Table of Contents

Amatyala enkundla karhulumente amela ilungu eligxekayo lenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika, kodwa abemi abaninzi bafumanisa ukuba bayadideka kwaye kunzima ukuyiqonda. Nokuba ngaba ubandakanyeka kwilixa lokulishwa, ukulandela ityala le-profile ephezulu, okanye ufuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi, ukuqonda indlela iinkundla zesebe elisebenza ngayo. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luqhekeza yonke into oyifunayo malunga namatyala enkundla yesizwe, ukusuka kulawulo nakwinkqubo ukuya kumalungelo neembopheleleko zakho.

Ukuqonda Inkundla Yomkhosi: Yintoni Eyenza Ityala Libe Yityala?

Iinkundla zomanyano ziinkundla ezilawula igunya elilinganiselweyo, ithetha ukuba zingava kuphela iintlobo ezithile zamatyala agunyazisiweyo ngumGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo karhulumente. Oku kwahlukile kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ezinegunya elibanzi lokuphulaphula phantse naluphi na uhlobo lwetyala.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

Ulawulo lweenkundla zephondo luchazwe ngumGaqo-siseko, imimiselo, kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Inqaku III linikela ukuba igunya lokugweba "lizakwandisa" kwiintlobo "zizidumbu" ezisithoba kunye "neengxoxo": onke amatyala asemthethweni kunye nokungaphindi phantsi komGaqo-siseko, imithetho, nezivumelwano ze-ogcona, kunye nezigqibo ze-odwa ze-United States; onke amatyala achaphazela amanxusa, abanye abalungiseleli bakawonke-wonke kunye namatyala oluntu; onke amatyala ee-admiraria kunye nemithetho yaselwandle; iimpikiswano eUnited States eliqela; iimpikiswano phakathi korhulumente nabemi bomnye urhulumente; izimpikiswano phakathi kwabemi belizwe elohlukene; amazwe athelekisa amazwe; amazwe athe ahlukeneyo kunye namazwe aphakathi koorhulumente ahlukene; kunye nabemi bawo, okanye abahlali bemi bamazwe, okanye abahlali belizwe, okanye abahlali belizwe, okanye abahlali belizwe lamazwe, okanye abango.

Isigqibo sombuzo womanyano

Ulawulo lombuzo olungurhulumente luvumela umntu ngamnye ukuba afumane igunya kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kuquka nomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Le yenye yezona ndlela zimbini ziphambili iinkundla zikarhulumente ezifumana igunya kwiinkundla.

Ityala elibandakanya igunya lemibuzo likarhulumente liquka iimpikiswano malunga:

  • Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nokwaphulwa
  • IMimiselo neMimiselo
  • Izivumelwano zomanyano nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe
  • Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu phantsi komthetho karhulumente
  • Inkcaso yemisebenzi ekhoyo
  • Iimbambano zoPaten, zomgunyathi, nezophawu

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuze abe nolawulo lwe-atlantiff yemibuzo, isikhalazo somlandu kufuneka sibe sesiphambili. Oku kuthetha ukuba isikhalazo sokuqala somcuphi kufuneka sibe nezibhekiso kumbuzo karhulumente kunye nomba wesigqeba oxhokonxiweyo. Umbuzo kunye nembambano yequmrhu ayinakuphakama kukhuselo olulindelekileyo, kufuneka inikelwe kwisikhalazo sokuqala.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamaqela Ahlukahlukeneyo

Ukulawula imimandla eyahlukeneyo kuvumela abantu ukuba bazise izityholo kwinkundla yephondo apho ityala lingaphezu kwee-$75 000 (R34 000) kwaye amaqela angabemi bemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Olu hlobo lolawulo luvumela iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zibe ngoondilele xa amaqela asuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo ebandakanyekile kwiimbambano.

Ukuzisa umthetho karhulumente kwinkundla yesizwe, onke amarhamncwa kufuneka abekwe kumazwe awahlukeneyo kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, kwaye "abekwe kwimpikiswano" kufuneka abe ngaphezu kwee-$75 000. Le mfuneko yokwahluka okupheleleyo kuthetha ukuba kwanommangalelwa omnye ukusuka kwilizwe elinye njengommangalelwa ungonakalisa ulawulo oluhlukeneyo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho angengeziswa phantsi kolawulo oluhlukeneyo. Amazwana angazisa amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe angazisa amatyala etyala kwinkundla yequmrhu lorhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa kweNkundla yoManyano

Ukuqonda iqumrhu leenkundla zikarhulumente kunceda abemi baloo nkqubo balawule yaye baqonde indlela amatyala ahambela phambili ngayo ngomlinganiselo owahlukahlukeneyo wokuhlolisisa.

