Umgaqo wokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho litye ledemokhrasi elingunolawulo-mpukane, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okanye qela likhatywayo kumalungelo asemthethweni afanayo namalungelo anikwe abanye. Isebenza njengovavanyo lomgaqo-siseko ngokuchasene nocalucalulo oluzimeleyo, ifuna ukuba imithetho isetyenziswe ngokufanayo kwaye ukwahlula okusekelwe elubala, ubufanasini, imbonakalo yesondo, ukukhubazeka okanye esinye isimo. Kumaqela akwizigwebo eziselubalazweni, ukhuseleko olulinganayo alulo nje kuphela kodwa asisiso esisebenzayo sokuthabatha inxaxheba enyanini epheleleyo.

Eli nqaku lixubusha ngemvelaphi, inkqubela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwale mihla kokhuseleko olulinganayo, ligxininisa kwindlela eliye lasetyenziswa ngayo ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo abantu abasweleyo ngokwembali. Ngokuqonda isiseko esisemthethweni kunye nemiqathango yaso, sinokuyiqonda bhetele inkqubela eyenziweyo nomsebenzi oseleyo.

Imbali Yokukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo

Ukumiswa okusesikweni kokhuseleko olulinganayo kumthetho wase-U.S. kwathi kwaphela ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ngonyaka we-1868. Icandelo 1 loMgaqo-nkqubo livakalisa oku: [[FLT: 0]“ Akukho Rhulumente eyakukhanyela namnye umntu onegunya lokulawula ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho.” Eli lungiselelo laliyinxalenye yoHlaziyo, eyayijolise ekupheliseni ubukhoboka, enika ubumi kubantu ababengamakhoboka, kwaye liqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko oluntu kwiziphumo zemfazwe yamakhaya.

Umbhalo wangaphambili womgaqo-siseko ``ingakumbi i-Access of the Findth Amendment’s Proces Claus' +'i-aved ichaza imigaqo ethile yokulingana, kodwa uMphengululo weshumi elinesine wenza imbopheleleko ecacileyo yoorhulumente bakarhulumente. Abaququzeleli bawo babezimisele ukubhukuqa i-Dred Scott v. Sandford[FLM] [1857] isigqibo, esasikhanyele ukuba ngummi wabemi base-Black America, nokuphelisa ii-Black Conflinessions ezithings ezithintela inkululeko yabantu abatsha.

Noko ke, kangangamashumi eminyaka emva kokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwe-'FLT', isithembiso sokhuseleko olulinganayo sahlala singazalisekiswa. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo Pnety v. Ferguson (1896) waxhasa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga phantsi kwemfundiso “ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo”, ephumeza ngokunempumelelo uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus kubantu abanombala. Inkundla yaqiqabela ukuba i-unityhea ayibonisi ukuba aphantsi ukuba izakhiwo zilingana (iiingcamango ezikhuthaza ucalucalucalucalulo lwendlela yendlela emeyo (iiiiiiiiiiiiiphesenti-5).

Kwakude kube phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 apho ijaji yaqalisa ukunyanzelisa i-Linganiso Lokhuseleko luka-Claus ngenkani enyanisekileyo. Ukutshintshwa kwakuqhutywa luthotho lweetyala eziziswa ngamagqwetha alwela amalungelo abantu aphikisayo ukuba imithetho yokukhetha ikhethe neyocalucalulo yayaphula isithembiso esingundoqo soMgaqo-siseko sonyango olulinganayo.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwangaphambili Nokukhula Kobunkunkqele Obungqongqo

Liyavumelana neUnited States v. Carolene Imveliso Co. (1938), iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabonisa indlela entsha. I- Umbhalo osemazantsi wesine waloo mbono ucebisa ukuba imithetho ejoliswe “kwenye iqela elincinane” okanye leyo ithwesa amalungelo angundoqo ingenza uphengululo oluninzi. Le ngcamango yaba sisiseko sovavanyo uhlolo olunzima [[]

Phantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, umthetho ocalucalula ngokwesiseko solwahlulo (njengohlanga okanye imvelaphi yohlanga) kufuneka ube [ ngokumthuzula [ ukulungiselela inzala karhulumente [ i-[[[FLT:]]] idibanisa inzala karhulumente [[[. Imithetho ekhoyo. Inqabileyo yazinziwa i-"Katema] v.[FLT] [5] [1944]), apho iNkudume ngokudukileyo ixhasa isiJaphani saseMerika ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II `isigqibo esigwetywayo namhlanje. Kodwa ke yona ngokwayo yaba yi-" elungele ukulingana kwegolide.

Amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso yokukhusela efanayo kuqondwa ngokufanelekileyo ngemithetho ephawulayo eyandisa ukufikelela kwayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo nakwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngasezantsi kukho amatyala abameli abonisa indaleko yomthetho.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Ngokutyikityiweyo yavakalisa ukuba ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus, lubhukuqa [] Pnet[ ka 'imfundiso “engafaniyo kodwa elinganayo'. IJaji enkulu Earl Warren ibhale ukuba i-Control “iave i-'evo yobuncinci" engathi “imele ukupheliswa."
  • i-Lover v. Virginia (1967): Imithetho karhulumente ekwalekwa umtshato wezinhlanga. Inkundla yenza uphando olungqongqo kwaye yathi ucalucalulo olungqongqo lweentlanga (hno ezo zinenjongo “yokunyamezela” “alunangqiqo” kwaye aluyiyo imithetho esesikweni.
  • Eced v. Reed (1971]: Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, iNkundla yenza umthetho (ukhetho olusekelwe kubuntu bomntu obufanayo kulawulo lwendawo) phantsi koKhuselo lwe-Linganiso luka-Claus. Eli tyala labeka isiseko sohlalutyo oluphezulu lwecandelo elisekelwe kwisondo.
  • Craig v. Boren (1976): iqinisekisiwe ukuba ulwahlulo lwezini lobufanasini luphantsi kwe [ uphando olungaphakathi [] `````umgangatho usezantsi kunophendlo olungqongqo kodwa oluphezulu kunesiseko esiqwalaselweyo. Umthetho kufuneka unxulumene ngokunzulu nenjongo ebalulekileyo karhulumente.
  • United States v. Virginia (1996): Ukuthoba phantsi inkqubo ye-Virginia Military Institute yamadoda kuphela, ibambe ukuba “ukuhlolwa kwe-"kusebenza kucalucalulo olusekelwe kwi-screens kwaye urhulumente kufuneka anikezele “ubulungisa obunamandla.”
  • [[Nkundla:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Wamkela ilungelo elisemthethweni lomtshato osisini omnye phantsi koMsebenzi Ofanelekileyo noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. INkundla yabambelela ekuthi ukungavumi umtshato kwizibini ezingokwasemgangeni omnye kwathoba isidima sazo kwaye yaphula umgaqo osisiseko wokhuseleko olulinganayo.

La matyala abonisa ukuvuma kweNkundla ukwandisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo kumaqela amatsha ngoxa ilungisa imilinganiselo yokuhlola. Kodwa le mfundiso isachasana, kwaye iziphumo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela iNkundla eyichaza ngayo “iihlelo lokuhlola” kunye“ namalungelo obuntu.

Uxakeko lwamaqela eenjongo zomda

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumaqela akhuselweyo embalini ekungeneleni ngokupheleleyo kwinxaxheba engokwasemthethweni nakuluntu. Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlola kuxhomekeka kulwahlulo, oluchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amathuba okuba nocelomngeni olunempumelelo kwimithetho yokwahlula-hlula.

Umanyano Lweentlanga

Uhlanga luyilwahlulo [[NTL: 0] olunee-aspect, oluxhobisa uhlolo oluqinileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umthetho ozobeka ngokucacileyo iilayini zobuhlanga (okanye onenjongo yokukhupha i-dislim kunye nesiphumo) `indawo ephezulu yedabi. Iligigate yangoku ibhekise [[FLT:] inyathelo elizinzileyo [[FLT:]] kwimfundo nasemsebenzini, [[FLT:]] [FLT]] ukhuseliso olukhuselweyo, kunye [[FLT:] ulungiso lobulungisa [[FLT]]

Izigqibo ze Fair Adgissis v. Harvard [2023], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iinkqubo zokuvuma uhlanga ngaphandle kokwazi ukuvela kwiyunivesithi kawonke-wonke zaphula umthetho we-Cestime Protection Clause, ngokunempumelelo ephelisa amashumi eminyaka enkqubo yokuvuma inkqubo kwimfundo ephezulu. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga makusetyenziswe njengendlela yokukhetha yokugqibela nokubeka “kwicandelo lomthetho.”

Ngelixesha, imingeni kwimithetho ye-ID [[NTL:0] kunye ne-i-racying[[FLT: 3] iyaqhubeka icela uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba amanyathelo anjalo ngokungenakulinganiswa athwele umthwalo omnyama no-Latinovolution, ukuchasa umgaqo womntu omnye, ivoti enye.

Amabhinqa

Ulwahlulo olusekelwe kwi Gender luphantsi kohlolo oluphakathi. Lo mgangatho usetyenzisiwe kwiimeko ezimalunga ne- ucalulo lweendawo zomsebenzi , inkonzo yomkhosi [, kunye [[FLT] namalungelo okhuthazo [FLT]]. Unqanyulo loDlutyo lwe-Dianscrection Act [1988]) kunye no-ISTIO-VI ye-I ye-RCUT Act eqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwamabhinqa, kodwa ukuchaza kwezahlulelo.

Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], iNkundla ilawula Roe v. Wade kunye [[FLT]] ne[FLT]] ukhuseleko olulinganayo l. Ityala i-Casey , ibambe ukuba uMthendeleko awufaki lungelo lokuqhomfa. Ngeli phambili ityala liguqukele kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, ukuchasa izigwebo kuphikisa ukuba isigqibo sijongeke ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kokulawula iziqu zabo. Imfazwe eqhubekayo yokukhupha ukuqhomfa kobuqu kunye nemigaqo elinganayo.

LGBTQ+ Uluntu

Imbonakalo yesondo kunye nobume bobutransgender azizange zichazwe ngokusemthethweni njengezicatshulwa, kodwa imithetho yakutshanje icebisa ukuba ucalucalulo kwezi zizathu lungafumana uhlalutyo oluphezulu. Romaster v. Evans [1996], iNkundla yabulala intengiso yeColorado eyalela ukukhusela kobufanasini, ubufanasini, kunye nabantu besini, isebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokuhlola okusengqiqweni ngo-“te."

Emashumini eminyaka kamva, obergefell v. Hodges (2015) lalamkela ilungelo elisisiseko lokutshata, kwaye Bostock v. Clayton County [ [2020]) lathi uthintelo lweSihlomelo VII kucalulo lwesondo lukwasusela kucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo kunye nophawu lobufana. I-Actal Protect Classie iyaqhubeka iyisixhobo esingundoqo esisemthethweni semithetho ethintela abantu ukuba bangenele kwimpilo, izindlu zokugeza, iindlu zokuhlambela, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimidlalo.

Abantu Abaneziphene

UkuKhuselwa okulinganayo kukaClaus ngokwembali kunikeze isiqabu esisikelwe umda kubantu abaneziphene ngenxa yokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yala ukuphatha ukukhubazeka njengodidi olurhanelwayo. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center [85], iNkundla yafaka isicelo soqwalaselo socalulo olunolwazi olusekelwe kwisiseko socalulo, kodwa isawugawula umthetho oye wakhetha ngaphandle kweqela labantu abaneziphene. Ityala libonisa ukuba kwanaphantsi komgangatho ophantsi, imithetho esekelwe kwikhethe elingenangqiqo ayinakuhlala.

Ukhuseleko oluyintloko lwezwelonke lwabantu abakhubazekileyo ngoku luvela kumthetho we- waseMelika onobukhubazeko [ADA] kunye noMthetho wokwethula ka 1973[[[FLT:]]], hayi uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus ngokwalo. Kodwa, iimpikiswano ezilinganayo zihlala zifanelekile kwisakhiwo sokhuseleko [[FLT:]4] ukwenziwa kwenkonzo, , [[FLT:]] ukhuthulo olusebenzayo, [[FLT:]] olusebenzayo., kunye neendawo zokuhlala [FLT:]

Amancinane Onqulo Nabaphambukeli

Ulwahlulo lonqulo aludweliswanga ngokucacileyo kuMphetho-mvakalo weshumi elinesine kodwa lukhuselwe phantsi Isiko lika Claus kunye ne-[FLT] i-Estalish system [. Sekunjalo, imingeni elinganayo yokukhusela iphakanyiswe nxamnye nemithetho ejolise iincape zonqulo oluncinane [“ezinjelwe ngokucacileyo"ezifana nepost-9-9/11 ezigqunywe ngemiqathango yentloko yonqulo.

Abafuduki nabangenaziqingatha bakwangenelwa kukhuseleko olulinganayo, nangona iNkundla iye yasebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho karhulumente. Ngelixesha oorhulumente bengenako ukuyikhanyela imfundo kawonke-wonke kubantwana abangabhalwanga ( Plyler v. Doe, 1982), urhulumente wequmrhu uhlala ephangaleleyo kumgaqo wokufuduka phantsi kwemfundiso yamandla karhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Lokukhuselwa Ngendlela Elinganayo Kweli xesha

Nangona kukho isiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko, ukuphunyezwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo kujongene nemiqobo engapheliyo. Imimandla emithathu ifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo.

Imilinganiselo yezeejaji etshintshayo

Ukwenziwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kuphembelela iziphumo zamatyala okhuseleko olulinganayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla ishukunyiselwe kumbala ongaboniyo ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko, okuthi kuthiwe naliphi na inyathelo likarhulumente elingabonakaliyo lohlanga, qha, kwaneenjongo zokulungisa, kufuneka lihlolwe ngokungqongqo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba le ndlela ayihoyi imbali kwaye iyantlukwano eqhubekayo kwaye yenza kube nzima ukuphendulana nocalulo lwendlela.

