Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente: Imfihlelo Enxamnye Nogonyamelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla karhulumente abe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo", anegunya, aphetheyo, kunye nezomthetho, `lilungu ledemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Esi sakhiwo, esakhelwe kwingqiqo yoMcimbi woKhanyiso uBaron de Montesquieu, siqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto inye enokuthi ilawule igunya. Inkqubo ephumelayo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isebenza njengenkuselo ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya, ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nokugcina uxanduva lwetyala loburhulumente. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe asebenza ngayo ngokobuqu kunye nokusebenza kunye nomanyano kuyimfuneko kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukuqhubana norhulumente wakhe.

Inkcubeko yenkqubo yaseMelika ilele kukwahlula amandla kuphela kodwa ekucwangcisweni ukuze amabhongo alwe amabhongo. Njengoko uJames Madison abhalayo ku [[FTL: 0] uLuhlu lwamaFederal No. 51, "Impumelelo mayiyenzelwe ukulwa namabhongo. Isebe ngalinye linikwa izixhobo zokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwabanye, idala umlinganiselo onamandla oye wenzeka ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zenguqulelo yezobupolitika. Eli nqaku livavanya iindima neembopheleleko ezineenkcukacha kunye noxanduva lokusebenza kwesebe ngalinye kwaye lihlola indlela yokuhlola nokusebenza kwenkcazelo kunye nolungelelwano.

Isebe loMyalelo: Ilizwi Labantu

Isebe loMthetho, elimiselwe liQumrhu I loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lilungu lokuqala lokwenza umthetho. Indlu yalo ye-bimeral .(indlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yamaZwe) yayiyilwa ngobuchule phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Indlu, kunye nemithetho yayo eyiminyaka emibini kunye nomelo lwabemi, yayiyilelwe ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiimvakalelo zikawonke wonke. IBhunga, eneenkcazelo ezintandathu zeminyaka kunye nomelo olulinganayo, yayinzelwe ukulungiselela ukuzinza nokuzinza nokulumka okungakumbi kwimicimbi yesizwe.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko Zengqungquthela

IBhunga linamagunya abalayo aquka igunya lerhafu ye-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo oluphakathi komhlaba nakwamanye amazwe, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kwaye lenze yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuphumeza la magunya. Indlu iyodwa iqalisa amatyala emali kwaye ibambe igunya lokungawiswa kwamagosa aseburhulumenteni. IBhunga linegunya lokuzama ukuthomalalisa, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kunye nezivumelwano ze-raferensite ngobuninzi obubini.

  • Indlu yabameli: Amalungu okuvota ahlulwe ngabahlali bakarhulumente; asebenzisa amabinzana onyaka emibini; aqala kwirhafu kunye nokuchitha iindleko; anyulela uMongameli kwisiganeko seqhina leKoleji ye-Electoral.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: amalungu alikhulu (ababini kurhulumente ngamnye); asebenza amagama aneminyaka emithandathu; aqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe, kunye noonozakuzaku; kufuneka zivumelane; kufuneka zizame zonke iinkcazo.

Inkqubo Yomthetho

Kufuneka kudluliswe amagumbi omabini afanayo phambi kokuba anikwe uMongameli. Le nkqubo ibandakanya uhlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukulungisa, kunye neevoti. Iikomiti `njengeKomiti yeNdlu Yomdindo-okanye iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlalo-ntle' okanye iKomiti yeNtlalo-ntle yamazwe angaphandle'enze indima ebalulekileyo ekucoceni nasekulawuleni. Isebe lowiso-mthetho likwasebenzisa amandla engxowa-mali, ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nokuvota, nto leyo elungela ngamandla kwisenzo sokulawula.

Ulawulo lweKhomishoni luquka ukuchotshelwa, uphando, namandla okufumana amaxwebhu namangqina. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu aphetheyo kunye namagosa ahlala enoxanduva kubameli babantu. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukukhula kweli phondo lolawulo kuye kwenza ulawulo olunamandla lwaba lubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.

