Imbali Yamalungelo Abantu

Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota udibene kwisiqu samazwe edemokhrasi, anembali etyebileyo nephikiswayo eUnited States. Idemokhrasi yangaphambili yamazwe aseMerika yayisikelwe umda: ekuqaleni ukuvota yayililungelo eligcinelwe abamhlophe, amadoda aphethe impahla. Oku kulahlwa kwabangelwa yinkolelo yokuba kuphela kwabo banemithi ebonakalayo kwezoqoqosho abanokuthenjwa ukwenza izigqibo zezobupolitika. Kwienkulungwane ezalandelayo, ungxube lwemi yotshintsho oluye lwapheliswa kule miqobo, ngokuthe ngcelele kwanwela ukuquka abemi abaninzi.

Ulwando lokuqala olungundoqo lweziqinisekiso zempahla ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, kodwa ukruthakruthwano lweshumi elinesihlanu nolwesini lwahlala lungumqobo. Uhlaziyo lwe-15, lwagunyaziswa ngo-1870, lwalela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, kodwa eMazantsikazi amisa imiqobo ngokukhawuleza ngokuvavanya irhafu, iimvavanyo zobuzwilanisi, kunye noloyikiso lobundlobongela. La maMerika afumana ilungelo lokuphelisa ubumi bobumi base-Afrika ngokunelobonke phantse nelonke inkulungwane. AmaMerika afumana amalungelo okuzincopho athelisa ishumi elineshumi leminyaka. Nangona amazwe amaninzi ekwakuqhubeka nokuthabatha kwawo inxaxheba ka-1965, ukugqibela iSinyuko somthetho we-Dilesi ye-odgit, ekugqibeleni afumana i-odouni ekwa, i-operalksi, i-ontaliti yemithetho ekwa-ontar, i-orverververtive, ithe, i-or.

Emhlabeni wonke, itrateory ibifana. Ukuqonda lo mmandla wonke wehlabathi nelungelo lokuvota (ngoku kungumthetho oqhelekileyo kwidemokhrasi emiselweyo, kodwa indlela ayizange ihambe kakuhle. Abafazi baseSwitzerland abazange bafumane ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lwamaqumrhu de kwangowe-1971; eSaudi Arabia, abafazi baqala ngokuvota ngo- 2015. Ukuqonda le ncam yomhlaba wonke kunceda ukuhlahlela iimfazwe eziqhubekayo eUnited States, apho amalungelo okuvota ahlala eqinileyo kwaye ekhuphisana.

Iqela Eliphethe Ityala: Isifundo Setyala Ngokuzingisa

Intshukumo ye-suffgela eUnited States yathabatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi asixhenxe. Iinkokeli zangaphambili njengoElizabeth Cady Stanton noSusan B. Anthony walungiselela iSeneca Falls Convention ngo1848, wakhupha isindululo soMvumelwano esifuna amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa. Intshukumo eyathi ekugqibeleni yafuna amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa. Intshukumo yokuhlasela ibangele ukuba amabhinqa alungele ukumiswa, amatyala angenazintloni, amaphulo, amaqhaga, amaqhaga, indlala, kunye nokukhuthaza. Emva kokuba iNkundla laMapolisa i-Onke esizwe isebenzisa iqhinga elithe ngqo, kuquka ukuchola iHowe, eyakhokelela ekuboshweni kwendlu emhlophe, nokubanjwa yi-Rodvert.

