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni)

IRhulumente ixhasa ukungafundi kungumba-mali ongapheliyo womthetho; ukumangalelwa okuninzi kuphikisa ukuba iimeko aziniki nkxaso eyaneleyo okanye elinganayo. Iphepha lemali yeSikolo sePurceS [ ibonelela ngokuthelekiswa komhlathi wenkcitho yesizwe nganye.

Ukuthabatha Isikolo Nokungenelela

Xa izikolo zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zisilela ukufikelela amaxhoba olwazi okanye imigangatho yolawulo lwemali, oorhulumente belizwe bangangenelela. Urhulumente uthathe ulawulo lweziqithi ezifana neNewark, New Jersey; Detroit, Michigan; kunye neProvidence, iRhode Island. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, urhulumente angathatha indawo yebhodi yesikolo enyuliweyo emiselwe ngurhulumente okanye umphathi, okanye adlulisele ulawulo lwezikolo kwisithili esichaphazelekayo sikarhulumente. Ezi zingenelelo zidityaniswa kakhulu kwaye zidla ngokuphikiswana ngezizathu zolawulo lwabafundi abahlala apho.

URhulumente wasekuhlaleni ’ Indima: Ukuzalisekisa usuku nosuku nomanyano

Imimandla yezikolo noomasipala basekuhlaleni ngamaqumrhu aqhuba izikolo. Baqesha ootitshala neenqununu, balawula izakhiwo, bathenge iincwadi zobugcisa, baqhubele izithuthi, baphekele izidlo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Malunga ne-13 000 yesithili semfundo eUnited States ilawulwa ziibhodi zesikolo ezinyuliweyo okanye ezimiselwe. Ezi bhodi zimisela inkqubo yesithili, uqingqo-mali oluvunyiweyo, ziqesha kwaye zidibane nezivumelwano zequmrhu lesikolo. Iintlanganiso zequmrhu lesikolo zingumasipala apho amalungu oluntu anokuvakalisa inkxalabo ngezifundo, ukhuseleko, nokuvalwa kwesikolo. Umgangatho wequmrhu lesikolo ulawula jikelele, kwaye amalungu asoloko ejongene nengcinezelo evela kumaqela enomdla, amaqhina, kunye namaqela ezobupolitika.

Ukuhlawulwa kweNgxowa-mali yasekuhlaleni neNkundla

Iityala zemali zoluntu ezimalunga ne-45% zemali epheleleyo yeK-12, ezininzi zazo ezisuka kwirhafu yempahla. Oku kudala umahluko omkhulu: imimandla enempahla ephezulu inganyusa ingeniso eninzi ngomfundi ngamnye onexabiso eliphantsi lerhafu, lo gama isithili esiphantsi sizama ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezaneleyo kwanangamaqondo aphezulu erhafu. Nangona amaphondo amaninzi aneenkqubo ezifanayo zokuphelisa ezi zikhephe, ukungagqibeleli kuyaqhubeka. Ezinye iingingqi zolwano zikarhulumente zolwandiso lwemali ngemali yobulali, imixokelelwano, kunye nokuxhasa imali ngemibutho yabafundisi-bafundisi. Oku kuxhomekeka kubutyebi bobulali kungumba ophakathi kwingxoxo emalunga nemali yezesikolo kunye nohlazinzo lwezentengo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo nemiyalelo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni

Ngeli xesha oorhulumente bemisela imigangatho kunye nokunika izicwangciso zesiseko, izithili zasekuhlaleni zenza izigqibo ezikhethekileyo zokufundisa: ezona ncwadi zinokusetyenziswa, indlela yokucwangcisa iiklasi, ezozinyulo eziza kunikwa, nendlela yokuzalisekisa izigunyaziso zikarhulumente. Abafundisi basebenzisa ugwebo lwabo lobuchule ukuqhelanisa izifundo zezifundo zezifundo zabafundi babo i̱ iimfuno, kodwa abalawuli besithili basoloko begunyazisa izikhokelo zokuqhuba, uhlolo oluqhelekileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezithandwayo zokufundisa. Ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luvumela abantu ukuba basebenzise imfundo kumaxabiso kunye nezinto eziphambili zasekuhlaleni, ukunikezela ngeenkqubo zontywidilika-lwimi olukwimimandla ekwiziFilibrimi okanye ukugxininisa uqeqesho loshishino lwezoshishino.