Isebe ElinoLawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Umthetho

IGatya II loMgaqo-siseko linegunya elilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States. UMongameli ukhonza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, ejongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, eqhuba imithetho yamazwe angaphandle, kwaye elawula imikhosi yezixhobo. Isebe elilawulayo likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli olawulayo, iKhabhinethi, amaqumrhu azimeleyo, kunye nesebe elikhulu elinorhulumente labasebenzi abangabemi abamalunga nezigidi ezi-2.

Imisebenzi yeKhorali

  • [[Umthetho:0] Unyanzeliso lweMithetho: uMongameli uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga i-"ewiswe ngokuthembeka""Oku kuquka ukukhokela iSebe leSigqibo, iSebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland, kunye namanye amasebe okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Umgaqo-nkqubo wobuGcisa noKhuseleko lweSizwe: UMongameli uthetha ngezivumelwano (ekuthobeleni ukwenziwa kwendlu yeNtlanganiso), emisela oothunywashe, kwaye ekhonza njengeNkulumbuso-emkhosini. Izivumelwano zoLawulo oluPhezulu, ezingafuni kuvunyelwa yiNdlu yeNtlanganiso, ziye zaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuqhuba ulawulo.
  • ISindululo nokukhutshwa: UMongameli umisela abagwebi borhulumente, oonobhala beKhabhinethi, namagosa amakhulu, ngecebiso kunye nemvume yeBhunga. UMongameli angasusa namagosa aphetheyo esebe ngokokuthanda kwakhe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla aBambele: UMongameli angawubeka umthetho, acebise amanyathelo kwiBhunga, acebise iKhongolo kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo. Amandla eveto lukhangelo oluthe ngqo kwisebe lemithetho-siseko.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yeGawulayo kunye noLawulo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo ekhutshwa nguMongameli olawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Ngeli xesha benomthetho, baphantsi kohlolo lomthetho kwaye bangapheliswa yiKhomishini ngomthetho. Imizekelo ehloniphekileyo iquka i-Emancipeation Proclation kunye noMongameli uTruman's ukuqululisa umkhosi. Kumaxesha anamhlanje, imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo iye yasetyenziswa kwimicimbi esusela kwinkqubo yokufuduka kwemekobume.

Iququzelela yequmrhu lesizwe ``iisebe elinjengoMkhosi, uRhulumente, nemfundo, kunye namasebe azimeleyo anjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency kunye neFederal Reserve(ii-carles) ezingaphandle kolawulo lwemihla ngemihla lwemithetho karhulumente. La masebe anikezela ngemimiselo ethwala umkhosi womthetho, umkhwa oyaziwa njengokwenza imithetho. Ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo kwi-ofisi yesebe liyinika impembelelo enzulu kukuphumeza inkqubo.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika umGaqo-siseko

Inqaku III limisa iSebe lezeejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ijaji yephondo yinkqubo elawula iinkundla zephondo (iintendelezo), iinkundla zesiphaluka zezicelo (iinkundla zenkundla zesebe loluntu), kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Abagwebi boMkhosi woLawulo-mthetho bamiselwe ubomi, baziphathe kakuhle, nto leyo ebakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ilondoloza inkululeko yokulawula.

Isigwebo noHlaziyo lwezeMigaqo-nkqubo

Iinkundla zomanyano ziva amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko, izivumelwano, kunye nengxubano phakathi kwamaphondo okanye abemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo. Amandla okuhlola ityala.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula ngokusemthethweni, ikhetha amatyala amalunga ne-100 ukuya kuma-100 ngonyaka ukusuka kumawaka ezicelo. Amatyala agqitywe luluvo lwabaninzi, kunye neembono ezikhoyo neziphikisanayo ngokufuthi ziguqula utoliko lwexesha elizayo olusemthethweni. Izigqibo zeNkundla zimisela imizekelo edibanisa iinkundla ezisezantsi, ziyenza ibe ngumchasi-siseko opheleleyo wentsingiselo.

