Isiseko Sokungabikho Komanyano Lorhulumente EUnited States

Ulwalamano olusemthethweni phakathi kwabantu norhulumente eUnited States lubunjwe ngokusisiseko ziimfundiso ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo: ukukhusela ulawulo lorhulumente kunye neFederal Tort Peontiess Act (FTCA). Le migaqo iyalawula xa, njani, naphantsi kwazo naziphi iimeko umntu angazizisa ityala kurhulumente okanye kurhulumente olawulayo ngenxa yengozi ebangelwa yizenzo zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi mfundiso akuyonkqubo yemfundo yemfundo nje kuphela ephambili kunye nomthetho we-Federal Tort Peonties (FTCA). Ibalulekile kumntu ozibanga lizibongela naliphi na ingxhwephezo zobuqu, ukusuka kumagqwethalwane eelwano obuqu, ukuba ajonge imicimbi kunye nabemi abafuna ukuphendula.

Ukhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu lwesizwe, olusekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi noluququzelelwe kuMphetho-mda weshumi elinesi-11, lukhusela iimeko ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. IFTCA, kwelinye icala, imela umxhaphazi wamabhongo nosikelwe umda wenkqubo yokhuselo karhulumente karhulumente ukuze afumane iingxelo ezithile. Bobabini, benza umgaqo-bume ontsonkothileyo apho ulungelelwano phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye lusoloko luthethwana.

Umanyano lweRhulumente: Imvelaphi Nezinga

IsiHlanzi Seshumi Nesibhozo Nenkcazelo Yaso

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lweRhulumente lusuka ngokuyintloko kuMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesithoba ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Waqinisekiswa ngo-1795. Isigqibo soluvo: "Amandla eejaji eUnited States akazukuthathwa njengokwandisa nayiphi na imfanelo esemthethweni okanye elinganayo, eqaliswe okanye emangalelwe nxamnye nomnye waseUnited States yiMinicato yelinye ilizwe, okanye yi-Banicase okanye iziBalamsi okanye iziBala okanye iziBala-Axholo zeli naliphi na ilizwe laMazwe angaphandle." Ngoxa umbhalo ubonakala umxinamfa, iNku ePhakamileyo ichaza ukuba ifanele igwele ngokuphandle, igwebo ngokuchasene norhulumente wayo, ingabikho nemvume karhulumente.

Le ndlela yokuzikhusela ayiphelelanga. INkundla iqaphele iindidi eziliqela ezingafaniyo. Ingqungquthela ingazikhusela ngokwasemthethweni kwesizwe xa isebenza phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine, inika umthetho ulungelelene kwaye ulungelelanise ipateni yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Amazwe angakwaphula ukhuseleko lwawo ngokuvuma, mhlawumbi ngemithetho okanye ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokuzithandela kwiinkqubo ezithile zikarhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, imfundiso ye- Ex Young[[FLT: 1] [1988]) ivumela amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba akhusele urhulumente ekuboneleni kwawo okokuba alindele ukuba afumanekelwe, mhlawumbi ngokuvumayo, okanye ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kumthetho oqhubekeyo, nangona urhulumente ngokwakhe ehlala enziwe kwizonobungozi zokhuseleko.

Iinkxalabo Ezisebenzisekayo Kwababenzi Bomgunyathi

Kubantu abaqhelekileyo, ukukhusela ulawulo lolawulo lombuso kungumqobo owoyikekayo. Phambi kwesuti yefashoni, umntu kufuneka agqibe enoba urhulumente ugonyelwe ukhuseleko, ngokubanzi okanye kuhlobo oluthile lwetyala. Amazwana amaninzi aye enza izicelo zokuzichaza ezinika abachasi abathinteli abalinganiselweyo, ngokufuthi ezineemfuno ezingqongqo, iintambo zomonakalo osezantsi, nemimiselo emifutshane yengozi kunokuba kuthethwa ukuba umntu womntu womntu ngamnye unokwenzakala. Umzekelo, uRhulumente wakwa-o-mthetho waseCalifornia kufuneka uchazwe kurhulumente kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu zomonakalo, kwaye ukuzibanga oku kufuneka kungafunwa phambi kokuba kubekwe ityala.

Ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisana nemiqobo esetyenziswayo `njengenza isaziso sasemva okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza umlinganiselo othe ngqo womonakalo-----inokuthi igcine ityala ngokusisigxina. Oku kudala umgibe kwabaqwalaselweyo kwaye kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokubuza igqwetha eliqhelene nemithetho yelizwe elithile.

ISixeko seQembu leQumrhu: UMthetho oMngcipheko

Imbali Nenjongo

Ngaphambi ko-1946, urhulumente wengingqi wayengonakali kwityala letort. Abantu babesinde ngokugqithisileyo ngabasebenzi belizwe abangakhathaliyo ``abasebenzi belori ebaleka isibane esibomvu okanye ugqirha weVA osebenza kakubi'. Abazange bacele ikhontrakthi yetyala labucala. Babenokucela iKhomishini yetyala, inkxalabo enzima nedla ngokuba lililize. IFTCA yamiselwa ukuba ikhuphe lo mthwalo kwisebe lemithetho-wiso-mthetho iwunike inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokulawula kunye neyo yokugweba amaxhoba.

IFTCA iphembelela ukukhusela ulawulo lwe-United States ukuphuma kwisenzo sokungakhathali okanye esiphosakeleyo okanye ukutyeshelwa kwalo nawuphi na umqeshwa wesizwe osebenza kumsebenzi wabo, phantsi kweemeko apho umntu wabucala anokugwetyelwa phantsi komthetho wendawo apho esi senzo senzeka khona. Lo mxhakamfuli uphantsi kwemkhethe emininzi, esiza kuyihlola ngezantsi.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Neemfuno

Ukuzisa impumelelo kwi-FTCA, umlahli kufuneka alandele iimfuno ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:

  • Ukukhutshwa kwamayeza olawulo: U-A u-Placttiff kufuneka aqale anikele ingxelo ebhaliweyo kumbutho ofanelekileyo wesizwe kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuqukunjelwa. Isibonelelo sineenyanga ezintandathu zokuthatha inyathelo. Ukuba isibonelelo siyalikhaba okanye asiphumeleli ukwenza oko ngethuba leenyanga ezintandathu, ummeli ungenza ityala kwinkundla yesithili yengingqi yengi.
  • Umboniso womsebenzi: Umqeshwa wezwe kufuneka ukuba ubesebenza phakathi kobungakanani bomsebenzi wabo ngexesha lesiganeko. Oku kumiselwa ngumthetho wezwe apho le ntshukumo yenzeke khona.
  • Umthetho wendawo: IFTCA isebenza umthetho wetosti encinci yetort yezwe apho isenzo songakhathali okanye ukushiya okushiywe lixesha. Oku kuthetha ukuba iziqalelo zobungakhathali, ukhuselo, kunye nomonakalo zimithetho eyahluka ngokwemeko nganye.
  • I-cap: umlinganiselo womonakalo obuyiselweyo ubekwe kwimali ethile yetyala ngalinye, uhlenga-hlengiso ngamaxesha athile. Okwangoku, i-kepisi ibekwe kumda othile kwi-pecttiff nganye, kwaye kukho i-aggreate captiffs eninzi ukusuka kwisiganeko esinye.
  • Akukho tyala labachopheli-tyala: Ityala leFTCA lizanywa kumgwebi, hayi kwijaji.
  • [[UMTL:0] Akukho monakalo wesiphumo: IFTCA ithintela ngokucacileyo amabhaso elahleko yesiphumo sesiphumo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Akukho mdla: Inzala yangaphambili yomgwebo ayikho.

Ingxaki engokwemali yeFTCA yenzelwe ukunika urhulumente ithuba lokuphanda nokulungisa imicimbi ngaphandle kokuyichaza, ngoxa kukwathintelwa ukutyhilwa kwemali yemali yemali kuqoqosho lwamaqumrhu.

Ezikhethekileyo

IFTCA iqulathe uluhlu lweziphene ezikhusela ukhuseleko lukarhulumente kwiindidi ezithile zezinye izibhengezo. Ezinye zezibalulekileyo ziquka:

  • Intengo ezithi zivela ngokuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuvalelwa kobuxoki, ukubanjwa ngobuxoki, ukutshutshiswa, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwentsebenziswano, ukunyeliswa, ukunyeliswa, ukugqwethwa, ukukhohliswa, okanye ukugxambukela kumalungelo esivumelwano zisusiwe. Noko ke, kukho ukungacaluli okuphawulekayo kwezinye ii-tort ezithe zagqityelwa ngamagosa omthetho, ezifana nokuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuvalelwa kwentolongo kobuxoki, ukubanjwa, ukutyholwa ngobuxoki, ukugcwatywa ngolunya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweprojekthi.
  • Umsebenzi ongaqhelekanga ochaseneyo: urhulumente ulondoloza ukhuseleko lwezinto ezifunekayo ezisekelwe ekusetyenzisweni komsebenzi wobuchule, nokuba okanye akunjalo ingqiqo yasetyenziswa kakubi. Ezi zigqibo zemigaqo ehlukeneyo zenziwe kumgangatho wokucwangcisa ````Izigqibo zomthetho, ulwabeko, okanye uyilo lwenkqubo'. Ayikhuseli kwizigqibo zomsebenzi ezibandakanya inkqubo, engeyoyoyomisebenzi yomthetho.
  • Imisebenzi ye- edityanisiweyo: intengo ezivela kwimisebenzi yomkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe okanye kwimisebenzi yomkhosi ekhutshiweyo iyasuswa.
  • Imithetho ye-Certain yesizwe: izityholo ezivela phantsi kwemimiselo ethile, njengoMthetho woKhuselo loXhosa uXhosa okanye iAlien Tort Sigment, zingasuswa.

Umsebenzi olawulayo umahluko ngomnye weyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yomthetho weFTCA. Inkundla ePhakamileyo imisele uvavanyo oluziinxalenye ezimbini: okokuqala, isenzo esicetyiweyo kufuneka siqukelele isiqalelo somgwebo okanye ukhetho; okwesibini, umgwebo kufuneka ube lohlobo lokwahlulelwa komsebenzi ocacileyo ocetyelwe ukukhusela, okuthetha ukuba ubandakanya ulwamkelo lwenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ukuba zombini iiprongs ziyaneliseka, intengo iyavalelwa.

Ukuthelekisa uLawulo lweMyuziyam neFTCA

Nangona iFTCA isebenza kurhulumente wesizwe nakwinkqubo yolawulo oluphezulu karhulumente, imigaqo esekelwe kuzo zombini iimfundiso iyavumelana. Zombini zenzelwe ukukhusela oovimba babantu ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqithisileyo, ukukhusela ukwahlukana kwamagunya, nokuvumela oorhulumente ukuba baqhube imicimbi yabo ngaphandle kokungenelela okuqhubekayo kwekomiti. Noko ke, iindlela zonyango ziyahluka kakhulu.

Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwazimisela ngokwawo iingxelo ze-tort ezithe zaxelwa lula kwi-FTCA, kodwa kukho uguqu-guquko olukhulu. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe akhuselekile ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokungakhathali okuqhelekileyo ngexa egcina itorts ngengozi. Amanye afake umonakalo ongaphantsi kakhulu kune sea ye-ognomenti. Amanye amazwe amisela iimfuno zokuqaphela ezifutshane njengeentsuku ezingama-30, ngoxa amanye evumela ukuba zifikelele kunyaka omnye. Umlinganiselo we-raviner-* unwebela kubaqeshwa abasebenzi abasebenza kwidabi abasebenza kwi-atorts, nokuba ngaba igquma iso semigxube ye-pal, nokuba isebenza kusini na kwimposiso-mGaqo-ok.

Ibalulekile, iFTCA ayiwugwebi umthetho wesizwe. Umngxuma unokusukela ityala ngokuchasene norhulumente wesizwe phantsi kwesenzo sikarhulumente esithethwini, kodwa akanakusebenzisa iFTCA ukucela urhulumente. Ngokuchasene norhulumente karhulumente olawulayo, iFTCA ilikhaphelo elipheleleyo lokuqhambuka kumsebenzi wempangelo. Lo mbutho wobugcisa ubophelelelo ubopha nasiphi na esinye isenzo soburhulumente okanye uqhubekela kwilahleko enxamnye neUnited States, abameli bayo, okanye abasebenzi bayo ukwenzela ezo zicelo.

Amanyathelo angokwenzululwazi okubhabha

I-Navigate i FTCA ifuna ingqalelo ecokisekileyo kucwangciso lobalo kunye noxwebhu. Le nkqubo ityhila ngamanqanaba aliqela:

1. Ukunikezelwa kweNgxelo yoLawulo

Inyathelo lokuqala kukunikezela isibhengezo esibhaliweyo kumbutho wesizwe othe umqeshwa wakhe wabangela umonakalo. Ilingo kufuneka liquke ingxelo yezibakala, inkcazelo yomonakalo, kunye nemali eqinisekisiweyo yezono. Ummiselo weminyaka emibini wezothintelo usuka kumhla isaziso esiphindaphindwa ngawo, esidla ngokuba xa umgqeba wazi okanye emele azi ngomonakalo kunye nonobangela wawo.

Amasebe amaninzi aneefomu ezikhethekileyo zoku, ezifana neSebe leMigangatho yeJaji 95. Ngoxa le ndlela ingeyoyomfuneko, iyindlela elungileyo neyamkelekileyo. Iligama kufuneka lithotyelwe kumbutho osebenzisa umqeshwa othe wangakhathali, hayi nakweyiphi na intlangano enokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi enxulumene nayo.

2. Impinda ye-arhente kunye neNkqubela

Xa isindululo sifunyenwe, umbutho uneenyanga ezintandathu zokuphanda nokuvuma okanye ukukhanyela ityala. Ukuba umbutho uyavuma ityala, unganika isigqeba, esinokuthi ummangaleli avume okanye angasifuni. Ukwamkela isiqwenga somhlaba kukhulula urhulumente nakweyiphi na enye ityala elivela kwesi siganeko. Ukuba ummeli uyalikhanyela eli tyala, ummangali-mthetho angafaka ityala kwinkundla yesithili. Ukuba ummeli akasasebenzi kwityala lephondo, umphetho unokuthi ityala alivumile kwaye uqhubekele kwinkundla yenkundla.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iFTCA iyalela ukumangalela phambi kokuba umbutho ube nethuba lokuthatha inyathelo. Ukumangalelana ngaphambi kwexesha kuza kuphumela ekugxothweni ngenxa yokungabi nagunyaziso kwimibandela yezobuzwe.

3. Uqikelelo kwiNkundla yoManyano

Ukuba ityala aligqitywanga ngokolawulo, ummangali-mthetho angafaka isikhalazo kwinkundla yesithili yengingqi apho i-poltiff ihlala khona okanye apho isenzo okanye impenduka yenzekile khona. I-United States ikuphela kommangalelwa ofanelekileyo; umqeshwa ngamnye akanakubizwa. Ityala lizanywa kumgwebi, kwaye urhulumente angaqinisekisa naziphi na izikhuselo ezikhoyo kumntu wabucala phantsi komthetho wephondo, kwakunye nakweyiphi na iFTCA engaphandle.

Inkundla inetyala kwimali yemali ehlawulwayo kunye neemali zamagqwetha kwiqela elilawulayo, kodwa imivuzo enjalo ilinganiselwe. Iimali ze-Attorney kwityala leFTCA zibekwa kwi 25% yalo naliphi na ityala okanye naliphi na ityala.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje

Kuzo zombini ezi zenzo zokhuseleko oluphezulu nolawulo lwe-FTCA kuyaqhubeka kuguquka ngokwezigqibo zemithetho nezigqibo zenkundla. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo amaninzi aye andisa izenzo zawo zokuzibanga ukuze avumele ukuxelelwa kwezenzo ezithile zeqhinga ngomthetho, ngokwenxalenye ukuphendula xa kufuneka amapolisa aphendule. Kumgangatho karhulumente, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe izigqibo ezicacisa umgangatho womsebenzi owenziwe ngeqhinga kunye nomgangatho wovavanyo lwemisebenzi.

Enye into eqalisayo kukusetyenziswa kwesicelo sokuzikhusela kwimiqathango elawulayo ekuthetheni ngesifo se-COVID-19. Urhulumente noorhulumente bavavanywa luninzi lwetyala elinxulumene nokufa kwamakhaya, izigunyaziso zokugonya, kunye nokuvalwa kwezoqoqosho. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukumelana nokuba ezi zenzo ziyenzeka kusini na kumahluko ocacileyo okanye kurhulumente olinganayo. Enye indawo ekhulayo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweFTCA ukufuna ukuvuselelwa kwezonyango kwizibhedlele zoLawulo lweVeteran kunye namaziko onyango, apho urhulumente maxa wakha wagxekwa ngenxa yokuzinziswa kokulungisa.

Ukudibana kwemida yokuzikhusela kweso somthetho-siseko netorts zomGaqo-siseko ngaphantsi BEVEns v. Ama-arhente amathandathu angaziwayo kwakhona ahlala eyindawo enamandla. I-Bavens ivumela iisutistis zomonakalo kumsebenzi worhulumente ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iwuvale umlinganiselo wayo, ishiya ii-ftiffictaffs zixhomekeke ngakumbi kwi-FTCA ukwenzela iingozi ezinokuvela ngokwemithetho yesiseko. Noko ke, iziphatho zezenzo azikho phantsi kwemiqobo ye-FTCC', kwaye zivumela ukuba kwenziwe ii-creactal kunye neemvavanyo, ezilungiselelwe i-ccustoms.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Lokungavumelani Neembambano Zolawulo Olusebukhosini

Kumntu ngamnye ocinga ukuba kukho into ayichasayo kwiqumrhu lorhulumente, la manyathelo alandelayo abalulekile:

  • Ichaza ummangalelwa ofanelekileyo: Makanyani ukuba umonakalo wenziwe ngumqeshwa wezwe, umqeshwa karhulumente, okanye umqeshwa wasekuhlaleni. Ngamnye unemithetho neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
  • Ijonga ummiselo wommiselo wommiselo wommiselo: Ezi ziganeko zexesha lokusebenza azixoleleki. Phawula ikhalenda kunye nefayile zonke ezifunekayo ngexesha elimiselweyo. Ingxelo yeFTCA, ixesha elimisiweyo yiminyaka emibini; kuba ingxelo karhulumente, ingaba mfutshane njengeentsuku ezingama-30.
  • kunye nokudinwa kolawulo: Musa ukungxama ukuya enkundleni. Qinisekisa ukuba onke amayeza olawulo aphelile. Ukubekwa kwangaphambili kwephepha kuza kuphumela ekugxothweni kwaye kungachitha ummiselo wemiqathango.
  • [[FLT: 0] ICult esebenzayo yomthetho wesizwe: Intengo zeFTCA zilawulwa ngumthetho wetort wemeko apho le siganeko senzeka khona. Oku kuquka imithetho kwimposiso yothelekiso, umonakalo, kunye nezikhuselo. Ibanga elizakuthi livalelwe ngumthetho wesizwe likwavaleleke phantsi kwe FTCA.
  • Yibanolwazi olusengqiqweni malunga nomonakalo: Umonakalo woonobumba uyasebenza, kwaye umonakalo wesohlwayo awufumaneki. Ukuvuma kukarhulumente ukuhlala kuphenjelelwa zezi zithintelo.
  • Uxwebhu lonke: ludibanisa ubungqina, lugcine iirekhodi, luze luvelise ixesha eliziinkcukacha. Uphando lukarhulumente luza kuxhomekeka kakhulu kulwazi olunikayo.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wokwalathisa ulawulo lwezikhundla zelizwe kunye noMthetho weSizwe we-Federal Tort umela ukwakhiwa komthetho apho urhulumente wase-U.S. ulawula khona ukuchanabeka kwawo kwityala le-cart. Ngoxa iFTCA inika abantu indlela yokufuna imbuyekezo yomonakalo obangelwa ngabasebenzi be-rhulumente, yindlela ethwele iimfuno ze-procespectal, ngaphandle, kunye nemida. Ukhuselo loburhulumente, ngelixa lisebenza kumzila olinganayo, ichaza imo nganye echaza imiyalelo yayo yokuzikhusela kwizifo.

Ezi mfundiso azimi nje. Ziyasabela kwiimfuno zoluntu zokuphendula ityala, ukutshintshana kwentanda-bulumko yokugweba, nokusebenza kwemithetho. Kumagqwetha nabemi ngokufanayo, ukuhlala benolwazi ngeenguqu kulo mbandela womthetho kubalulekile. Ukulungelelana phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente nobulungisa bomntu ngamnye kuyinto entle nesoloko iphikiswa, kodwa ukuqonda le migaqo yesiseko linyathelo lokuqala lokuyiqhuba ngokunempumelelo.

Inkcazelo eninzi nge FTCA, ibhekisa kwi Isebe leJaji 'FTCA' FAQ'[FLT'] ne ye-Prog, i-Plat- i-Prommentgastificationsting Office ye-FTCA appropriation[[FLT:]. Urhulumente- ethetha ngenkqubo ezichazayo, jongana ne-gqweqwesi-gosa-gosa-gosa-gosa okanye umqhebani wasekuhlaleni kwityala likarhulumente. Ngaphezulu, iCorgnoral Informationationations inikeza ushwankathelo oluluncedo lwemeko lwe-songagosa-[FLT] [FFF:6]