I-Autonomy yomgangatho wesikolo

Izikolo ngazinye nazo zineqondo elithile logunya lokwenza izigqibo, ingakumbi iinqununu eziqesha abasebenzi, zilawula uqingqo-mali, kunye nenkcubeko yemfundo yesikolo. Izikolo zetshati, ezixhaswayo ngokuphandle kodwa ezisetyenziswa ngokuzimeleyo yimimiselo emininzi yesithili, zimela uhlobo olugqithisileyo lozimele-lulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Zilawulwa ziibhodi ezahlukeneyo nezisesithili kwaye zisoloko zikwazi ukubhexexeza kubasebenzi, iinkqubo, kunye nocwangciso lokutshintsha ityala lokusebenza. Ulwalamano phakathi kwezikolo zemithetho-siseko kunye nezikolo zesithili ezingokwesithethe lungumthombo wengcinezelo eqhubekayo yezobupolitika.

Umanyano nongquzulwano lwamaBhunga

Akukho mgangatho mnye karhulumente onokuthi ulawule imfundo yedwa; inkqubo ixhomekeke kumanyano. Ulwandiso lwenzeka ngemibutho esesikweni enjengezicelo ze-federal umchako wesizwe kunye nangamaqabane afana iCouncil yeZikolo zeSixeko esikhulu [, ezizisa kunye izingingqi zedolophu ukwenzela ulwabelano olungcono. Amaziko emfundo yengingqi (njenge-ES) okanye amaqela aphakathi anikezela ngeenkonzo ezabelanayo (umz., imfundo ekhethekileyo, inkxaso yobugcisa) kwimimandla emincinane okanye yasemaphandleni engenawo isikali sokwenza ngokwesikali.

Noko ke, intsebenziswano idla ngokuntsonkotha ngezinto eziphambili ezingqubanayo. Iinjongo zomanyano zokuphendula ityala zingangqubana neminqweno karhulumente yokufuna ubhedu-bhetyebhetye- ngca. Iindlela zokuxhasa inkxaso-mali yelizwe zisenokungaqhubeki nentsebenziswano neendleko ezinyukayo zommandla, inyanzelisa isithili ukuba sinqumle iinkqubo okanye siphakamise irhafu yasekuhlaleni. Iibhodi zesikolo zisenokungavumelani norhulumente ukuba alungelelanise ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolawulo lwezikolo xa izikolo zingaphumelelanga.

Imbono ethelekisayo: Indlela Ezinye iinkqubo zoMasipala ezilawula ngayo imfundo

Ukuqonda ulawulo lwemfundo kumazwe ase-U.S. kutyetyiswe ngokujonga kwamanye amazwe anezakhiwo zikarhulumente. iJamani, amaphondo ali-16 (Länder) anegunya elisisiseko kwimfundo, elifana ne-U.S.. urhulumente wezwe i̱ indima ilinganiselwe ekulawuleni uqeqesho lwemisebenzi nokufikelela kwemfundo ephezulu, nangona kukho ingqungquthela emileyo yabefundisi besizwe ukudibanisa imigangatho yesizwe. [[FLTLT:2]] , imfundo ingumsebenzi wephondo lonke; akukho sebe lemfundo. Iphondo licwangciswe, iintlawulo, isekelo-mali, kunye nomfundisi-maskondla, ulawulo lwezikolo lwasekuhlaleni.[#17]