Iinkundla ezisezantsi neNkqubo yokuphanda

  • IiNkundla zephondo: izithili ezimalunga nama-94 zephondo, ukusingatha iityala kunye neengxoxo zokuqala. La ngamahashe asebenzayo ejaji yequmrhu lesizwe, ethetha amatyala oluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Amaqumrhu ezibheno:[ 13 iziphaluka zengingqi (11, kunye ne D.C. isekethe kunye neFederal Frike). Bahlola izigqibo zenkundla yesithili kunye nezibonelelo, bebhekisa ingqalelo kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni kunokuba baxulumane ngezono.
  • Inkundla yeQumrhu eliPhakathi: iJaji ezisithoba; ulawulo lokuqala ngokweseti yeemeko ezilinganiselweyo (umz., iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe); ulawulo lwe-applette kuwo onke amatyala enkundla yenkundla yesizwe neyaserhulumenteni abandakanya umthetho wesizwe.

ISebe lezeejaji likwabonakalisa ulawulo ngamandla ukukhupha imiqathango kunye nemithetho ye-habeas. Iinkundla zoMasipala zingawamisa amanyathelo alawulayo achasene namalungelo asemthethweni okanye omgaqo-siseko, njengoko kuboniswa kwiimeko ezininzi ukuba yonke into ivavanywa ukususela ekuvalweni kohambo ukuya kwimimiselo yemekobume.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa asiyongcamango emileyo; yinkqubo ephilayo edlala ngexesha lolawulo lokwenene. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo ezininzi zokulinganisela ezinye, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lilawulayo.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • I-VEto Engasebenzisiyo: Congress ingawugqitha umongameli we-veto kunye namaninzi amabini anesithathu kumagumbi omabini, indlela enamandla yokumisela umthetho phezu kokungavumi kukaMongameli.
  • [[NTL:0] Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente ngenxa "yokuba nengqondo, ukunyoba, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye namatyala angekho mthethweni. Ngoko iNdlu yeNdlu yezomthetho ityala. Oomongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bagwetywa yiNdlu; akukho namnye owagwetywayo.
  • I-Advice kunye neNkqutyana: Indlu yemibutho iyaqinisekisa okanye iyala ukutyunjwa komongameli kwaye ihlabe izivumelwano. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa ukunqanda okanye ukulibazisa ukudibana okuphikiswayo ukutyhubela imbali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla entengiso: iBhunga lilawula inkcitho karhulumente. Ingasusa amanyathelo aphambili angalunganga okanye inyanzelise iimeko kwintelekelelo.

Isebe elilawulayo lijonge amasebe asemthethweni nakwezeejaji

  • Igunya lolawulo: UMongameli angalwamkela umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, enyanzelisa ukuba i-magray ephezulu ilawule. Esi sisixhobo esiyintloko sowiso-mthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] ISindululo saBagwebi: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, ebumba ijaji kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ukumiswa kwejaji kuphakathi kweyona miqathango ihlala ihleli.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla ePradente: UMongameli angaxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezwe, ukukhangela amandla esigwebo sejaji.
  • Imiyalelo ephumezekayo: Ngelixesha iphantsi kocelomngeni, imiyalelo yegunya ivumela uMongameli ukuba akhokele imisebenzi karhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume ekhawulezileyo.

Ukukhangela Amanye Amasebe Okugweba

  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yemfundo: Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwe nguMongameli njengeenkonzo. Imizekelo iquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] ukuphelisa i-paration yohlanga kunye United States v. Nixon[7]]) inyanzelisa uMongameli ukuba ajike kwiikhasethi zamanzi.
  • Ucalulo loMthetho: iinkundla zoMasipala ezichaza imimiselo, kwaye imithetho yazo ithwala amandla omthetho. IBhunga lingaphendula ngomthetho ogqwethayo, kodwa utoliko lokuqala lwenkundla luma ngaphandle kokuba lutshintshiwe.
  • Ixesha lobomi: [ abagwebi bomkhosi bakhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ibavumela ukuba balawule nxamnye noluvo oluqhelekileyo okanye izilangazelelo ezinamandla.

