Ukuqala: Ulawulo Olubalaseleyo Kubomi Bamihla Le

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente `ekuxinzeleleni, owiso-mthetho, newokugweba' angeyonto ingoomatshini abasebenzayo abakha phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kukhuseleko lwendlela oqhuba ngayo ukuya kumgangatho womoya ophefumlayo kunye nokungaguquguquki kwezivumelwano ozifaka kumqondiso. Ukuqonda indlela ezi sebe zisebenza ngayo kwaye zisebenzisane zibalulekile ngayo nabani na ummi ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, ummeli weenkomfa, okanye owaziyo indlela yokuqhuba isixokelelwano esichaphazela ubomi bakhe. Eli nqaku libonisa ukuba zisebenza njani kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo, kwaye linika ukhokelo olusebenzayo kwingingqinoluntu.

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya − okucwangciselwe ukunqanda nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingalawuli kakhulu − iveza inkqubo yegunya elinye kunye nolawulo lomntu omnye. Esi sakhiwo asingomqobo wokusebenza kakuhle kodwa singumqobo wenkululeko. Xa abemi beyiqonda le misebenzi, bayakwazi ukuqaphela kakuhle apho banokulathisela khona inkxalabo yabo, xa bevota, nendlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo esemthethweni ukukhusela amalungelo abo.

Isebe Elinolawulo oluphezulu Liyasebenza

Indima Neembopheleleko

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko eyintloko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho ewiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kumgangatho wesizwe eUnited States, umphathi ophetheyo ukhokelwa ngumongameli, okhonza njengenkosana yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Umongameli uxhaswa yisekela-sekela lomongameli, ikhathebhathi (uququzelela iintloko zamasebe alawulayo anjengeSikhuselo, uRhulumente, iNgxelente, neNkonzo yezeMpilo-ntle neyoluntu), kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lwamaziko kunye neenkonzo zikarhulumente. Kuloo masebe, abasebenzi bomsebenzi wempangelo basebenza phantsi komsebenzi wokuhambisa iinkqubo zenkqubo, ukusuka ekuhloleni ii-socilo lwezelo lwezelo lwezelo lwezentlalo-Social Secureal Securetys, ukuhlola ukutya kwimishinegalvielment, kunye neeNkonzo zezo zoorhulumente-ovimba-onelens (ienkonzo zezentellivity).

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni babonisa esi sakhiwo kumabamba, koosodolophu, kubaphathi besixeko, nakumasebe abo azimeleyo. Umzekelo, isebe eliphetheyo lelizwe lingaquka amasebe ezithuthi, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. La maqela enza kwaye anyanzelisa imithetho emisela imithetho ebanzi elawulayo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo indlela amashishini asebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abasebenzisa ngayo iinkonzo zikarhulumente.

Imiphumo Yamihla Le

Isebe elilawulayo lichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngeendlela ezininzi. Cinga ngokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke: amapolisa (ngokuyintloko umsebenzi olawulayo) ayasabela kwiimeko ezimaxongo, ahlole ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye anyanzelise imithetho yeenqwelo-moya. Ngomlinganiselo obanzi, i-Nsikelo yokuKhusela i-EPA) imisela imithetho yomgangatho womoya namanzi, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukucoceka kwamanzi owaselayo kunye nomoya owuphefumlayo. ISebe lemfundo longamela iinkqubo zoncedo lwabafundi besizwe, ukuyila ukufikelela kwimfundo ephezulu. Isebe eliphetheyo likwalawula imisebenzi yezemfundo-injini--/itransports, ibhulori, uthutho lukawonke oluhamba ngolawulo okanye ngohlahlolo lwemeko-mthetho. Xa ukhwe, usebenza phantsi kwesebe lokhuseleko lwezokhuseleko.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho, enjengeyokunyanzelisa irhafu yeNguquko yeMpahla (IIRS) okanye izivumelwano zorhwebo ezixoxwa ngumphathi ophetheyo, ziphembelela iindleko zempahla kunye nemeko yezoshishino. Ulawulo lokwalathisa, kuquka iMedicare neMedicaid, ngumsebenzi olawulayo ochaphazela izigidi zamaMerika. Ngokufutshane, isebe eliphethe isebe lilelona libona gunya likarhulumente kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuba Ngummi Ongummi

