Imbali Yamalungelo Okuthetha Ngeentlanga

Ilungelo lokuvota limi njengendawo ephantsi kwenxaxheba yedemokhrasi, kodwa ukufezekisa kwalo eUnited States kuye kwaba luhambo olude nolukhuphiswano oluthabatha iinkulungwane ezimbini. Kusukela ekusungulweni kweriphabliki, ifranchise yayimxinwa ngabom, igcinelwe ukubekwa kwabemi abancinane ngezantsi, amadoda aphethe impahla. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukubuyiselwa komthetho-mthetho wesizwe, kunye nemibutho yotyani iye yanwenwa ngocoselelo, nangona isoloko yandisa, ukuqonda esi sangqa sembali kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni inkqubela phambili eyenzekayo kunye nezinto eziqhubekayo kwinkqubo.

Ixesha Lokufumana: Wasikelwe Imida

Xa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wavunywa ngo-1789, iimfaneleko zokuvota zashiywa kakhulu kumazwe, kwaye phantse lonke iphondo lakwalumbuso lasikelwe umda kubaphathi bempahla yamadoda amhlophe. Oku kwabonisa inkolelo ebanzi yokuba kuphela abo banemithi ebonakalayo kuluntu (8) okanye ubutyebi obunokuthengwa ngerhafu-ntengo ukuze benze izigqibo zezopolitiko. Abafazi, ama-Afrika, amaMelika, amaMelika amaMelika, kunye namadoda amaninzi amhlophe ahlwempunge akhuselwe ngokulandelelana. Umthetho wokuqala wendalo ngowe-1790 okwanda kobumi obumi obungakumbi ku-"abamhlophe abakhululekileyo,"indawo ebekelwelo oluthelekeleyo," ngokubhekisele kwimidaba nezopolitiko.

Uhlaziyo Lwe - 15 Nolwe - 19: Ulwando Oluphawulekayo

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye neReconstructon yazisa umgudu wokuqala omkhulu karhulumente wokukhusela amalungelo okuvota. Ngo-1870, umgaqo [[FLT: 0] we-15th Amendment wavakalisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota "alingasayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe nguUnited States okanye nguRhulumente ngenxa yolohlanga, imibala, okanye imeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka. Umthetho, lo mgaqo, owenziwe watsho wancitshiswa abemi base-Amerikan, kwaye ngexeshanamhlana, uBlack Consois wanyula amawaka amagosa ngaphaya koMzantsi. Noko ke, ukuphela kwe-Reconstanon ngo-18777, kwavula umnyango wogonyamelo, iimvavanyo, ukuvota-mali, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zeCrow ezabangela ukuba atshone ngokunelisayo ukurhoxakeka kwamadoda aseAfrika aseAfrika eNtshona Afrika, kunye ne-200

I ye19th Amendment, eyamkelwa ngo1920, yalwalela ucalucalulo lokuvota olusekelwe kwisondo, inyusela ityala kumabhinqa emva kwephulo eliqhubekayo lokunduluka, ukungathobeli kwemibutho yabemi, kunye nezobupolitika. Kodwa kwanale nkqubela-phambili yayingeyonto ebanzi: amabhinqa amaninzi anemibala, ingakumbi amabhinqa ase-Melika kunye nawase-Asia, ayengavumelekanga ukuvota ngenxa yemithetho yobumi bobuhlanga de kube sephakathi kwenkulungwane yowe-192020.