IiNkundla zeSithili zaseUnited States

Iinkundla zesithili ziinkundla zokuchophela amatyala jikelele kwinkqubo yenkundla yephondo. Inkundla nganye yesithili inejaji yeSithili enye yaseUnited States, etyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye eqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ukuze ifumane igalelo lobomi. Iinkundla zesithili zisingatha iinkundla zenkundla ezikwinkqubo karhulumente – zombini ityala lengingqi kunye nesaphuli-mthetho.

Kukho izithili ezingama-94 zezomthetho zelifa lesizwe kulo lonke elaseUnited States, ubuncinane kukho isithili esinye kwiphondo ngalinye.

Iinkundla Zezibheno ZaseUnited States

Xa inkundla yesithili yephondo igqibile ukutyala, ityala linokubhenela kwinkundla yesibheno yaseUnited States. Kukho amaphaluka alishumi elinesibini karhulumente ahlula ilizwe libe yimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Inkundla nganye yesiphaluka inogunyaziso kwiinkundla zesithili kummandla wayo wengingqi.

Izibheno eziya kwiinkundla zesiphaluka kuqala ziviwa liqela lesizwe, eliquka abagwebi abathathu besiphaluka. Ilixa leencwadi zezomthetho "ii-brief" kwinkundla, liphikisa isizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla yetyala kufuneka siqiniselwe okanye siphendulwe. Emva kokuba ezi ngxelo zibekwe, inkundla iza kucwangcisa ucwangciso "lwezo lomthetho" apho amagqwetha eza phambi kwenkundla ukuze enze iimpikiswano zawo aze aphendule imibuzo yabagwebi.

Ukongezelela, iNkundla Yesiphaluka Yezibheno yeFederal inegunya elilawula ilizwe lonke kwiimbambano ezithile ezifana nemvume, inikela ubuchule obukhethekileyo kwimimandla entsonkothileyo yobugcisa.

Iinkundla Zomanyano Ezikhethekileyo

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yenkundla yenkundla jikelele, iinkundla eziliqela ezikhethekileyo zisingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala:

  • IiNkundla zeBankipruct: isithili ngasinye sorhulumente sikwanenkundla ewise ityala lale micimbi
  • Inkundla yerhafu yeUnited States: Ezinye iinkundla zinegunya kwilizwe lonke ngenxa yemibandela enjengerhafu (United States Treasure Court)
  • Inkundla yeUnited States yeeNgxelo zoManyano: IiAmpes ezithetha ngokuchasene norhulumente worhulumente wesizwe
  • Inkundla yeMali yeZizwe Ngezizwe yoTrhwebo: idilesi zelizwe lonke zorhwebo kunye nemicimbi yamasiko

Inkqubo Yetyala Lenkundla Yomanyano: Ukusuka Ekuzingiseni Ukuya Kwisigqibo

Ukuqonda amacandelo okumangalelwa kukarhulumente kunceda abemi balindele oko banokukulindela baze bakulungiselele ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

IClairetiff ifakela iCANDELO elinguWonke-wonke, imisela izibakala neengcamango ezingokwasemthethweni elisekelwe kuzo eli tyala. Olu xwebhu lokuqala lubalulekile ngenxa yokuba lumisela isiseko setyala kwaye kufuneka lubonise ukuba inkundla yesizwe inegunya lokuva lo mba.

Isikhalazo simele siquke:

  • Ingxelo yolawulo lwenkundla
  • Ingcaciso ecacileyo yezibakala ezibangela ingcamango
  • Isiseko esisemthethweni seli tyala
  • Inkxaso okanye isicombululo esifunwayo

Impendulo yommeli

Iifayile ezikhuselayo zingaba yiMPENDULO kukukhalaza, okanye zifakele intelekelelo yesifo sokungaphumi, iphikisa ngelithi ityala aliphumeleli ukukhalaza ngento ethile, eyokwamkeleka ngumthetho. Ukuba uKhuselo lwefayile luyiNtloko yokugxotha, iNkundla kufuneka iqale ikholise ityala ukuze iqhubele phambili nakweyiphi na enye into.

Intshukumo yokukhupha ityala ingacel ’ umngeni iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemeko, eziquka:

  • Ukungabikho kolawulo lwemiba
  • Ukungabi nagunya
  • Indawo engafanelekanga
  • Ukungaphumeleli ukubeka ingxelo apho isiqabu singanikwa khona
  • Umsebenzi ongonelanga wenkqubela

Ukufunyanwa Kwezinto

Le yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokunikana inkcazelo phakathi kwamaqela ngamangqina kunye nobungqina abaza kubufumana xa kuvavanywa. Ukuxilongwa kunceda abo badibanayo bazi ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqalise ukuba bubuphi ubungqina obunokunikelwa.