Abami basebenzisana nesebe elilawulayo ngokuyintloko ngokuvota abathathi-nxaxheba (ooomphathi, irhuluneli, usodolophu) abavumelana nezinto abazibeka kuqala. Ngapha koko, abantu bayakwazi ukuqhagamshelana namaqumrhu aphetheyo ngezikhalazo, ukuba nenxaxheba kumaxesha okuphendula uwonke wonke ukwenzela imimiselo ecetyisiweyo, okanye ukufaka isicelo sokubekwa kwinkonzo yasekuhlaleni. Iintlanganiso zedolophu zinika abalawuli okanye amalungu ebhunga lesixeko asebenza njengabaphathi-ofisi abalawulayo. Amasebe amaninzi aneeofisi ezigunya lokusingatha izikhalo zabami. Ukuqonda indlela yokuqhuba le mijelo kunika abantu inkxaso ekuqhubeni imicimbi yezolawulo kunye nempembelelo kwimiqathango

Ikhangela kumandla olawulo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho alipheleli ngokupheleleyo. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lingazikhupha ii-vetoes zomongameli, livume okanye ligatye okanye ligatye ukumiswa okanye izivumelwano, kunye nokuchotshelwa kwemithetho. Isebe eligwebayo lingalawula izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ngaphandle komthetho. Olu lungelelaniso luqinisekisa ukuba amandla alawulayo ahlala emigabeni esemthethweni neyobudemokhrasi. Kubahlali, besazi ezi ngqwalasela zinceda ekuhloleni ixesha elinokuba umlawuli ugqitha ngalo, nokuba kusini na oku kufumaneka kwamanye amasebe.

Imithetho Yesebe: Imithetho Yobuciko Ebumba Uluntu

Isakhiwo noMsebenzi

Isebe lemithetho-wistografe (_idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiKhonkxa-ngquthela kumgangatho wamagunya orhulumente ) inomthwalo wokwenza imithetho. EUnited States, liqumrhu eliyi-badynal eliquka iBhunga (amalungu alikhulu, amabini ngelizwe) neNdlu yeNdlu yabameli (amalungu angama-435, ahlulwe ngabantu). Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinezakhiwo ezifanayo, ngokufuthi zinendibano okanye indlu yabameli. Le misebenzi iphambili iquka ukuqulunqe nokudlulisa umthetho, ukuqinisekisa uqingqo-mali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokulungiselela ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngeekomiti kunye nophando.

Abaququzeleli bacebisa amatyala, aphuma kwiikomiti zokuchongwa, ingxoxo, ukulungiswa, kunye neevoti ezininzi. Xa la maqela omabini edlula iinguqulelo ezifanayo, ityala lisiya kumongameli ukuze atyikityelwe okanye afake i-veto. Ukuba i-veto, iKhomishini inokuzilawula kunye namatyala amabini anesithathu-3. Le nkqubo ikho ngabom ukuvumela ukuxilongwa okucokisekileyo nokungeniswa kukawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abemi babone apho ilizwi labo linokuba luncedo khona kakhulu, rhoqo ngexesha le komiti neingcali nabaxhasi bayo abangqinelayo.

Indlela Umthetho Obuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Ubomi bemihla ngemihla bubunjwe yimithetho edluliselwa lisebe lezowiso-mthetho. Irhafu, intlawulo encinane, ukukhutshwa kwezonyango, imilinganiselo yokusingqongileyo, inkxaso-mali yemfundo, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nenkqubo yokufuduka zonke zinqulwe ngumthetho. UMthetho we-Affordal Care Act we-inshorensis yonyango yempilo (ACA) owandisiweyo kwizigidi; i-Cec Air Act ephucule ubunjani bomoya; kunye nemithetho-Civil Rights Act ebekelwe phantsi kocalucalucalulo lwemisebenzi nakuhlala. Kwanemithetho yasekuhlaleni, imigaqo ye-arhentervel, i-act ye-operation, i-(ikhowudi yemithetho ye-arhentervey, i-activesssss) kunye nemithetho yokumisa i-ographic (iacracrectory) i-activesssssss zombuso okanye iqummentssssss zorhwebo zemali zemali ze