UMthetho ka-1965 we-Ofisi yamaLungelo: INkqutyana yokuTshintsha

Isakhiwo sangoku samalungelo okuvota sasekwa nguMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko (VRA) ka 1965, wadluliselwa ngokuphendula ngokucinezelwa kogonyamelo kwabahambi bamalungelo abantu eSelma, Alabama. IVRA yabhaliswa ukucalucalulwa kweentlanga kwimicimbi yokuvota, ukuphelisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, kwaye kwafuneka amaphondo kunye neendawo ezinembali yocalucalulo ukuze kufumane ugunyazo lwaseno lwaselurhulumenteni kunye nolwandiso olukhoyo."8/8"Eyona candelo 2 leVRA ivumela amaqela azimeleyo ukuba avavanye imigaqo yokuvota enkundla. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, uVRA wagqalwa njengomnye wamalungelo asebenzayo, ukukhutshwa kobhaliso oluneyo kwaye aguquka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwabantu abambalwa.

AmaMerika Anezenzo Zokukhubazeka Nangaphezulu

Ngo-1990, amaMelika anemithetho yokuvota ekhubazekayo (ADA) andandisi ukhuseleko lokufumaneka. Isihloko II se-ADA sifuna urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene banethuba elifanayo lokuvota, kuquka iindawo zokuvota ezifikelelekayo kunye neenkxaso zonxibelelwano ezisebenzayo. I-Melika Vote [Hava) Umthetho ka-2002 ifuna ufikelelo olungakumbi ngokufuna ukuba umatshini omnye ofikelelekayo wokuvota kwindawo nganye yokuhlola, kunye nenkqubo yonxibelelwano evumela ukuvota okunokukhubazeka ngokuzimeleyo ukukhupha ibhombu.

Kuludwe lwamalungelo okuvota athe anconywa, uVimba woMhla weSizwe unika ukhokelo olusebenzisanayo.

Imithetho egunyazisa amalungelo

Imithetho yesizwe neyaseburhulumenteni yenza ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo okukhuselayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunyanzelisa nelungelo lokuvota. Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko umisela imilinganiselo ebanzi, iinkcukacha ezininzi zinqunyulwa ngumthetho nemithetho yenkundla. Ukuqonda imimiselo engundoqo karhulumente kubalulekile kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi abaphanda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo.

ISivumelwano samaLungelo sowe-1965 (VRA)

Njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, iVRA yeyona mithetho ilandelayo yamalungelo okuvota kwimbali yamaMerika.

  • Ukuguqulelwa 2: Ukuvalwa komgangatho wokuvota, uqheliselo, okanye inkqubo ephumela ekucalulweni ngokwesizinzi sohlanga, umbala, okanye ulwimi oluncinci.
  • Ukukhetha 4 kunye nesihlanu (Ukucacisa): Indlela esetyenziswayo kumagunya nembali yocalulo, efuna ukuba afumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokuzalisekisa nawuphi na umthetho okanye ukuvota. Ngo-2013, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Shelby County v. Raker ngokunempumelelo yabetha phantsi kwendlela yokuhlawula, nangona icandelo 2 lihlala linyanzelekile.
  • [[Ukhetho:0] Uguqulelo 203: Lufuna izixhobo zokuvota ngeelwimi ezimbini kumazwe asekuhlaleni nabemi abaninzi abalinganiselweyo 76 siNgesi.

Impembelelo yeVRA ibinzulu. Ngokwe ACLU Iprojekthi yamalungelo omntu , ubhaliso olumnyama lwevoti kuMzantsi lusuka ngaphantsi kwe 30% ngo1964 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe 60% ngo1968.

UMthetho weSizwe we-Ofisi yoMgaqo-nkqubo we-1993 (NVRA)

I-NVRA yazisa ngokuba "iMkhosi Voter" Act, yenza ubhaliso lwabavoti lufikeleleke ngakumbi ngokufuna ukuba amazwe anike amathuba okubhalisa kumasebe ezithuthi, ii-ofisi zoncedo lukawonke-wonke, nee-ofisi zeenkonzo zokukhubazeka. Yaseka imigangatho efanayo yobhaliso lweposi-prain kunye nevoti ukuba ingasuswa kwiiroli ngokusuka nje ekusileleni ukuvota. I-NVRA ibhalise amashumi ezigidi zabemi ukususela ekumisweni kwayo.