Ukufunyanwa kwangaphambi kovavanyo kuthetha ukuba la matheko anikwe ixesha apho azama ukuvelisa ubungqina bokuxhasa iimeko zawo. Iinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintlanu lixesha eliqhelekileyo lokufunyanwa ekumangalelweni kwesizwe.

Iintlobo zezixhobo Zokufumanisa

Kukho iintlobo ezine ezingundoqo zezicelo zokufumana: (1) ii-asethi; (2) ii-acess; (3) izicelo zokuvunywa; kunye (4) nezicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu. Izixhobo ziludliwano-ndlebe olusemthethweni lokunikela ubungqina.

Iziphumo: Ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwangaphambi kovavanyo, umbutho ngamnye angafuna omnye aphendule ii-INTERROGATORIES – ezifuna iqela ukuba liphendule imibuzo ebhaliweyo phantsi kwesifungo. Le mibuzo ibhaliweyo ivumela amaqela aqokelele ulwazi olusisiseko malunga neemfuno zeqela elichasayo, izikhuselo, kunye nobungqina.

[[Umthetho:0] Izimiliselo: zidla ngokuba yeyona ndawo ibiza imali eninzi nende kakhulu yokufumana iziphumo zoshicilelo lwangaphambi koshicilelo. Ukubekwa kwemali kuthetha ukuba iqela ngalinye lifuna nabani na elikhethayo ukuza kwi-ofisi yegqwetha lize liphendule imibuzo phantsi kokufunga ngokokwaziyo ngetyala. Iziqinisekiso zinika ithuba lokuvavanya ukuthembeka nokutshixa ubungqina phambi kokuvavanywa.

Izicelo zemveliso: Imikhosi ingacela amaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha, kunye nobunye ubungqina obubonakalayo obunxulumene netyala. Iqela eli sebe lisebenza ngesicelo sokwenziwa koxwebhu lineentsuku ezingama-30 zokuphendula.

Izicelo zolu mvume: Izicelo zokwamkelwa zilawulwa ngumthetho 36, osebenza ngendlela efanayo njengezicelo zemvume phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Iqela lasebenza ngesicelo lineentsuku ezingama-30 ukuphendula (Rule 36(a)(3)) kwaye akukho mida phantsi kwemithetho kwinani lezicelo ezinokufakwa.

Indawo Yokufumanisa

Ngaphandle kokuba kulinganiselwe ngomyalelo wenkundla, umlinganiselo wokufumana ungaphakanyiswa ngolu hlobo: Iintlanganiso zingafumana nangawuphi na umbandela ongengowasemthethweni onxulumene nento efunwa okanye ukhuseleko lwawo nawuphi na umntu, ujonge ukubaluleka kwemibandela esengozini kwisenzo.

Imfuneko yokulingana yeyexeshana yaye imela umlinganiselo obalulekileyo ekufunyanisweni kwayo. Ngoku iinkundla ziqwalasela enoba umthwalo neendleko zokufumana into ecetyiweyo zingaphezulu kusini na koncedo lwazo lokucombulula elo tyala.

Izivalo Neengqungquthela Zokuqala

Umthetho 26(f) uyenza ibe yeyona nto ifunekayo kumagqwetha ukudibana nokuthetha phambi kokufunyanwa nokutyhilwa. Le nkomfa inyanzelisa ukubizwa ngokuba yi "intlanganiso yokuqala yesiluleko" kwaye inika isithuba apho icebiso lingathetha ngokukhululekileyo ngolawulo lwetyala kunye nenkqubo yokufumana.

Le mfuneko yokuqala yentsebenziswano yahlula uqheliselo lwamagunya kumaziko amaninzi enkundla yeli lizwe kwaye ikhuthaza amaqela ukuba asebenze kunye ukudibanisa inkqubo yokufumana nokucombulula iimpikiswano ngokunempumelelo.

Ugwebo lwesishwankathelo

Umgwebo womshwankatho yindlela exhaphakileyo yokulahla amatyala karhulumente, ingakumbi ekubeni abagwebi bequmrhu benetyala elinzima kakhulu. Ungacinga ukuba ugwebo olufutshane njengokuzama ityala eliphepheni. Icala ngalinye liza kubekwa ekubhaleni iimpikiswano zalo, kunye nezicatshulwa ezisuka kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo, iimpendulo zokuncina amatyala, kunye namaxwebhu aveliswe ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwelinge lokuzama ukucenga iNkundla yesikhundla sabo.