Noko ke, uHlaziyo lwe-19 aluzange luqinisekise ukuba onke amabhinqa amaMelika amaIndiya ayekhutshwa ngaphandle de kwangowama-1924, kwaye amabhinqa amaninzi ase-Asia aye ajamelana nemiqathango yobumi de kwawama-1950. Amabhinqa antsundu eMzantsi aqhubeka ejamelene nerhafu yokuvota kunye novavanyo lokubhata-bhata-bhaza. Ngaloo ndlela ilifa lombutho lobukhosi liyaphumelela kwaye aliphelelanga, isikhumbuzo sokuba uloyisoyiso olusemthethweni lufuna ukuhlala luhleli.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo aBami kunye noMthetho woMbutho woKhuthazo

Umbutho wamalungelo abantu woo1950 nawo 1960 wenza amalungelo okuvota afunwa kakhulu. Ukuchaswa okunenkohlakalo kovoti Black bhalisa `kwandiswa kukubulawa kwabaxhasi abanjengoMedgar Evers kunye nomkhosi “weCawa” enobundlobongela eSelma, Alabama/eyelukele uluntu kwaye avume uluvo lukawonke-wonke. UMongameli Lynton B. Johnson waphendula ngokunyanzela uMthetho weVoting Rights ka-65 ukuya kwiNgqungquthela. Lo mthetho wesigxilo waziva zinqabile ukuvavanywa kokufunda, walungiselela ukuvelela ulawulo lwembali ngembali yocalulo, kwaye wafuna amazwe athile afumane ulwamvo phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Umthetho karhulumente u-Lyndondon B. Johnson waphendula ngokunyanzela ukuba afumane umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-wonke osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni osemthethweni.

Isiphumo saba siso ngokomzuzwana. Kwiminyaka embalwa, ubhaliso olumnyama kwivoti eMazantsi avuthayo. Umzekelo, eMississippi, ukubhalisa okumnyama kwanyuka ukusuka ngezantsi kwe 7% ngo1964 ukuya phantse kuma-60% ngo1968. UMthetho wamaLungelo ugqalwa njengenye yeyona mithetho yamalungelo abantu esebenzayo eyakhe yamiselwa. Kodwa ijongene nocelomngeni olungapheliyo. Ngo-2013, isigqibo seNkuvoloMkhosi Ophezulu Shelby County v. Raker yathatha phantsi indlela esetyenziswayo ukugqiba ukuba imigaqo efuna umthetho ophambili, ngokuphumelelayo obekiweyo. Ingqungqungquthela iye yasilela ukugqitha inkqubo yemithetho elawula umthetho, ishiya amalungelo amaninzi okuvota okuvosayo malunga nokurhoxa kwenkqubo ye-ddiblic.

Umthetho ongundoqo ususa ukhutsho lwamalungelo akhoyo

Ngaphezu koMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu, eminye imithetho emininzi iye yachaza indlela ekujongwa ngayo abantu eUnited States.

UMthetho weSizwe weBootary (1993)

Ngokuqhelekileyo ibizwa ngokuthi “Umthetho weMotor Voter,” lo mthetho wawufuna ukuba kunikwe amathuba okuvota xa abemi befaka okanye bewahlaziya amalayisensi abo okuqhuba, ngeposi, nakumaqumrhu oncedo lukawonke-wonke. Injongo yayikukwenza ubhaliso lube lula kwaye lufikeleleke. Uphando lubonisa ukuba inyathelo lobhaliso lwandisiwe ngokuphawulekayo, ingakumbi phakathi kwengeniso ephantsi naphakathi kwabemi abambalwa. Noko ke, ukuphumelela bekungalingani, namanye amazwe angafuni ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo.

UMthetho weMelika woncedo (2002)

Yaququzelelwa ukuphendula kunyulo olunesiphithiphithi lukamongameli wama 2000, ._________izixhobo zayo ezixhotyisiweyo, iibhabhathane, kwaye yaphikisa ingxelo yeFlorida `HAVA iseke imigangatho esezantsi yolawulo lonyulo. Yanika inkxaso-mali yezixhobo ezintsha zokuvota, yayila iKhomishini yeNkcubeko, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba amazwe azalisekise ugcino-lwazi lweziko lovota olubanzi kunye nokufumaneka kwalo, kwakhona kwakhokelela kwiimpikiswano kuludwe logcino-voti, maxa wambi iziphumo zokurhoxabela ngokungafanelekanga ezidibanisela uvota olusemthethweni.

Imigudu Yakutshanje Yomanyano: ISibonelelo Semithetho Yabantu neSibonelelo sikaJohn Lewis Samalungelo Abantu

Ukuphendula kwimiqathango yomgangatho wokuvota emva konyulo lwama-2020, iKhomyutha yacebisa utshintsho olubanzi. Kumthetho wabantu (H.R. 1) ibiyakwandisela ukuvota kwangethuba, kufuna ubhaptizo oluzenzekelayo, kunye nokusikelwe umda kwiKhota. [[FLT:]] John Vocling Agreadristriction Act [ injongo yokubuyisela ilungiselelo lomthetho owenziwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Zombini izikwelo zigqithise iNdlu zendlu kodwa zigqithise kwiNdlukwano ngenxa ye-Genegavierbuster. Ukungaphumeleli kwazo ukukhupha i-projectivesstion (iK. g. g.)

Izithintelo Ezingapheliyo Neengxaki Zangaphambili

Despite legal advances, substantial barriers to voting remain. These obstacles often disproportionately affect communities of color, low-income individuals, young people, and the elderly.

Imithetho yeVoter

Ngonyaka wama-2024, ama-36 amaziko anemithetho efuna okanye ecela uhlobo oluthile lolwahlulelo kwivoti. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i-ID ithintele ukuqhatha (nangona ukuqhatha kunqabile kakhulu). Abahlalutyi bazama ukuxabanisa imithetho ebangela umthwalo ongafanelekanga kwabo basweleyo ii-ID zikarhulumente ezikhutshiweyo, njengabemi abangamahlwempu, abafundi, nabantu abanemibala ethile. Uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba i-ID encinci nengeniso ephantsi i-oventionti ayifaneki kakhulu ukuba nexabiso kunye nexabiso lokufumana omnye umntu onokuthi angakwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba. I-texas kunye ne-Datakota zineemode ezingqongqo; iinkundla ziye zabetha okanye zalungisa imithetho emininzi yeziphumo ze-CD-orparin.

Indawo Esongelweyo Nemigca emide

Phakathi ko-2012 no-2018, amagunya alawula imbali yocalulo avalwe amakhulu eendawo zokuvota, ngokufuthi kwimimandla emnyama okanye e-Speyin. Oku kuvalwa kwegunya labavoti ukuba bahambe mgama, balinde ixesha elide, kwaye maxa wambi baphoswe umsebenzi okanye ezinye izibophelelo. Ingqungquthela yezenqanawa emalunga namalungelo abantu e-Ovinial[ yanikela ingxelo yokuba ngo-2020, ezinye iingingqi eziphambili zobumnyama eGeorgia zijongene nexesha elingeeyure eziliqela, ngoxa iingingqi ezimhlophe zinemigca emifutshane.

Ithambeka le Voter

Amazwe acoca ngamaxesha athile amavoti awo aqokelele ukususa abantu abafileyo, abantu abakhe babanjwa beshenxisiwe, okanye abagwetyiwe. Noko ke, ukuhlambulula okunzima maxa wambi kususa abavoti abafanelekileyo ngaphandle kwesaziso esaneleyo. Ityala eliphawulekayo lenzekile eGeorgia ngo-2018, xa malunga nama-300,000 obhaliso lwarhoxiswa “oknayiti,” ezininzi ezivela kwingingqi ezincinane. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo si-11818 [[FLT: 0] esikwiziko lobulungisa [[FLT]. A. uPhilip Randolph Institute [12] waxhasa inkqubo yokuqululisa, emisela umqatha enokuthi i-Adrogractive ekhuthaza imigaqo efanayo neyakho phakathi konyaka ka-191818.[1918]