UMthetho woNcedo waseMerika ka-2002 (Hava)

Edlula emva kweengxoxo zonyulo lomongameli wama- 2000, u HAVA walungiselela inkxaso-mali yesizwe ukuthatha indawo yezixhobo zokuvota eziphelelwe lixesha, ukuphucula ii-database zobhaliso, kunye nokuseka imigangatho encinane yolawulo lonyulo. Abavoti abaneziphene, u-HAVA wagunyazisa ukuba indawo nganye yokuvota inikezele ubuncinane umatshini omnye wokuvota ofikelelekayo oneempawu ezifana nezikhasethi zesandi, ii-kkips, kunye nezixhobo zokutsala i-‘andāpuf.

Imithetho yomgangatho karhulumente

Ngaphaya komthetho kazwelonke, amatyala anegunya elikhulu lokumisela iinkqubo zokuvota. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwimiqathango edityanisiweyo yeemfuno, kuquka imithetho ye-ID, amaxesha okuvota angaphambili, ubhaliso lwemini enye, kunye neposi . Ngelixesha amanye amaphondo ekwandiseni ukufikelela (umz., ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo luka Oregon), amanye abeke imiqathango echaphazelisa uluntu ngokuphandle. Ukulandelela olu tshintsho kumgangatho karhulumente lunzima, kukwabalwa ([FLT: 0] uNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-RGregislatures )]

Ucelomngeni Lokudlulisela Amalungelo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubo echazwe ngasentla, amalungelo okuvota ahlala esoyikisiwe kwinkulungwane yama-21. Iintlobo ezintsha zothintelo, imingeni yobugcisa, kunye nemiqobo yolawulo ziyaqhubeka zivela, ngokufuthi zinempembelelo engathethekiyo kubavoti bemibala, abavoti abafumana imali encinane, abavoti abaselula, nabavoti abaneziphene. Ootitshala kufuneka baluqaphele olu celomngeni ukunceda abafundi ukuba bavavanye impilo yedemokhrasi.

Imithetho yeVoter

Ngonyaka wama-2024, amatyala angama-36 anemithetho efuna okanye efuna uhlobo oluthile lolwahlulelo kuhlolo. Ezisibhozo zezi zimisela iimfuno ze-ID zefoto ezingqongqo ezithi zingavumeli ezinye iintlobo zolwazi, njengeendleko zemali zezekhompuyutha okanye iingxelo zebhanki. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi izigidi zabemi abachongiweyo abachongiweyo zinokunciphisa ukuvota phakathi kwamaqela amancinane naphantsi okufumana abantu ngabanye.

Imibala eshicilelweyo

Ngaphantsi komzingeli wokucoca iiroli zovoti, amanye amaphondo asuse abavoti ababhalisweyo abasebenzisa ii-algorithm ezinokuthelekiswa nezimkelweyo okanye ukukhangela kobundlobongela. Ngo-2018, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umkhwa wokususa kweOhio abangazange bavote kwixesha leminyaka emibini ye-939 kwaye ababuyi isaziso sokuqinisekisa ( . A. Philip Randolph Institute). Ukuzikhulula okunjalo kuye kwaboniswa ngokungatshintshiyo ukususa abavoti bemibala kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo.

Ukuncitshiswa Kweendawo Zokungcolisa Nokuvelisa Izixhobo Zomculo

Ukutyhubela ilizwe, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezithe zanda ngokukhawuleza, amagosa onyulo aye avalwa okanye afuduswa kwiindawo zokuvota, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulindeni ixesha elide, imigama enyukayo yokuhamba, nokudideka malunga nendawo yokuvota. Ingxelo yowama-202020 yeNkcubeko yemfundo yeNtlalo yoLawulo lwamaBlack kunye no-2018, yafumanisa ukuba phakathi kowama-2020% ukwanda kwabemi babo abaNsundu namaHispanic kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kunciphe unyuko kwiindawo zokuvota kunabantu abaninzi abangama-200-000.

Izithintelo Zokufikeleleka Kwemibutho Yezikhuseli Ezinesiphene

Ngaphandle kweADA ne HAVA, iindawo ezininzi zokuhlola azifikeleleki ngokoqobo. Ingxelo yeKhomishini yoNkqubela-kuNxibelelwano yase-U.S. 2017 yafumanisa ukuba i-17% yeendawo zokuvota ayinamiqobo yokufikelela, njengemiqadi, iminyango emincinane, okanye ukunqongophala kokupaka. Iinqanawa ezinemehlo okanye iintsilelo zokuva zisenokujamelana nocelomngeni ngokuchukumisa oomatshini abaluncedo abangenasandi okanye abangenamidibaniso echuliweyo.

Imiqathango yokuhambisa iposi

Isifo se-COVID 16) sakhokelela ekunyukeni kovotelo lweposi, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aye afumana imithetho eqinileyo, efuna ubungqina obungqongqo kakhulu be-ID kwii-colot ezingekhoyo, ukubeka izithuba zebhokisi, okanye ukucutha iwindow ukwenzela ii-colots ezibuyayo. Olu tshintsho lungachaphazela ngokukhethekileyo abavoti ngaphandle kwenkonzo yeposi yasekhaya, abantu abagqunywe, nabo banesiphene abaxhomekeke kwiinketho zeposi ezikwi-76in.

Ukukwazi Ukufikelela Abantu Abaneziphene

Uqiqa ngelithi bonke abemi bangavota ngokwabo kwaye ngasese kuyimfuneko engundoqo yokulingana kwedemokhrasi. Ukufumaneka konyulo kugqitha kwindawo yokuhlala ephathekayo; kubandakanya inyathelo ngalinye lenkqubo yokuvota (ukusuka ekubhaliseni) ukuya ekufakeni ivoti kumntu ngamnye. Le ndawo ilandelayo ibalulekile ekuyilweni konyulo olupheleleyo.

Ukufikeleleka Kweendawo Ezingcolisayo

Indawo zokugrobha mazibekwe kwindlela efikelelekayo, ezinee-amppsp njengoko ziyimfuneko, iminyango ebanzi, kunye nendawo eyaneleyo yokujija izitulo ezinamavili okanye ezinye izinto eziluncedo zokuhamba. Iindawo zokupakisha kufuneka ziquke iindawo ezifikelelekayo kufutshane nomnyango. ADADA List for Polling Progs, ezikhoyo ukusuka ku [[FLT:]] Isigqeba soMnamputha wesizwe [[], ezinika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kwimilinganiso, istyikitya, nezinye izifuno. Ngelishwa, imimandla emininzi iqhuba kuphela uphando lwekhesa zekhesa kwaye ayilungiseki.

Oomatshini abaFikelelekayo

Phantsi kwe-HAVA, yonke indawo yokuvota kufuneka ibe nomatshini omnye ubuncinane ovumela abavoti abaneziphene ukuba baphawule baze baphose i-collet ngasese nangasese. Iimpawu zingaquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Izixhobo zesandi: iiheadphones ezifunda ibholathi ngokuvakalayo, ngezixhobo ezinkulu zokulawula ukwenza ukhetho.
  • Bralle ii-pags: Kubavoti abafama okanye abanombono osezantsi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkcazo ephezulu i- high àcoco imboniso kunye nokhuphiso lwekhusi: kubavoti abanokungaboni kakuhle okanye abakhubazekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] SIPÍandprofuff izinqumla: Kubavoti abanokuhamba kancinci kwesandla.

Amagosa okhetho afanele avavanye le matshini ngaphambi kokuba kukhethwe nabasebenzi bokhetho abaza kusebenza, ingakumbi xa kusenziwa iinkupho ezisemagqabini okanye ezisendlwini.

Name

Abavoti abaninzi abaneziphene, ukuvota ngeposi kuphelisa imiqobo yezithuthi nokufikelela ngokoqobo. Noko ke, ukubhalisa isicelo, imvulophu yokubhala nokusayina kunokubangela imiqobo. Ezinye iindawo zokuhlala eziluncedo ziquka:

  • [[UKWENZIWA: 0] Unikezelo lwebhola yebholothi: Ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhuphele phantsi kwaye baphawule iibhola kwicomputer yabo efikelelekayo, ngoko shicilela kwaye ubuyise ngeposi okanye kwinxuwa elirhoxileyo.
  • Ukhuphe ivoti 93byשmail (RAVBM): Inkqubo ezenza abavoti abaneziphene baphawule ibhola yabo kwisixhobo esinoqinisekiso ekhaya baze baprinte ikopi yephepha ukuze babuye.
  • [[UMTHL:0] Ihlulophu yokubuya enemiyalelo emikhulu: incitshiswe ukuntsonkotha ekuphatheni izinto ngokoqobo.

Uncedo Kwizinto Ezingcolisayo

Abasebenzi abakhubazekileyo banelungelo elisemthethweni lokuzisa umntu abakhethele ukubanceda, okanye ukucela uncedo kumvoti. Lo mncedi akafanele abe ngumqeshi okanye ummeli wombutho (ngaphandle kwamalungu entsapho). Abasebenzi abarhwebi kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukunikela uncedo ngaphandle kokwenza ubuchule . Abavoti abathile bangafuna uncedo lokuphawula ibholathi kodwa banokuhamba ngaphandle kobuqu. UMthetho Wokukhetha (ukuba uyasebenza kurhulumente) kwaye imithetho efanayo iqinisekisa ukuba uncedo lukhona ngaphandle kokuthobela umvoti ukuba athathele ingqalelo eyongezelelekileyo okanye alulibazise.

Ukhuseleko Olusemthethweni Nokunyanzelwa

Abaququzeli abadibana neemeko zokufumaneka bangazifaka izikhalazo kwiSebe leJaji le-U.S. le-Civil Rights Division, iKhomishini yoNkqulutho, okanye ngokumangalelwa ngasese phantsi kwe-ADA. Imibutho yezobugqeba enjenge yeBhunga loMbutho loMkhosi ekungalawulekiyo ipapashe iingxelo ezineenkcukacha ezincomela imigaqo yokufikelela nenkqubo yokusebenza.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Lokudlulisela Amalungelo

Amalungelo okuvota ayaqhubeka etshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ephenjelelwa zisigqibo senkundla, izenzo zowiso-mthetho, ubugcisa obuphucukileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengca. Inkqubela yakutshanje ibonisa ukuba kukho imiqobo emitsha yokungena kwinxaxheba.

Ukumangalelwa neNkundla Ephakamileyo

Ukususela [[NTLT:0] uShelby County v. Hoker (203), ijaji yesizwe iphumele indima esebenzayo engakumbi ekulungiseni amalungelo okuvota. Iimeko ezininzi ezinkulu zibhekise kwi gerrymandering, ivotertim ye-Id, kunye neposi jinin blassiots. Brvich v. [[FLT:]] [FLT] [12], iNkuMyunja ePhakamileyo ixhasa imiqathango emibini yokuvota, eyenza kube nzima ukuvavanya imithetho phantsi kwe-VRA. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekuphumezeni umlinganiselo we-ejiyo, neziphumo ezixutyiweyo. [FT][FT][5]

Ulwando lweVoter Kwamanye Amazwe

Ngelixesha amanye amazwe ethintela ukufikelela, amanye aye athabatha amanyathelo okwandisa. Ngonyaka wama-2024, ama-22 namaphondo aseColumbia aye amisela ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lwevoti (AVR) kumasebe emoto. i-AVR iboniselwe ukunyusa isantya sokubhalisa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabatsha nabavoti abancinane. Eminye imigaqo ekhulayo iquka amaxesha okuvota angaphambili eeveki ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, akukho nyaka uvoteko, kwaye ubhaliso olufana nolweentsuku eziyi1970. Amazwe anjengoColoradolado, Hawaii, kunye neWashington onke aye abona unyuko olubalulekileyo emva kokusebenza kwaloo manyathelo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, ukhuseleko, kunye nokufikeleleka

Ukudibana kobugcisa novota kuzisa amathuba kunye nomngcipheko. Ukuvota ngomvoti kuye kwaba ngumqathango kumaphondo amaninzi, ukunciphisa amaphepha kunye neempazamo. Iincwadi zovotelo lwe-electronic kunye nee-scans ze-barodif zingakhawuleza ukuxilonga u-"nenowsecurity". Noko ke, inkxalabo malunga nonyulo-iindawo-khompyutha--mfonografiki kunye nokunganyaniseki koomatshini bokuvota-/ukunyata-ukunyanzela. Abavoti abakwaziyo ukukhusela iphepha kwimiqobo, ubugcisa obutsha obufana nebholoti-parkerārkimarking amacebo aqinisekisiweyo ukuze bafumane isithembiso sokusebenza ekude, kodwa kufuneka bavavanywe ngocose.

Ubuchule nemfundo kawonke-wonke

Imibutho engangeni mvuzo iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekunyuseni i-franchise. Amaqela afana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMabhinqa, Isizathu Esiqhelekileyo, kunye neNaACP Cagnon Defense Fund inika ulwazi olushushu oluvotayo, uncedo olusemthethweni, namaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke. Izikolo nabafundisi-mfundo banokuba nenxaxheba ngokukhuthaza ukubhaliswa kobhaliso, befundisa ngoMthetho wamaLungelo, kunye nokwenza unyulo lwentengiso olubonisa iingcamango ezisebenzayo zokuvota ngolwazi oluneemfunolwamvo.

Impembelelo Yokufikelela Kolwimi

Phantsi kweCandelo lama-203 leVRA, imimandla enabemi abaninzi abalinganiselweyo basesiNgesini ← amaNgesi high à proficience kufuneka banike izixhobo zokuvota kunye noncedo lwamazinyo amabini. Oku kuyimfuneko njengoko ilizwe lisiba neenlwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ukuthobela, kunye nabavoti abathetha iilwimi ezingagutyungelwanga nguMthetho (njengesiArabhu okanye isiTagalog kwezinye iindawo) basenokujongana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Imigudu yokusebenza ngobuchule iyaqhubeka iqhubela phambili ukuchaza ulwimi kunye nabaphangi abanoqeqeshiweyo abangcono.

Isiphelo

Ibali lamalungelo okuvota nokufumaneka konyulo lwamaMerika lelokulwa okuqhubekayo, ulwando oluqhubekayo, ulwandiso, nokuhlala uphaphile. Ukusuka ekukhetheni okumxinwa okuncinane kweyewaka linamakhulu asibhozo9 ukuya kukhuseleko olubanzi kodwa olubuthathaka ngenkulungwane yama-21, isizukulwana ngasinye siye sajamelana nocelomngeni lokuqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvota alinikwanga nje ngokusemthethweni kodwa lifumaneka ngokufanelekileyo kubo bonke abami abafanelekayo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, le mbali inikela izinto ezityebileyo kwingxoxo yeklasi ngedemokhrasi, i-mthetho, nembopheleleko yezentlalo. Ngokufundisa abafundi bobabini isakhiwo esisemthethweni kunye nento ephilayo yokuvota, kubandakanya imiqobo ejongenemiqobo yabantu, nabantu abakhubazekile, kunye namanye amaqela asezantsi axhobiswe ukuba babe ngabathathi benxaxheba kwinkqubo yokhetho. Ukuvota okulungele ukuqokelelwa kwemicimbi kwembali nokukhuselwa kwembali yonke.