Australia, urhulumente wezwe unika inkxaso eninzi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezizimeleyo kwaye utyhalele kwimigangatho yoqeqesho lwesizwe, kodwa urhulumente ugcina ulawulo olusebenzayo. Le nkqubo ikhokelele kwingxoxo emalunga nokuphanga nokukhukuliseka kwegunya likarhulumente. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Iindiya[[, imfundo ngumbandela okhoyo, ithetha ukuba zombini oorhulumente abasembindini kunye norhulumente bayakwazi ukuqulusela, kodwa okunene kuxhomekeke ekufezekeni. Olu nxibelelwano lubonisa ukuba ulwahlulo lwemfundo lolawulo aluhambelana ngamaxesha; luguqula kwimpendulo kwezobupolitika, kwezoqoqosho, kunye nengcinezelo yentlalo.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elitsha Neempikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Izicwangciso ezininzi zangoku ziguqula indlela imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente elawula ngayo imfundo. i-appus yokukhetha isikolo [ : kuquka izikolo zerhafu, ii-odola, kunye nezifundo zerhafu-ntengiso-irhafu , `ivavanya imodeli engokwesithethe yolawulo lwengingqi. Abenzi bomthetho bamazwe baqhubeka bekhupha umthetho wokwandisa ukhetho, ngamanye amaxesha ukugunyazisa izigqibo zebhodi yesikolo yasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla zomanyano ziye zaxhasa iinkqubo ezininzi zokukhetha isikolo, kodwa ukuhlawula irhafutheko-mali, ukuphendula.

ukugqibelela kwinkxaso-mali [[[FLT: 1] kuselucelomngeni olungundoqo. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yerhafu yempahla esekelwe ngoku ikhuthaza uhlawulo lwesizwe kunye nentlalo-ntle yentlalo. Imithetho ekwimimandla enjengeKhalifoniya, New York, neTexas iye yanyanzela oorhulumente ukuba balungise ii-patroli zemali. Noko ke, amazwe asoloko exhathisa umlinganiselo omkhulu wokuditya, kwaye iintsapho ezininzi zongezelelo lwezikolo zinyusa iminikelo yabucala, ukwandisa imiqobo yoovimba phakathi koobutyebi kunye noluntu olufumanayo.

Ulwahlulo lobuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo lwezobugcisa lwaba lukhulu ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19. Urhulumente wesizwe wanika izimali zobugcisa bongxamiseko, kodwa amazwe nesithili kwafuneka ukuba zisebenzele ukuthenga izixhobo kunye neendawo ezishushu. Amava abalaselisa imfuneko yokusondela kwengingqi yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi elungelelanisiweyo kungenelo lwaseBhabhini. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bayakwazi ukufikelela ekhaya, lo gama izixeko zisebenzisa i-masterdabishi edileyo ukunxibelelana nemimandla egciniweyo.

Iimfazwe zomcimbi ngaphezu komxholo wohlelo oluqulethweyo `njengokufundisa ngesizwe, ubufana, nembali''. Ziye zaqina kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kwamanye amazwe zidlulise imithetho ethintelayo iingxubusho ezithile, ngoxa ezinye ziye zandisa kwizifundo zesikolo ezisusiweyo. Iiklasi zasekuhlaleni ziye zaba zizingquzulwano zokulwa kwengxoxo malunga novalelo lwencwadi namalungelo abazali. Ezi ngxaki zivavanya imida yorhulumente kunye nolawulo loluntu kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wezwe njengenkululeko.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo esoloko isetyenziswa

Ulawulo lwemfundo ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente asiyonkqubo yemigangatho ecocekileyo kodwa yeqela elintsonkothileyo, elixhomekeke kwingingqi. Urhulumente wengingqi umisela iinjongo ezibanzi ezilinganayo kwaye unika inkxaso-mali; amaphondo anegunya lomgaqo-siseko kwimigangatho, inkxaso-mali, kunye ne-inselele yokufundisa; kwaye imimandla kunye nezikolo ziphumeza iinkqubo zezemfundo ngexesha lokuphendula iimfuno zoluntu. Le nkqubo iphawulwa ngentsebenziswano kunye neengxabano, kwaye impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke kwingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamaqela onke. Kubafundisi-mfundo kunye nabenzi bemithetho, ukuqaphela iindima neengxaki ezicacileyo zinyathelo lokuqala ekuphuculeni iziphumo zabafundi. Utshintsho lwexesha elizayo luya kufuna ukuphendula okuqhubekayo kwiimfuno zoluntu ezingekho mthethweni zoluntu ngoxa kuhlonel izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ngamnye, eyona nto ibalulekileyo, abafundi abasebenza ngayo.