Umgwebo wesishwankathelo uvumela iinkundla ukuba zicombulule amatyala ngaphandle kwetyala elipheleleyo xa kungekho mpikiswano yokwenene ngezibakala zezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuba inyathelo lomqeshi lomgwebo wesishwankathelo liyakhanyelwa, ityala liya kumiselwa ukuvavanywa. Ukuba livunyiwe, ityala liphelile kwaye okuphela konyango kukuyila iAPPAL kwinkundla ephakamileyo.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala liqhubeka lihamba ngokweentshukumo ukuze lisigxothe kwaye liqulethwe ngokufutshane, liqhubekele kwityala. Iimvavanyo zomanyano zingagqitywa ngumgwebi (ukuvavanywa ngetyala) okanye ngabachopheli-tyala, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwetyala nakwizinto ezikhethwa ngabaphulaphuli. Ngethuba lokuvavanywa, omabini amacala anikela ubungqina, avavanya amangqina, aze enze iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni ezixhasa ukuma kwawo.

Inkqubo yokuvavanya iquka:

  • Ukhetho lwe Jury (kwityala labachopheli-tyala)
  • Iingxelo zokuvula
  • Ukunikelwa kobungqina ngumlawuli
  • Ukunikelwa kobungqina ngummangalelwa
  • Ubungqina obuphindayo
  • Isiphumezi-miyalelo esivalayo
  • Imiyalelo ye Jury (kwityala labachopheli-tyala)
  • Isigqibo

Inkqubo Yezibheno: Ukufuna Ukuhlolwa Kwezigqibo Zenkundla Yesizwe

Ilungelo lokubhenela lilungu elisisiseko lenkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe, elinikela ubuchule bokulungisa iimpazamo nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo.

Imigangatho yempinda ephunyeziweyo

Igunya lokulawula ukuqulunqwa kwetyala ligunya lokuhlola izigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla eziphantsi. Iinkundla zetyala azivavanyi amatsha.

Iinkundla eziphandayo zidla ngokuhlola iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibandela phantsi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imibuzo yomthetho: Ihlolisisiwe de novo (uhlomelo olutsha ngaphandle kokuzibamba kwinkundla egwetyiweyo)
  • Iziphumo ezicacileyo: Ihlolisisiwe yempazamo ecacileyo (umqondiso wokungakhathalelwa kwinkundla evavanyayo)
  • [[UMTL:0] Izigqibo zokothula: zihlolwe ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kobulumko

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kwinkqubo karhulumente. Amatheko anqwenela ukubhenela kwisigqibo esivela kwiNkundla yeNtloko Yezibheno ye-U.S. okanye inkundla ephakamileyo kwiphondo angacela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngokuvunywa kweCento yeceretiari ukuphulaphula ityala lawo elibandakanya umthetho karhulumente okanye umGaqo-siseko wase-U. INkundla ePhakamileyo inelungelo lokuba ii-warts ziya kunikwa liphi na. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.

Inkqubo yokuhlola ekhethayo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ukuba ngamatyala anika imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye iimbambano phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi zivunywa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba zihlolwe.

Amagama Asemthethweni Abalulekileyo Afanele Aziwe Ngabo Bonke Abami

Ukuqonda amagama asisiseko asemthethweni kunceda abemi balapho balandele inkundla yaseburhulumenteni baze bawaqonde amaxwebhu asemthethweni.

Imibandela Engomthetho

  • Upolaintiff: Iqela eliqala ukumangalelwa kwe-odoli ngokufaka isikhalazo
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Defendint: Iqela elimangalelwayo okanye elimangalelwayo kwinkqubela phambili esemthethweni
  • Intelekelelo: Iqela elifakela isibheno okanye isicelo kwinkundla ephezulu
  • Idityanisiwe: Iqela eliphendula kwisibheno okanye isicelo

Inkonzo kunye neVenue

  • Juridiction: Juricion imisela ukuba inkundla inalo na igunya elingokwasemthethweni lokuva ityala
  • IManucio-lidiction yeSihloko: Ngeli xesha igunya lobuqu lilawula apho amaqela anokuviwa, ulawulo lwento ephantsi lulawula oko inkundla inokukuva ngokungqalileyo
  • Esiqu juriscision: ulawulo lobuqu lugunya lenkundla kumaqela athile kwimeko ethile, ingakumbi ummangalelwa. Inkundla inokubopha iqela kuphela kwimithetho yayo ukuba linegunya lobuqu phezu kwawo
  • I- I-Vennue:[ ulawulo lwe-grafiki, olusoloko lubizwa njengendawo, lumisela indawo ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yenkundla apho ityala limele liviwe khona. Naxa umba kunye nolawulo lobuqu lumisiwe, ityala kufuneka ligcinwe kwindawo elungileyo