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Abami baneendlela ezininzi zokuphembelela umthetho. Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo kukuvota kubameli abanolwakho uvotelo. Phakathi konyulo, ungaqhagamshelana namagosa akho anyuliweyo ngomnxeba, nge-imeyili, okanye ngokutyelelo olungu-88person. Iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophi kunye nokuchotshelwa kwabantu kunika amathuba okuchaza izimvo kumatyala angaphambili. Amaqela amaninzi angenamthetho anikela izixhobo zokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ukho kwaye athumele imiyalezo ebhalwe kwangaphambili kubenzi bomthetho. Ngokuvavanya phambi kwekomiti (* ngokutshintsha kombutho okanye ngokuphuma kwemibutho yempilo yasekuhlaleni.) kuyindlela enye enamandla yokuvakalisa ilizwi lakho. Isitshixo sixanduva nokungqalileyo: abagwebi baphendula kakuhle kwingxelo ebhaliweyo, iingxoxo ezisuka kwi-Platessancess.[9]

Enye indlela kukucela. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa kwemida uqinisekisa ilungelo “lokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.” Izibongozo zoMgaqo-nkqubo we-Online zingatsalela ingqalelo kwimibandela, kwaye amanyathelo okuvota adityanisiweyo kwamanye amazwe avumela abavoti ukuba badlulise imithetho ngqo. Noko ke, ukulungiselela inkxaso yengca kuselelo elisebenzayo lokuphembelela imibandela yemithetho.

Indima Yokuqhatha Nokungalawuleki

Ngeli xesha igama elithi “ukuqhatha” lisoloko linentsingiselo engathandekiyo, ngumsebenzi okhuselwe ngokwesiseko somGaqo-siseko ovumela amaqela enzala angenangeniso, amaqumrhu, amaqumrhu, kunye nemibutho yabemi, ngokudlulisela iimbono zawo kubenzi bomthetho. Ukukhomba kusebenza kakhulu xa kubandakanya unxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nolwazi oluchanekileyo. Abahlali bangathatha inxaxheba ekukhuthazeni inxaxheba kwimibutho ehambelana nemilinganiselo yabo, enjenge American Civilivil Liberates Union, iSierra Club, okanye AARP. Ukuqonda amandla okukhuthaza ingxubeko kunceda abemi babone indlela izilangazelelo ezikhuphisana ngayo izilangazelelo ezichaphazela ubomi babo.

Isebe Lezeejaji: IGuardian Yamalungelo Nokusesikweni

Imboniselo yendlela yokusebenza yenkundla

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. EUnited States, inkqubo yenkundla yephondo iquka iiNkundla zeSithili (iinkundla zamatyala), iiNkundla zezibheno (iinkundla zeeNkundla), kunye neeNkundla eziPhakamileyo zeUnited States. Iinkqubo zenkundla zeli lizwe ziyahluka kodwa ziquka iinkundla ezigwebayo, iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe. Umgangatho ngamnye unegunya elikhethekileyo. Ijajidicariary izimele, ithetha ukuba abagwebi abalawulwa yingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwimimiselo yabo.

Umgaqo wohlolo lwetyala `````I-FLT'' emiselwe Madison v. [1803])] ._Ivumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lenza ukuba ijaji ibe luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezolawulo oluphezulu. Kubemi, iinkundla zilapho amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwa khona, iimpikiswano ziyasombululwa, kwaye kusetyenziswa ubulungisa.

Imibandela Engomthetho Yemihla Le

Inkqubo yokugweba ichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngeendlela ezicacileyo nezingaqondakaliyo. Ukuba ubandakanyekile kwingozi yemoto, inkundla ingamisela ityala kunye nembuyekezo. Ukuba utyobele ityala, uthenge indlu, okanye uqalise ishishini, iimbambano ziconjululwe ngeenkundla. Iimbambano zejaji zezaphuli-mthetho zixazululwa ngemiba ecacileyo nengaqondakaliyo. //iiiindawo zokugweba iimoto ezihamba ngeengozi/ezingaqondakaliyo/ezingameleyo kwinkundla. Umthetho wentsapho, kuquka uqhawulo mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nokufumana umntwana umntwana, ziphethwe yinkundla yezakhono. Kwanaxa ungekho kwinkundla, izigqibo zekomiti ezilawula ezichaphazela amalungelo akho: inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, imicimbi yobuqu, imigaqo-mthetho elinganayo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo ilungiswe yinkundla yomthetho.

Ngokomzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo saqinisekisa umthetho ofunekayo wokuba amapolisa akrokrele amalungelo awo. (2015) (2015) owamkelekileyo ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongokwakwahlukeneyo kwilizwe lonke. imaranda v. I-Arizona [1966] yamisela imfuneko yokuba amapolisa achaze amalungelo awo. La matyala asuka kubantu abasebenzisa inkqubo yenkundla yokugweba ukuvavanya imithetho okanye imikhwa abayifumana ingayiyo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yesigwebo kunika abemi igunya lokuqonda xa amalungelo abo ephulukile kwaye efuna iiprojectres.

Ukufikelela Kwindlela Yokusesikweni Nemfundo Yesigqeba

Ukufikelela kwiinkundla kuyinxalenye esisiseko yedemokhrasi. Noko ke, ukuqhuba inkqubo yomthetho kungabiza imali eninzi kwaye kube nzima. Abemi abaninzi baxhomekeke kwimibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, kumagqwetha e-probobo, okanye kwi-help zoovimba abazibonelelo abanikezelwe ziinkundla. Imfundo ye-COVIC ibalulekile: ukwazi amagama asisiseko, isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla, nendlela yokulungisa isikhalazo okanye ukuphendula kwinkundla inokuyiphelisa inkqubo. Ii-mali zesisa ziquka i-webhthi ye-U.S. iinkundla zenkundla zibalulekile kwaye iiwebsite zenkundla ezinika izikhokelo neentlobo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo abemi abathabatha inxaxheba kuzo isebe eligwebayo. Umsebenzi we Jury unelungelo yaye unembopheleleko; uqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo banendima ekugqityweni kwamatyala, ingakumbi iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. UmGaqo-mthetho wase-U.

Ukuzimela Ngokwasemgwebeni Nokungakhethi Buso

Ukuzimela ngokwamagunya eejaji kubalulekile ekugqibileni izigqibo zokungakhethi buso. Abagwebi abamanyeneyo bamiselwa ubomi (abathobela ukuziphatha okuhle) kwaye banokususwa kuphela ngokungathotyelwa, okubakhusela kwimpindezelo yezobupolitika. Abagwebi belizwe banganyulwa okanye bamiselwe, kodwa nabo balindeleke ukuba basebenzise umthetho ngaphandle kokucalula. Abahlali kufuneka baxhase umthetho ngokuhlonela izigqibo zenkundla naxa bengavumelani. Ukuhlasela ngokusemthethweni (* ngezisongelo, ukubeka ubuchule, okanye ukuqingqa imali) ukukhusela amalungelo esebe.

Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kwamasebe: Iindlela Zokukhangela Nolungelelwano

Imizekelo Yeenkcubeko

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuphelelanga; isebe ngalinye linobuchule bokumisela amanye. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lingayiphelisa imithetho ye-veto, lingakugatya ukumiswa kwemibutho nezivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu, likhuphe umongameli okanye abagwebi, lilawule uqingqo-mali. Isebe elilawulayo lingawukhupha umthetho, likhuphe imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo, lixolele amatyala, limisele nabagwebi. Isebe lezowiso-mthetho lingagawula imithetho kunye nezenzo zegunya njengelingekho mithetho.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngumgca Úitem vento kwamanye amazwe, ovumela abalawuli ukuba bacime amalungiselelo athile asuka kumatyala okuphendula. Kumgangatho wengingqi, i-veto amandla kamongameli ukunyanzela iKhomishini yoLawulo oluphezulu ukuba ilalanise. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- United States v. Nixon[[FLT][19971]) wayefuna umongameli ukuba anikele phezu kweminxeba kwimposiso yamanzi, abonise ukuphatha kwelungelo lesahlulele.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje

Kulawulo lwangoku, imigca phakathi kwamasebe maxa wambi ingaba mfiliba. Umzekelo, amaqumrhu olawulo `inxenye yesebe eliphetheyo') asoloko elawula ukuba agunya elifana nomthetho kunye nemisebenzi efana nenkundla. Eli “sebe lesine” likarhulumente liye laphakamisa inkxalabo ngabathunywa begunya. Noko ke, iBhunga ligcina ulawulo olugqibeleleyo ngokwenza imimiselo, kwaye iinkundla zihlola izenzo zolawulo phantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Procedure. Iintlingiswane kufuneka ziqonde ukuba abameli abafana neKhomishini yoNxibelelwano okanye i-Swebhusayithi ne-Exchanges zisebenza kunqamlezo lwamasebe amathathu, kunye nokubophela umthetho wabo iinkqubo zokulungisa i-6 kuyindlela enamandla yokulungisa.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Kubemi