" Ukuqokelelwa kwawo onke amagunya, uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nejaji, esandleni esinye, nokuba yenye, embalwa, okanye mininzi, nokuba lifa, limiselwe, okanye linyuliweyo, ngokufanelekileyo lingabizwa njengenkcazelo yedentili.. — James Madison,

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo ijamelana neengcinezelo ezintsha kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Abalawuli baxhomekeka ngokuqhubekayo kwimiyalelo yegunya kunye nezenzo zolawulo ukufikelela iinjongo zomthetho xa iBhunga livaliwe. Ngelixesha oku kunokuthi kube luncedo, abagxeki bakuphikisa ukuma kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Imizekelo iquka uMongameli Obama's Defered Action for Childing Actions (DACA), uMongameli uTrump's ukuvalwa kohambo, kunye noMongameli Biden's ukuboleka icebo lokuxolela ingcebiso-onke esemthethweni.

I-Gridbock ePhakamileyo kunye neFilibuster

Ukwahlulwa kwamacandelo kudla ngokukhokelela ekuphathweni kwemithetho. ICandelo leNdlu yeMigaqo-nkqubo yeMigaqo-nkqubo yeNdlu yeSizwe lifuna ama-60 okuphelisa ingxoxo kumatyala amaninzi .(*) kwaye ingumqobo omkhulu ekudluliseni umthetho. Oku kuye kwakhuthaza ooMongameli ukuba bangaqhubeli phambili kwaye batshintshele amandla kwisebe eliphetheyo. Iingcebiso zoTshintsho, ezifana nokususa okanye ukuguqula i-monicbuster, zixakene kakhulu, ziveza imibuzo enzulu ngendlela isebe lemithetho yolawulo-mthetho elimele lisebenze ngayo kwixesha eliphantsi kwephondo.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Indima efanelekileyo yeenkundla ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko iseyimbambano ephikisanayo. Abagwebi abaqhelisela ikomiti yokugweba bakulungele ukuwisa imithetho kunye nenkqubo yokubumba; abo baxhasa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho emasebeni anyuliweyo. Amadabi okuthoba inzala athe akhula ngokukhula kwengqiqo, kunye namaqela omabini afuna ukumisela abagwebi abavumelana neembono zawo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokwayo iye yaba yeyona nto iphambili, njengoko ibonwa kwiingxoxo zengxabano zeJaji Brett Kavaugh kunye nesiqinisekiso esikhawulezileyo seJaji u-Amy Coney Barrett.

IRhulumente Yolawulo

Amasebe omanyano ngoku asebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokwenza ulawulo kunye nokufungisa. Abanye baphikisa ulwahlulo lwawo amagunya ngokudibanisa uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba phakathi kwamasebe amnye. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ngale meko enjenge Sebelius v. I-Clapper[ [202] kunye [[FLT]] neWest Virginia v. EPA [2022], kunye nolwenzelo lwamva olunciphisa amandla okulawula igesi ebhabhabhabhayo phantsi kwe "injini yemibuzo ye-"isiseko se-'i-'ikhomputha yolawulo kunye ne-oventine-RGraclate'."

Uqukumbela: Ukulondoloza ungqinelwano

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente akangoombono nje; ayizinto zokwakha ezikhusela idemokhrasi ekuxinzeleleni kwegunya. Abaseki benza inkqubo elungiselelwe ukucotha inyathelo elingxamayo, ifuna intsebenziswano, kwaye inika iindlela ezininzi zokuphendula. Njengabemi, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala ekubekeni ityala kurhulumente.

Kwisizukulwana sokuphanda iqumrhu eliphetheyo, ukungalungelelani komthetho, nempikiswano yezomthetho, imigaqo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Ukudibana namaqumrhu oluntu ($FLT: 1], ukudibana nabameli, kunye nokufunda imbali yesiseko somgaqo-siseko (imbopheleleko ekwisizukulwana ngasinye. Ukuhlolisisa imithombo ephambili esemva kwesi siseko, abafundi bangajonga imibhalo epheleleyo ye [[FLT:] U.S.[] ukusuka kumaZibonelo eSibonelelo sesizwe, [[FLT:]]] iFOD [FLT]]] iPalamesssss ezimfast kwiLibrary Library yeBhunga, kunye [[FLT]]]] nelogo yamagosa-mthetho-mthetho-onke] [iPG.[FFT]] [iP]]]