Izigqibo Nemiyalelo Yasenkundleni

  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho: Isicelo esisemthethweni esiya kwinkundla ukwenzela isigqibo okanye umyalelo othile
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Icala elibhaliweyo lenkundla okanye umyalelo
  • Isigqibo sokugqibela senkundla yokucombulula umba ongundoqo kwityala
  • Isigqibo se projekti: Isigqibo seqela labachopheli-tyala kwimibuzo eyinyaniso ebhekiswe kubo
  • Appal: Isicelo kwinkundla ephezulu ukuhlola nokuguqula isigqibo senkundla esezantsi
  • IRemand: Xa inkundla edlulisela imvume ithumela ityala emva kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ukwenzela ukuququzelelwa okuthe rhoqo

Ixesha Elibekiweyo

  • Ikhokeli:[ iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezigcinwe enkundleni, kuquka izikhalazo, iimpendulo, kunye neempendulo
  • Brief: Isiphumezi- miyalelo esibhaliweyo somthetho esingeniswe kwinkundla
  • [[UMTHL: 0] Ukubekwa: Ukuphuma-phuma-kwesikhongozeli kubungqina obuthathwe phambi kokuvavanywa
  • Subpoena: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu avele enkundleni okanye avelise amaxwebhu
  • Ukuma: Ilungelo elisemthethweni lokuzisa ukumangalelwa, elifuna ukuba umkhandi wetyala uvalelwe kwingozi yokwenene

IiNkundla zeLizwe: Ukuqonda umahluko

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yenkundla ezimbini, iinkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente zisebenza ngexesha elinye. Ukuqonda iingxabano kunceda abemi balapho bagqibe ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo yenkundla esebenzayo kwimeko yabo.

Umahluko Obalulekileyo

I-US iqhuba inkqubo yenkundla ezimbini, iinkundla zelifa lemveli kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente ezihambelana, nganye inemida yolawulo echaziweyo. Iinkundla zoMasipala zinemithetho elinganiselweyo. Zinokuwava amatyala agunyaziswe ngokukhethekileyo ngumGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo karhulumente. Zisingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe, imibuzo yezomgaqo-siseko, iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe, kunye nemiba ebandakanya umthetho wesizwe.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zinegunya eliqhelekileyo. Ziva iimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni e-US. Oku kuquka ukumangalelwa kwamatyala, imicimbi yomthetho weentsapho, ukuvumelana ngeempikiswano, amatyala omntu ngamnye, nemiba efuna ukubekwa.

Impinda eququzelelayo

Amanye amatyala anokubekwa kwinkundla karhulumente okanye karhulumente. Ukuxambulisana phakathi kwenkampani yaseNew York nenkampani yaseKhalifoniya ngeerandi ezingama-100 000 kungafakwa kwinkundla karhulumente elawulwa ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo, okanye kwinkundla yephondo. Ukukhethwa kwe-forum sisigqibo esicwangcisiweyo.

Xa ityala libekwa enkundleni yetyala kodwa linokubekwa kwinkundla karhulumente, ummangalelwa usenokukhetha "ukulisusa" ityala kwinkundla karhulumente, alidlulisele kwinkqubo karhulumente kwinkqubo karhulumente.

ABagwebi Abamanyeneyo: Idinga Nendima

Ukuqonda indlela abakhethwa ngayo nendlela abamele bathwale ngayo iimbopheleleko zabo kunceda abemi baqonde inkululeko negunya lejaji yesizwe.

Inkqubo Yedinga

Abagwebi boManyano (neNkundla Ephakamileyo "esesikweni") bakhethwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe "ngecebiso kunye nemvume" yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga kunye "izakubamba ii-ofisi zabo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle". Abagwebi basenokuhlala bekwisikhundla sabo bonke ubomi babo, kodwa abaninzi barhoxe okanye bathathe umhlala-phantsi ngaphambi kwexesha. Bangasuswa ngokungathobeli yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtloko.

Olu kumiselwa kobomi bonke lwenzelwe ukukhusela abagwebi bephondo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika nokuzivumela ukuba zenze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho nomGaqo-siseko, ngaphandle kokuxhalabela uluvo lukawonke wonke okanye iziphumo zokunyulwa.