Ukongezelela, iNkundla ibonise ukungakuthandi ukwenza iiklasi ezintsha ezirhanelekayo. Umzekelo, ku Trump v. Hawaii (2017), iNkundla yaxhasa ukuvalwa kohambo olujolise kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi angenalucalucalulo, igatya isiphumezi sokuba inkqubo yaphula umthetho ka Claus okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Isigqibo sagxininisa ubunzima bokungqina injongo yediski yodidi xa kusetyenziswa ulwimi olunobundilele ebusweni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokunyanzelwa

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo alinganayo luxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kwimithetho yetyala kodwa nakwisenzo sowiso-mthetho kunye nesolawulo. Iinguqu kukhokelo lwezopolitiko zingakhokelela ekuguqukeni kukhokelo oluphambili [[FLT: 0] lomthetho wokwandiswa kobulungisa [, ukhuthuzo lwamalungelo okhuseleko lwamalungelo omgangatho [, kunye nokhokelo oluchazayo [ kwimithetho echasene nohlanganiso. Umzekelo, iSebe leMfundo kujongo yamalungelo abafundi phantsi kweSihloko seSihloko se-IX licuthe , yenza ukungaqiniseki kolawulo lwabafundi kunye noluhlanga.

Inyathelo lomgangatho karhulumente likwayindawo yedabi engundoqo. Amanye amatyala aye amisela imithetho emisela ngokucacileyo amalungelo abantu abadlulayo, ethintela ukufumaneka kovotelo, okanye ethintela ukusetyenziswa kokhetho kunye neenkqubo zokudibanisa. Le mithetho isoloko icelw'ucelw'ucelo phantsi koKhuselo lwe-Elinganayo ka-Claus, kodwa iziphumo zixhomekeke kwiinkcazelo zenkundla zasekuhlaleni.

Iimfundiso Zemithetho Yokuziphatha Neendidi Ezitsha Zocalulo

Njengokuba izigqibo ezenziwe ngemithetho-manani kunye nobuntlola obungeyoyamvelo bulawula izindlu, ityala, umsebenzi, kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, kuphakama imibuzo emalunga nendlela olulingana ngayo ukhuseleko kucalucalulo lwesithethe [data-driven]. Ukuba i-algorith iyala ukuboleka inani elingenakulinganiswa labalindi abambalwa, ngaba oko kuya kuphazamisana nokhuseleko olulinganayo luka-Claus? Ngomhla, iinkundla ziye zazama ukusebenzisa imfundiso yesithethe (iinkqubo ebhekisa kucalucalucalulo-[) enokuthi ive iziphumo zokungacalulwa ngaphandle kokucacingisiswa kwebala.

Abameli baphikisa ngelithi [[Nkqutyana:0] impembelelo eguquguqukayo uhlalutyo, olusele lusetyenzisiwe phantsi koMthetho weFair House Act kunye neSihloko VII, kufuneka lunyuselwe kwintelekelelo ezifanayo zokhuseleko. Kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibimathidala ukuxhasa impembelelo egqibeleleyo phantsi koMphetho-weshumi elinesine, idala umsantsa wokukhusela ngokusemthethweni abo behlelwe yimithetho-algoric.

Isiphelo: Ukukhuselwa Okunokuhlala Kuhleli

Ukukhusela okulinganayo kusengumgaqo onamandla nophikiswayo. Intsingiselo yako ikhula ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukusuka kwisithembiso esimxinwa sokulingana ngokusemthethweni kubantu ababengamakhoboka ukuya kugunyaziso oluchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje, ukusuka emtshatweni ukuya kwimfundo ukuya ekuvoteni. Kodwa olo hambo alupheli.

Kumaqela athotyiweyo, i-Avincime Protection Clause inikela ikhaka lokuchasene nemithetho yocalulo nekrele ukucel ’ umngeni iindlela ezichuliweyo zokungalingani. Ukusebenza kwayo kuxhomekeke kwijaji ekulungeleyo ukuba nenxaxheba engqongqo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ezimisele ukuhlaziya amalungelo abantu, kunye ne-generita efuna ukuphendula.

Ukuqonda imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa kokhuseleko olulinganayo asiyondlela yokuzilolonga nje kuphela, kuyimfuneko kumntu ozimisele ukuqhubela phambili okusesikweni. Umda olandelayo ungahlala kwimimandla enjenge [[FLT: 0] ukungalingani ngokwezoqoqosho, ubulungisa bezenkcubeko , kunye amalungelo amkelekileyo [, apho isiseko sesithethe sokhuseleko olulinganayo kufuneka silungelelanise kwizinto ezintsha.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngemiba yokhuseleko yangoku, jonga i- Constitution Annoted’s uhlalutyo loMphetho-weshumi elinesine , i iproject's project's layibrari yamatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo[, kunye ne ACLU] intelekiso yokhuseleko olulinganayo[[. Ezi zinto zinika ulwazi olululwezo lwexesha elisemthethweni kumhlaba njengoko luqhubeka luguquka.