Inkqubo yomthetho eUnited States kunye namanye amagunya amaninzi aqhelekileyo omthetho ahlulwe ngamacandelo amabini avulekileyo: umthetho wamakhaya kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa zombini zibandakanya ukumangalelwa kwenkundla kunye neempikiswano zomthetho, zisebenza ngokusisiseko, zilandela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zithwale iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ungumnini-shishini, umnini-impakamo, ixhoba lengozi, okanye umntu ojamelene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqonda oku kuyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nokuqhuba inkqubo esebenzayo. Eli nqaku linikela ukonakala okucacileyo kwemibambo engundoqo, i-procedural, umthwalo onzima wemilinganiselo engqinelayo, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zokuchasene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ziyintoni Ityala Lamakhaya?

Amatyala angokwasemthethweni phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo `indidivices'', amashishini, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente'athi avele xa elinye iqela lisenzakalisa elinye okanye lisilela ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi osemthethweni. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, usukelo lokuqala lokubekwa kwetyala loburhulumente asisohlwayo kodwa sisigqibo: inkundla ifuna ukunikela unyango kumalungu awo onzakeleyo, ngokufuthi kuhlobo lwemali okanye umyalelo wenkundla ofuna isenzo esithile esikhethekileyo (njengokusenza isivumelwano okanye ukumisa umsebenzi oyingozi). Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula uludwe olubanzi lwezintlubano zabantu, ukusuka kwizivumelwano eziqhawukileyo ukuya kwiingozi zemali zemali.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zomatyala Aseburhulumenteni

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka iindidi ezininzi ezincinane. Olona hlobo luqhelekileyo luquka:

  • [[NTLA: 0] Impikiswano yekontraka – Ukuqukumbela isivumelwano esinyanzeliswayo ngokusemthethweni, esinjengerente, ukuthengiswa kwempahla, okanye isivumelwano somsebenzi.
  • [[[NTL:0] itsho ukuba iTort – iimpazamo zabemi ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahleka, kuquka intlungu yobuqu (i-live-ephaza, ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwezamayeza), ukunyelisa, ukungakhathali, kunye nee-torts ezifana nokuhlasela okanye ukuqhatha.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impikiswano ezi- – Ingxabano ngobunikazi bendlu, imida, imiba yengingi, okanye ukukhululeka.
  • [[NTL:0] umthetho woManyano [ – uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso yomntwana, inkxaso yomtshato, ukukhuliselwa komntwana, kunye nokuzala.
  • [[UMTL:0] iprobate kunye nengxubano yempahla yefa – ucelomngeni kwimiqathango, ukuthemba, okanye ukusasazwa kwezinto zomntu ofileyo.

Kwimeko yamakhaya, iqela elizisa ityala libizwa ngokuba yi- chaza umphetho, kwaye iqela elimangalelwayo liyi- i-dendendint[. Ityala limele lifake isikhalazo esisemthethweni kwinkundla lize liyikhonze kummangalelwa, onethuba lokuphendula. Iimeko ezininzi zamakhaya zisombululwa ngengxoxo phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala, kodwa ukuba akunakwenzeka, ityala liqhubekela ukuvavanywa phambi komgwebi (ukuvavanywa) okanye inkundla egweba. Okuninzi okusetyenziswayo kwiintlobo zeemeko zezemibango zamakhaya, [Foct:4] ukl'up] ukl Laws Laws, [FFoctive'S Institutementations Institutement

Umthwalo Wobungqina Kumatyala Asekuhlaleni

Olunye umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala luxanduva lobungqina. Kwimeko zabemi, ummangalelwa makabonise imeko yakhe [[FLT: 0]] ngokufakela ubungqina. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubungqina bubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ngakumbi kunokuba kungabi njalo [ (ngaphezulu kwama-50%) ukuba ummangalelwa wabangela umonakalo okanye wawonakalisa umsebenzi. Oku kungumgangatho osezantsi kunomthwalo wesigebenga, ubonakalisa isibakala sokuba isohlwayo singemali eninzi kunokuba inkululeko.

Ziziphi Ityala Ezaphuli - mthetho?

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya ihambo ethathwa njengesenzo esiphosakeleyo nxamnye nezwe, uluntu okanye ibutho labantu liphela. Oorhulumente (_ityala, urhulumente, okanye amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni) / ukutshutshisa abantu okanye amaqumrhu atyholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Injongo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kukusohlwaya ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthintela izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zexesha elizayo, ukubuyisa imvukelo, nokukhusela uluntu. Ukugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho kunokubangela ukuhlawulwa, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, ukuvalelwa kwenkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni.