ABagwebi Abaneengcungela

Enye into echasene nokumiselwa kobomi bonke ziijaji zejaji, ezikhethwa ngabagwebi besithili kwaye zisebenza igama elichaziweyo. Abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi besithili bancedisa ngokusingatha imicimbi yokuqala, ukuqhuba iingqungquthela, maxa wambi ukuqhuba iintlanganiso zemitshato ngemvume yamaqela.

Iingxelo zenkundla yeFederal kunye nolwazi

Inkundla yamatyala idla ngokuvulelwa uluntu ngokubanzi, kwaye abemi banelungelo lokufikelela kwiingxelo zenkundla nokugcina imicimbi. Oku kungqina kubalulekile ekulondolozeni intembelo yoluntu kwinkqubo yokugweba.

ICANDELO: Ukufikelela kuwonke-wonke kwiingxelo zombane

Iinkundla zelifa lemveli zigcina inkqubo ye-elektroniki ebizwa ngokuba yiPACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) evumela nabani na ukuba afune aze afumane amaxwebhu enkundla yephondo.

ngePACIR, abemi banoku:

  • Phendla amatyala ngegama leqela, inani loonobumba, okanye ezinye iinketho
  • Bonisa amaphepha edokisi abonisa zonke iifayile ezikwibhokisi
  • Ukhuphela ulwazi lwezikhalazo, intshukumo, imiyalelo, namanye amaxwebhu enkundlelo
  • Ukukhangela inkqubela-phambili yeemeko eziqhubekayo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ukuya Kwinkundla

Inkoliso yenkundla karhulumente ivulelwe uluntu ngokubanzi. Inginginya iyakwazi ukuya kumatyala, iinkundla, kunye neengxoxo zomlomo ukuze ibonele ngokwayo inkqubo yokugweba. Ezinye izindlu zenkundla zifuna ukuba iindwendwe zidlule ngokuvavanya ukhuseleko, yaye ezinye iingcebiso ezingxamisekileyo zisenokuvalwa ukuze kukhuselwe izilangazelelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Amalungelo Akho Kwinkundla Yomkhosi

Nokuba ngaba uthe tye kwinkundla emangalelayo, ingqina, okanye umqwalaseli onomdla, kubalulekile ukuqonda amalungelo akho enkundleni karhulumente.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa banelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuba bamelwe ligqwetha ukuba ukuba abanamali, inkundla iza kumisela icebo ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ngokuqhelekileyo akukho lungelo lokunika icebiso elimiselweyo, nangona eminye imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inikela umelo lwesisa ekufanelekeni kwabantu.

Ilungile Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

IsiHlanzi soHlaliso sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uya kuphulukana nobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho. Olu khuseleko lusisiseko luqinisekisa ukuba ukumangalelwa kwenkundla karhulumente kufanelekile, ukuba amaqela afumana isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa, yaye izigqibo zisekelwe kumthetho nakubungqina obungekho ngqiqweni.

Ukujamelana Netyala Lejaji

ISithandathu SoHlaziyo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kumatyala, ngoxa iSihlaziyo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala kwityala lasekuhlaleni. Maxa wambi amathe anokulichasa eli lungelo aze aqhubeke netyala lebheri phambi kwejaji kuphela.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zamatyala omanyano

Ukuqonda ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo kunceda abemi baqonde xa igunya lenkundla lisebenza.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo - mthetho aquka ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yezaphuli - mthetho zikarhulumente, kuquka:

  • Ukurhwetyelelwa kweziyobisi nokusasazwa
  • ukuphangwa nokuqhathwa
  • Ukuqhekezwa koMgaqo-nkqubo
  • Ukuphepha irhafu nokuqhatha
  • Ubuxoki
  • Ubugrogrisi nezenzo zokhuseleko zesizwe
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo noqhathayo
  • Ityala kunye nobuqhetseba bekhompyutha

Amalungelo e-oyile

Iinkundla zomanyano zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu ngamatyala abandakanya:

  • Ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi olusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, unqulo, imvelaphi yesizwe, ubudala okanye iziphene
  • Ukuqhankqalaza amalungelo
  • Ukungalawuleki kwamapolisa kunye nokunyanzelwa ngokugqithiseleyo
  • Ucalucalulo lwezindlu
  • Imfundo ekhethekayo
  • Ukuphulwa Kokuqala KoMthetho

Ityala lempahla eliqwalaselweyo

Iinkundla zomanyano zinegunya elipheleleyo kumatyala agunyazisiweyo kwaye zisingatha iimbambano ezininzi zogunyaziso kunye nezophawu. La matyala abandakanya:

  • Ukuphazamisa okubalulekileyo
  • Ukuphazanyiswa kwamalungelo omqulunqi
  • Iingxabano zorhwebo
  • Urhwebo olufihlakeleyo lusetyenziswa kakubi

Ityala Elingalawulekiyo

Iinkundla zoManyano zinegunya elipheleleyo kwiinkundla zokuwa, ezivumela abantu namashishini ukuba balungelelanise okanye bakhulule amatyala phantsi komthetho weBhanki ewileyo.