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela idala iingongoma ezininzi zokufikelela kubemi. Ukuba awuvumelani nomthetho, ungawuvavanya enkundleni, unganyanzela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba iwulungise, okanye uvote umphathi owunyanzelisayo. Ukuqonda oku kudlala kukunceda ugqibe ukuba usebenzise phi na amandla akho equmrhu. Kwakhona kuchaza isizathu sokuba inkqubela inokwenziwa kadeta-kancinci.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuhlala Ngayo Benolwazi Beze Babandakanyeke

Ukubhala namaziko athenjiweyo

Ukuhlala unolwazi kufuna ukusetyenziswa kolwazi okunenkcaso. Izenzo zikarhulumente zixelwa ziindawo zokukhupha iindaba, kodwa asizizo zonke imithombo ezithembekileyo. Funani kwimithombo engundoqo: iiwebhsayithi ezisemthethweni ezinjenge Globe House.gov, I-Choff.Gov. [FLT[FLT][FLT][FLT][FLT]], [iiiipherekthi.] I-[FLT] Imibutho efana nolunts.[FLT] inikela izinto zokufundisa. Ukuqonda okuphakathi kolawulo kukunceda ukuba wenze imbono elungeleleneyo yezenzo zikarhulumente.

Iintlangano zeSibini kunye nokuSebenza

Ngenela amaqela asekuhlaleni, aye kwiintlanganiso zezikolo, okanye amatsha - ntliziyo kwimibutho yezopolitiko. Uluntu oluninzi lunamaqumrhu anxulumene namasebe aphezulu esixeko. Ukuncoma kunyulo ngalunye "lonke" lokoqobo, lombuso, nololunozwel_ukuma. Kulonke unyulo olungundoqo ludla ngokuba nethuba eliphantsi lokukhetha, ukanti lugqiba iibhodi zesikolo, iikomfa zephondo, nezikhundla zokugweba ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho

Ulwazi ngamalungelo akho esiseko somgaqo-siseko . .Inkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, inkqubo efunekayo, uyakwazi ukuqaphela ukhuseleko olulinganayo xa loo malungelo esengozini. Isebe lejaji likho ukunyanzelisa la malungelo, kodwa inyathelo lokuqala kukuwaqonda. I ACLU inikeza ukushwankathela kwamalungelo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo (umz., ukunxibelelana namapolisa, ukuvota, amalungelo obuqu). Okukhona abemi beqonda ngakumbi ukukhusela kwabo okusemthethweni, okungcono ukuba bamele bona ngokwabo nabanye.

Isiphelo: Imbopheleleko Eqhubekayo Yobumi

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente akawabo abasemagqabini; ngamaziko apho ibutho ledemokhrasi lizilawula khona. Ukusuka kulawulo olulawulayo olumisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko, ukuya kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ixhasa imfundo, ukuya kwikomiti yezezimali ekhusela amalungelo akho, la masebe aphothiswa kwibala lobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ummi onolwazi oqondayo iindima zesebe ngalinye angavota ngobulumko ngakumbi, athethele ngokunempumelelo, kwaye asebenzise inkqubo ukuphucula kungekuphela kobomi bawo kodwa kwanoluntu lwawo.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi asingomdlalo obonwayo. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela inika isakhiwo, kodwa ixhomekeke kubantu abathembisene ukusigcina sisempilweni. Ngokufunda indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo, ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo, ukuqhagamshelana nabameli, nokuhlonela umthetho, uba ligaxele ngokukhutheleyo ekulawuleni/hyo kuphela. Okukhona usazi, ilizwi lakho liya liqina. Lithathe ixesha namhlanje lokukhangela amagosa akho anyuliweyo, funda ngetyala langoku leNkundla Ephakamileyo, okanye uye kwintlanganiso yebhunga lasekuhlaleni.