Ukungavisisani Okungaqhelekanga

Kumaphondo amaninzi, abantu abagwetyelwe ukuphulukana namalungelo abo okuvota, ngokufuthi ngokusisigxina. Oku kuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto amadoda abaNsundu, avalelwe kwiqondo eliphezulu kakhulu. EFlorida, inyathelo lovote lika-2018 elibuyiselwe amalungelo okuvota kubantu abaninzi ababevalelwe ngaphambili, kodwa umthetho olandelayo wafuna ukuba bahlawule zonke iintengo kunye nemali phambi kokuba babhaliswe, ngokunempumelelo ukuphelisa ukudityaniswa kwemithetho. Malunga nezigidi ezi-4,6 zaseMelika ngoku zivalelwe ekuvotelweni ngenxa yokuvunywa kwetyala eliyilwe lityala. I-Momentum yengxube yotshintsho iyakhula: ithetha ukuba njengeVirginia kunye neNew York iphinde ifumane amalungelo ngesenzo solawulo, kodwa umsebenzi wemithetho owenzisa ukudidelwa kwesiphithi.

Ukufikelela kulwimi kunye nezithintelo

UMthetho wamaLungelo ufuna amagunya athile ukubonelela uncedo kunye nezinto. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi base-Indiya baseMerika abanalo uncedo oluguqulelweyo okanye abasebenzi bovolo abathetha iilwimi zomthonyama. Abahlali abaneziphene bakwajongene nemiqobo: malunga ne 17% yeendawo zokuvota ezifikeleleka ngokupheleleyo, ngokwengxelo ye-Ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente yoLawulo yama-2020. Ngoxa uthintelo olusecaleni kovota kunye nokhetho olungekhoyo, imimandla emininzi ayikaphumeleli ukufikelela kwimilinganiselo esisiseko yokufikelela.

Ukukhuthala kwale mihla kunye nokuLayishwa

Namhlanje umkhosi wokuvota ulwelwa yimibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo, esebenzisa iindlela zesithethe nezezimilo.

Imibutho yobugcisa emikhulu

  • I-PP] yelona butho lidala lamalungelo abantu elizweni liyaqhubeka lisenza i-litha kunye nentshukumisa nxamnye nokucinezelwa kovoti, ijolise ngqo kuMzantsi. Iphulo layo elithi “Le Yiphulo Lam Eli” lifundisa kwaye lithumela abavoti.
  • I- i-American Liberties Union (ACLU): Iprojekthi yamalungelo abantu ye-ACLU icel ’ umngeni imithetho emininzi enkundleni, ukusuka kwimfuno ze-ID zovoti ukuya kwiimaphu ezilungisiweyo. Ikwanika oovimba bomthetho abavoti abajongene nemiqobo.
  • ILeague of Women Voters: Izinikele kwimfundo engeyoyoyolungu levoti, uManyano luqhuba indululo yokubhalisa, abaququzeleli bombutho, kunye nomthetho ochaphazela ukufikelela kovota.
  • Fair War Action: Ifunyenwe nguStacey Abrams emva kokulahlekelwa kwakhe konyaka ka-2018 eGeorgia, le ntlangano igxininisa ekukhuseleni umvoti, ekubhaliseni, nasekulweni nokucinezelwa ngemigudu esemthethweni neyotyani.

Iingcambu ze-rass noluntu

Amaqela asekuhlaleni asoloko ethembekile kakhulu kuluntu. Alungiselela ukucanda iingcango ukuya kwindlu-mfono-mfono, iibhanki, kunye neziganeko ezikwicawa namaziko abantu abahlala kulo. Kuluntu lwe-Native Merika, amaqela afana ne- Amalungelo e-American Imali emali e-mali [ asebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo zokuqokelela ziyafumaneka kwiindawo zokutyela kunye nokubonelwa uncedo lolwimi. Iikolejini zibona iimpulamlo ezisebenzayo zobhaliso lwabafundi zikhokelwa yimibutho efana neAndrew Goodman Foundations “Vote Hoverse".

Iingxaki Zasemthethweni Nomthetho Ofanelekileyo

Amaqela onyanzeliso asoloko ephethukela kwiinkundla ukuvala imithetho engqongqo. Ngo-2023, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund ngempumelelo yaphikisa umthetho waseMntla Carolina owabeka iimfuno ze-ID ezingqongqo, ephikisayo ngenjongo yokukhupha ii-discribinario. ISiziko somthetho se-Campagign kunye ne-[FLT] umgangatho woMthetho wobuhlwempu [ kwakhona ityala lefayile yokunqanda ukuhlambulula izigwebo ezingekho mthethweni, nokuzingela i- blokhwe. Noko ke, i-judiarydary-etarygary-gency isoloko ixhasa imiqathango yemithetho, yenza umgangatho we-mo-mgronam-m-m-mmentant-at-eter-eat travots zotshintsho.

Utyekelo Lwangoku Neenkcazo Zexesha Elizayo

Amalungelo okuvota aqhubeka eguquka ngokukhawuleza, ephenjelelwa bubugcisa, ngamanani abantu nangamacandelo ezobupolitika.

Ulwandiso lokudlala kwangethuba kunye nokuvote-by-mail

Ngaphezu kwama-40 karhulumente ngoku anika uhlobo oluthile lovotelo lwangaphambili, evumela abavoti ukuba baphose izibheno phambi koSuku Lokhetho. Amaphondo amaninzi akwandise ukungarhoxi kovoti okanye ukuvota kweposi yendalo yonke. Unyulo lwama-202020 lwabona unyuko olukhulu ekuvotelweni kweposi ebhanki ngenxa yesifo sobhadathi, kwaye abaninzi abavoti-voti baye bamkela ukukhululeka. Noko ke, njengoTexas noGeorgia bafaka imiqathango emitsha ekuvoteleni iposi, enjengokunciphisa iibhokisi kunye nokufuna i-ID engqongqo. Ingxoxo yokuvota ihlala ingena ku-potovota, kunye neRiphabliki ethanda ukuthanda ukuthandabuza kunye neDemocrates.

Ubhaliso lwe Voter oluzenzekelayo

Ngaphezu kwamaphondo angama-20 kunye neSithili saseColumbia siphumeze ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lwevoti (AVR), apho abemi abafanelekileyo babhaliswa khona xa besebenzisana namasebe karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba bakhetha. I-AVR inyuse iqondo lokubhalisa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abaselula namaqela amancinane. i-Brennan Center [ iqikelela ukuba i-AVR ingengeza izigidi ezingama-50 kubarhoxi kwiirorhosi ukuba zivunyiwe ngokubanziswa ngokubanzi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobuChwephesha kunye noXwebhu loMgaqo-nkqubo

Apps kunye neewebhsayithi ezifana ne iTurboVote kunye HEadLition ilula ukubhalisa, inika izikhumbuzi, kunye nabavoti abancedisi bafumana iindawo zobuphicotho. Amaqonga ezixhobo zentlalo-ntle asetyenziselwa ukusasaza ulwazi kunye nenkcazelo egqwethayo. Noko ke, izixhobo ezifanayo zingasetyenziswa ukusasaza izixhobo zobuxoki ngenkohliso yokuvota okanye amagosa okhetho, aphembelela ukungathemba.

Ukuphinda-phinda uhlaziyo

Emva kobalo lwama-202020, itsho i-redrew commional kunye nesithili sowiso-mthetho. Kumaphondo amaninzi, igalelo elinguququzeleli likhokelele kwiimaphu zokuba inzuzo yeqela elinye, ukuncitshiswa kwamandla okuvota kwemibutho emincinane kunye nezimeleyo. Ngelixesha amanye amazwe aneziko lokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo, amanye avumela iindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zizoba iimaphu ngononophelo oluncinane. Imithetho i-mephu ezicel'ucel'iiphu e-Alabama, eGeorgia, kunye noMzantsi Carolina iyaqhubeka, ngeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngo-2023 ilawula ukuba u-Alabam kufuneka ayile iphondo lwesibini lwemibutho elimnyama.

IVoterrout yolutsha

Abavoti abaselula (abaneminyaka eli-18-29) bakhupha amanani arekhodiweyo ngo-2020, benza malunga ne 17% yonyulo. Iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ityala lomfundi, kunye nokugweba kobuhlanga kwakhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ephezulu. Noko ke, ulutsha luphendule izikhonkwane ngokwembali ngexesha lonyulo lomongameli kwaye luthobe phakathi kwemida. Imigudu efana Rock i Vote kunye [FLT] Vate. lujolise olu phawulo lonyulo kunye namatyala emfundo. Ukuvota kukwiminyaka eli-16 ubudala, ngokuboniswa kweenkqubo zonyulo.

Ukufumaneka kweZiko leMveli laseMerika nasemaphandleni

Abavoti basemaphandleni kunye namaNani aseMerika basoloko bejongene nocelomngeni olungaqhelekanga: imigama emide ukuya kuvota iindawo, i-Indiyan Citizenship, kunye nokunqongophala kwezithuthi zikawonke-wonke. UMthetho woNyaka ka-1924 wanika amaMelika amaNadabi amalungelo okuvota, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aqhubeka ebeka imiqobo de kube ngo-1970. Namhlanje, izizwe zase-Arizona, eMontanal, kunye noMzantsi Dakota zithe ngokunempumelelo zacela iindawo zokucoca ezingakumbi kwingingqini, nokunika uncedo lolwimi. [[FLT:] Umthetho we-Americanvodivetic Voting Act Act [, owaziswa kwiNkulungela amalungelo eMbutho kodwa angadluliswanga, atheliswa ngokubhekeleleka, athelela ukukhusela oku.

Imeko yomhlaba wonke nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe

Amalungelo okunika amalungelo agqalwa njengamalungelo asisiseko omntu kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka Isibhengezo esingqubanayo samaLungelo oluntu [iiNkqutyana] kunye neSivumelwano seInternational on Common and Politic Rights [. IZizwe eziphethe unyulo kunye nekhuthaza uqheliselo olungcono. Ngelinye ixesha iU.S. yinkokeli kwiimfuno zedemo-demokhrasi, inkqubo yazo yokuvota ithelwe ngokuphawulekayo ithelekiswa nezinye iidemocracracracs ezisunguliweyo. Umzekelo, amazwe anokufumana amatyala aphezulu kuma-80%. Umthetho ohlalo-mthetho ohlahlolo olufanelekileyo.

Isiphelo: Umzabalazo Oqhubekayo Wolawulo - melo Olupheleleyo

Amalungelo anika imvume kugunyaziso lolawulo-mpukane. Ibali lamalungelo okuvota eUnited States lelokuhambela phambili okunenkqubela-phambili okumiswe ngamathuba okuphuma kwemiqathango. Ukusukela kwixesha lokusekwa kwempahla ukuya kwixesha lokurhoxa kwe-Jim Crow, ukusuka ekulweni kwe-afduffreance kunye namalungelo abantu kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu emfazwe yale mihla, ukurhoxa, kunye nokuquququza, ukugoba kweminxa kwimiba ekwindawo ethile ngezantsi kwe-(*) kodwa kungenxa yokuba abemi baye bahlala bezimisele. Umsebenzi awuzange wenziwe.

Ukuqonda imbali, umthetho ongundoqo, kunye nemiqobo ekhoyo kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na ummi onqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha buvela kwaye kutshintshana kwamanani abantu, ukulwela ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kuya kufuna ukulumka, ukukhutshwa komthetho, kunye nokudityaniswa kwengca. Impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekuqinisekiseni ukuba wonke umvoti ofanelekileyo angafaka isibheno ngokukhululekileyo kwaye ngokusesikweni. Ngokufunda kwizinto zakudala nokuzibandakanya neengxaki ezikhoyo, singanceda ekubhaleni ikamva apho ukuvota okubonisa ngokwenene ukuthanda kwabantu bonke.