Iindidi Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Izigwebo zezaphuli - mthetho zikwiindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko ezisekelwe kubunzulu:

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezigwetyelwe ukuvalelwa ngaphezu konyaka omnye (ngokufuthi kudala) okanye ukufa kwezinye iindawo. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuqweqwedisa, ukuqweqwedisa kunye nokubulala.
  • Imisdemers-----encinci ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu oludla ngokusohlwaywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, ityala, okanye ityala. Imizekelo iquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo (ityala lokuqala), kunye nehambo engalungelelananga.
  • Ukwaphulwa [-----Ophu-OyiMincinane edla ngokuphumela kuphela kwintlawulo ehlawulwayo nangalikho ixesha lentolongo. amatikiti omjaho kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma yimizekelo eqhelekileyo.

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente umelwa ngumtshutshisi (ligqwetha laselubala, igqwetha lase-U.S. okanye igqwetha-rekhodi), kwaye ummangalelwa ngummangalelwa. UmGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa amalungelo athile kubamangalelwa, kuquka ilungelo lokwaphula umthetho, ilungelo lokuthula, nelungelo lokumela ityala elikhawulezayo. Abatshutshisi baneensoni zokufaka iifayile kunye nezityholo eziza kuziswa, ngokusekelwe kubungqina nakwimdla kawonke-wonke wonke.

Ubunzima Bobungqina Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala kufuneka lingqine ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kobuthandabuzi obusengqiqweni. Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo yomthetho, ubonakalisa iziphumo ezibukhali zommangaleli wetyala nomgaqo osisiseko wokuba kungcono ukuvumela umntu onetyala akhululeke kunokumcimela umntu omsulwa. Ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni akuthethi ukuba unyanisekile, kodwa kufuna abachopheli-choli-mthetho okanye ijaji ukuba baqiniseke ngokuqinileyo ngetyala lommangalelwa. Ukuba kukho ingcaciso esengqiqweni, engqinelayo ngokunga kumsulwa, ummangalelwa kufuneka akhululwe. Funda kulo mlinganiselo kwingcaciso esengqiqweni ye-Progieting [FLT]

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Kwamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Ngoxa amatyala angoorhulumente nawamatyala enziwa kwinkundla enye aze abelane ngemibandela ethile, umahluko ongakumbi okhoyo uyawahlulahlula. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kunokukunceda uqonde indlela eya kuvela ngayo ityala elingokwasemthethweni noko kusengozini.

  • [[UMTL:0] Purpose:[ Amatyala abemi ajolise ekucombululeni iimpikiswano nokuhlawulela amaxhoba; amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ajolise ekohlwayeni abenzi bobubi nokukhusela ibutho labantu.
  • Icandelo: Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, i-paltiff lilungu lobucala; kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente (umtshutshisi) uzisa izityholo kummangalelwa.
  • Ibhedi yobungqina: ye-Evini: uqwalaselo lobungqina (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu). Ulwaphulo-mthetho: ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Ilungelo kwigqwetha: Kwimeko zamakhaya, amaqela adla ngokuhlawula amagqwetha awo (ngaphandle komthetho othile wentsapho okanye imicimbi yokugxotha ngenkxaso esemthethweni). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele igqwetha kubamangalelwa abajongene nentolongo okanye ixesha lokuvalelwa.
  • Amalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho: Abamangalelwa banelungelo elisemthethweni lokuchophela ityala nakwesiphi na isigwebo esiza kugwetywa ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu. Abagwebi bamakhaya bangacela ijaji kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa aliqinisekiswanga ngazo zonke iintlobo.
  • Iziphumo zangaphakathi ziquka umonakalo wemali, imiqathango, iziphumo ezikhethekileyo, okanye imigwebo yokukhupha. Iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziquka intlawulo, ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye isohlwayo sokufa.
  • Appals:[ omabini amacala angabhenela kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala lidla ngokungabhena ukuvalwa kwetyala (ngenxa yokhuseleko oluphindiweyo), kodwa ummangalelwa angabhenela kwisiqinisekiso.

Ukugqugqisa Kwamatyala Aphakathi Kwabemi Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Ihambo ethile isenokubangela iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, umqhubi onxilayo obangela ingozi ebulalayo usenokumangalelwa ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokubulala umntu ngemizimba yakhe (ulwaphulo-mthetho) kwaye agwetyelwe yintsapho yexhoba ngokuphosakeleyo ngenxa yokufa (ukubulala ngentambo). O.J. Isigqeba sikaSimpson esigwetywe ngokusemthethweni ngetyala lokubulala ngo1995 asikhange sikuthintele ukumangalelwa kwetyala lakhe loluntu ngokuphosakeleyo, apho afunyaniswe ukuba ahlawulele ilahleko. Iinkqubo ezimbini zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo, zinemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yobungqina nemithetho eyahlukeneyo. Inkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho egwebayo ayikhange izenzeli ngokuzenzekelayo igwebo, ngenxa yokuba ityala lemveli lisebenzise ukusetyenziswa koburhulumente okungaphantsi kobutyala.

Iinkqubo Ezingokwasemthethweni Kumatyala Asekuhlaleni Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Nangona ukuqukunjelwa jikelele kufana ne-(ukuyalela, ukufunyanwa, ukuvavanywa, ukubhena, ukubhena/ukubhenela, amanyathelo nemigca yexesha kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunokukucutha uxinezeleko kwaye kukunceda usebenze ngokunempumelelo negqwetha lakho.

Inkqubo yoLwalama-tyala lwaBambini

  1. Ikhonjiso: Isalathisi sifaka isikhalazo esichaza izibakala kunye nezibhengezo ezisemthethweni. Umkhomiweyo uphendula, mhlawumbi kuquka ii-atcams okanye translate ukurhoxa.
  2. Izaziso zombini zamaqela zitshintshisana ngolwazi oluphuma kumbuzo obhaliweyo (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), izicelo zamaxwebhu, kunye nezicelo zokwamkelwa. Le sigaba singahlala iinyanga ukuya kutsho kunyaka.
  3. Intshukumo zovavanyo: Imisebenzi ingafakela ugwebo lwesishwankathelo, ukukhupha ubungqina, okanye ukunyanzela ukufunyanwa.
  4. Iinkomfa ezicwangcisiweyo okanye isindululo: Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba azame ukuhlalisana phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.
  5. [[UMTL:0] : Icala ngalinye linikela iingxelo zokuvula, ubungqina (ubungqina bobungqina, amaxwebhu), kunye neempikiswano zokuvala. Ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bandule ukukhupha isigqibo.
  6. Iintshukumo zeposi zomthetho kunye nesibheno: Iqela elilahlekileyo lingacela ijaji ukuba ibhukuqe isigqibo okanye inciphise umonakalo, kwaye kamva isibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo.

Amatyala amakhaya ngokuqhelekileyo awamiselwanga njengasematyaleni, yaye kwimimandla emininzi amatyala aconjululwa ngaphambi kokuvavanywa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokungalungisi.

Ityala Lezaphuli - mthetho

  1. Umthetho onyanzelisayo uthatha ityala okanye imingeni evela enkundleni.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Umqulu kunye nembonakalo yokuqala: Ummangalelwa uxelelwe ngezityholo kwaye ucetyiswe ngamalungelo. U-Bail umiselwe okanye ummangalelwa ukhululwe ekuphindeni aqatshelweni.
  3. Ukuva koonobumba okanye ukugwetywa okukhulu: Kwimeko zetyala, urhulumente kufuneka abonise isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuqhubeka. Abachopheli-tyala abakhulu bangakhupha ityala kwiimeko zikarhulumente okanye kwamanye amazwe.
  4. [[UMQONDISO: 0] Ulungelelwaniso: Ummangalelwa ungena kwisibongozo: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye akukho khuphiswano.
  5. Intshukumo ezifihlakeleyo kunye nezomcimbi: Ingxengxezo kufuneka iguqulele kubungqina bokuyila (izinto ezidityanisiweyo). Intshukumo zingakucel ’ umngeni ukugcwalisa okanye ukuzama ukuphelisa ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.
  6. Ukuthelekisa: Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (angaphezu kwama-90%) lugqibe ngesivumelwano sesicelo, apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalela ngetyala elincinane okanye afumane isigwebo esincitshisiweyo.
  7. : Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelweyo, ityala liya kwityala. Ingtshutshiso inikela ubungqina kuqala, ilandelwa yi-state. Ummangalelwa angakhetha ukungqina okanye ukuhlala athule. Abagwebi (okanye abagwebi) kufuneka bafikelele kwisigqibo esidibeneyo sokuqinisekiswa kwimimandla emininzi.
  8. [[Umthetho:0] Intsika: Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetyiwe, isigwebo esahlukileyo sigqiba isohlwayo. Abagwebi baxhomekeke kwimigaqo yokugweba baze baqwalasele izinto ezibangela ukuhlaziywa okanye ukuhlaziywa.
  9. [[UMTL: 0] Appal:[ Ummangalelwa angabhenela kugunyaziso okanye kwisivakalisi. Ityala alinakubhenela ekumgwebeni.

Iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho zilawulwa kakhulu yimigaqo-mthetho ekhuselayo ngezantsi kweSine SomGaqo-siseko (ukufuna nokuxhuzula), uHlaziyo lweNhlanu (ukwabelana), uHlaluko lweSithandathu (ukwamkeleka nokudibana), kunye noMphetho-mda (uMgaqo-nkqubo wesiXhobo nowesi-8h (uMqathango nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga). Ezi zinto azisebenzi kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni ngendlela efanayo.

Imilinganiselo Yokwahlula

Amatyala oluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho aphantsi kwemida yexesha elifutshane. Kumthetho othintelweyo.

Indima YeeAttorney Kumatyala Asekuhlaleni Nawamatyala Olwaphulo - mthetho

Umsebenzi nezibopho zamagqwetha ziyahluka kuxhomekeka ekubeni zisingatha umba wesigqeba okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, amagqwetha amela abaxhasi kwiingxoxo, ukudityaniswa, ukuququzelelwa, nokuvavanywa. Umsebenzi wabo ophambili kukuxhasa iminqweno yomxhasi nokufumana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ezinokwenzeka. "ukuphelisa ityala lomntu omangalelweyo okanye ityala lomntu ogwetyiweyo. Kumatyala owenziwe ngumthetho, amagqwetha amele anikele umsebenzi osemthethweni wokunika uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko, oluquka ukuvavanywa kwetyala, oluquka ukuvavanyaza amalungelo ommangalelwa, nokufuna eyona nto isiqinisekiso okanye isigwebo. [uBarF.]

Iimpendulo Ezisebenzisekayo Nento Omele Uyenze Ukuba Ubandakanyekile

Enoba ucinga ngokumangalelwa, umangalelwe, okanye ujongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, inyathelo lokuqala nelona libalulekileyo kukufuna imvume esemthethweni esemthethweni. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, igqwetha lingavavanya inzuzo yetyala lakho, licebise ngexabiso lemali, lisebenzise imithetho entsonkothileyo. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, igqwetha elikhuselayo liyagxeka ukususela ngexesha lokubanjwa; nantoni na oyithethayo kumqeqeshiswa-mthetho isenokusetyenziswa nxamnye nawe. Musa ukuzama ukuthetha namagosa angekho kwigqwetha lakho.

Ukongezelela, gcina iingxelo zononophelo. Kwimeko zamakhaya, ukugcina izivumelwano, ii-imeyili, iifoto, amatyala ezonyango, kunye nobunye ubungqina. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, bhala iinkcukacha zokunxibelelana namapolisa, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, namangqina. Ukuqonda ukungavisisani phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowezaphuli-mthetho kunokukunceda ulawule izinto ezilindelweyo: ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya akunakuthumela umntu entolongweni, kwaye ukugwetywa kwezaphuli-mthetho akunakukwazi ukuhlawulela ixhoba ngokobuqu. Inkqubo nganye isebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo, yaye maxa wambi kufuneka ukuba kufikelelwe okusesikweni okupheleleyo.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlula okusemthethweni kuntsonkothileyo, kodwa ulwahlulo olusisiseko phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala lunika isiseko esibalulekileyo sokuqonda phantse zonke iimeko zomthetho. Iimeko zamakhaya zibandakanya iimpazamo zabucala kwaye zijolise ekumenzeni ityala elilimeleyo liphele ngembuyekezo okanye ngembuyekezo ethile. Iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zibandakanya iimpazamo zikawonke wonke nokwenza ukuba ucalucalucalulo lukhuseleke. Umthwalo wobungqina, amaqela, amalungelo, iinkqubo, iinkqubo zenkqubo, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka zingafani kakhulu phakathi kwezi zinto zombini. Ngokuqonda ezi zinto, ungasebenzisana kakuhle imingeni esemthethweni, unxibelelane ngokuphumelelayo negqwethawe yakho, kwaye ukhusele amalungelo akho. Ukuqhubeka ufundo, [[FLT:] Nolo intyikithano engongo esemthethweni ichaza ngokucophelelayo ityala lomthetho-mthetho [FLT:], kunye [FFF]