  • Isahluko 7 Udityaniso
  • Isahluko 11 soHlahlo-hlengiso loMashishini
  • Isahluko 13 sohlenga-hlengiso lwamatyala omntu ngamnye

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Kwinkundla Yomkhosi

Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba ubandakanyeke kwityala lenkundla, enoba liqela, lingqina okanye lingumqwalaseli, la macebiso aluncedo anokukunceda usebenzise indlela ephumelelayo.

Funa umelo olufanelekileyo lwasemthethweni

Uqheliselo lwenkundla yomanyano lubandakanya imithetho entsonkothileyo enzima kunye nomthetho oncinci. Ukuba ungumbutho kwityala likarhulumente, ukuqesha igqwetha elinamava kuqheliselo lwenkundla yenkundla yesizwe kuyanconywa ngokunamandla. Uqheliselo lomanyano lwahluke ngokuphawulekayo kuqheliselo lwenkundla yenkundla, kwaye ulwazi olukhethekileyo lusoloko lubalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nezilangazelelo.

Ukuyiqonda Imithetho Yenkundla Nemithetho Efileyo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo yokufunyanwa kwemali yesebe ilawulwa yiFRCP, imiyalelo jikelele kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni engqalileyo kwinkundla yesithili apho ityala libekwa khona, kunye nomyalelo wokuma ongqalileyo kumgwebi wesithili owabelweyo kwaye, ukuba kufanelekile, ijaji yamajisi yabelwe ukusingatha yonke imicimbi efunyenweyo.

Iinkundla zomanyano ngokungqongqo zinyanzelisa ukuba kumiselwe ixesha elifanelekileyo, kwaye ukuphoswa kwexesha elimiselweyo kunokuba neziphumo ezinzulu, kuquka ukugxothwa kwemiqathango okanye izikhuselo. Ukuqonda nokuthobela imithetho esebenzayo kuyingozi.

Gcina Amaxwebhu Nobungqina

Xa kulindelwe okanye kuqalisiwe, amatheko amele agcine amaxwebhu afanelekileyo nobungqina. Ukutshabalalisa okanye ukusilela ukugcina ubungqina kusenokuphumela kwisigwebo esiqatha, kuquka intelekelelo engalunganga okanye ukugxothwa kwemali.

Zilungiselele Ukufumanisa

Uphando lungakufumana ixesha lokufumana nokungena ngaphaya. Zilungiselele ukuphendula imibuzo eneenkcukacha ngetyala lakho, uvelise amaxwebhu anxulumeneyo, kwaye uhlale phantsi ukuze ufumane imvume. Ukusebenza ngokusondeleyo negqwetha lakho ukulungiselela ukufumanisa kubalulekile.

Khawucinge Ngesinye Isisombululo

Iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zikhuthaza okanye zifune ukuba amaqela azame ukuphendulana okanye ezinye iindlela zezigqibo zelinye icala ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Ezi nkqubo zinokulondoloza ixesha nemali ngoxa zinika ulawulo olungakumbi kwiziphumo kunokugweba ngetyala.

Uphuhliso lwakutshanje kumGaqo-nkqubo weNkundla yoManyano

Uqheliselo lwenkundla yomanyano luyaqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yenkqubela yobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwemilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni, nokuqwalasela izinto eziluncedo.

Ukuhamba nge-elektroniki kunye nenkqubela ekude

Iinkundla zomanyano zamkela iinkqubo ze-elektroniki, ezifuna ukuba amaxwebhu amaninzi afakwe ngombane kwinkqubo yeCM/ECF (Iifayile zoLawulo lweCesa/Iifayile zeCectronic Case). Isifo seCOVID-19 sanyusa ulwamkelo lwamanyathelo akwanti, neenkundla ezininzi ngoku zisoloko ziqhuba ukuchotshelwa kwananamatyala ngevidiyo.

Ingcaciso eFunyanwe

Ngenxa yale mfuneko intsha "yobungcali", oogqirha besizwe basoloko bezifumana behamba ngemposiso ukunyanzela apho umxholo wezokhuselo ongaphezulu kufuneka baphikisane nolwahlulo. Le njongo ithintela ukufunyanwa kobunzima obugqithisileyo okanye okubiza imali eninzi ngokunxulumene nezibonda zetyala.

Ulwazi olugcinwe ngombane

Ukunyuka konxibelelwano lwamanani nokugcinwa kogcino-lwazi kuye kwaguqula ukufunyanwa kwezinto. Iinkundla zomanyano zivelise imithetho neenkqubo ezithile zokuphatha ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha (ESI), kuquka ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yeposi, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle, kunye neerekhodi zesiseko sogcino-lwazi.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okungakumbi Ngeenkundla Zomanyano

Abemi abanomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngeenkundla zikarhulumente bayakwazi ukufumana ubuncwane obuninzi bemfundo.

IiWebhsayithi zeNkundla ezingokwasemthethweni

I-website ye-United States ( www.ustourts.gov) inikeza iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga nenkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe, kuquka izinto zokufundisa, amanani enkundla, kunye noqhagamshelwano kwii-website zenkundla nganye.

Iziko lolwazi olusemthethweni

Amaqumrhu afana neCornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute ( www.law.corell.edu) anikezela ngonikezelo olukhululekileyo kwimimiselo yesizwe, imithetho yenkundla, kunye neencwadi zomthetho ezichaza iinkqubo zenkundla yesizwe kunye nomthetho osezantsi.

Ukutyelela Kwenkundla Neenkqubo Zemfundo

Iinkundla ezininzi zenkundla zelifa lemveli zinikela ukhenketho nocwangciso lwemfundo olunika ulwazi ngenkqubo yokugweba.

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yesikhungu Ezimeleyo

Ukuqonda iinkundla zikarhulumente kufuna ukuba ziqonde indima yazo kwinkqubo yethu yomgaqo-siseko. Ijaji yesizwe isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ngokwayo amasebe owiso-mthetho nawamagunya aphetheyo, iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko kwaye ikhusela amalungelo abantu kwiingcinezelo ezininzi.

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente nezorhulumente luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yorhulumente waseMerika. Eli candelo liqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zelifa lemveli kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente nganye ithetha ngeendidi zamatyala ezilunge ngakumbi ngokobuchule neendima zazo.

Ithuba lobomi leejaji zesizwe, ngelinye ixesha linempikiswano, lisebenza injongo ebalulekileyo yokukhusela isigqibo somthetho kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Le nkululeko ivumela abagwebi ukuba benze izigqibo ezingathandwayo kodwa ezichanekileyo ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle koloyiko lokuphulukana nezikhundla zabo.

Isiphelo: Ukunika Abemi Amandla Ngokuqonda

Amatyala asenkundleni karhulumente achaphazela eminye yemiba ebalulekileyo ejongene nebutho lethu, ukususela kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko ukusa kwiimbambano zezorhwebo ezintsonkothileyo. Ngoxa inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe isenokubonakala isoyikisa yaye intsonkothile, iqonda isiseko sayo, iinkqubo nemigaqo yayo inika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Nokuba ngaba ubandakanyekile kwityala lomdla kawonke-wonke, okanye ufuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi, ulwazi lweenkqubo zenkundla yorhulumente kunye nolawulo luxabisekile. Iinkundla zelifa lemveli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekusebenziseni umthetho wesizwe, ekukhuseleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, nasekucombululeni iimpikiswano ezichaphazela abantu ngabanye, amashishini, kunye nebutho labantu liphela.

Ngokuqonda indlela iinkundla zelifa lemveli ezisebenza ngayo, abemi banokuwuqonda kakuhle umthetho, bawuqonde xa ulawulo lorhulumente lusebenza, baze basebenzise inkqubo ngendlela ephumelelayo xa kuyimfuneko. Ukubonakala kwenkundla yenkundla, kudityaniswe nokufikelela kwabantu kwiingxelo zenkundla kunye nobuncwane bemfundo, kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokugweba ihlala imele ijongeke kubantu eyisebenzisayo.

Njengoko inkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni iqhubeka iguquka ngenxa yeenguqu zobugcisa, imilinganiselo yentlalo eguquguqukayo, kunye neengxaki ezintsha zomthetho, ukuhlala sazi ngeenkqubo neenkqubela zenkundla yelifa lesizwe kusafuneka ukuze kungenelwe ubumi. Iinkundla zelifa lesizwe ziza kuqhubeka zinendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abemi baqonde ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili.