Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yinjini yolawulo-demokhrasi, iguqula iingcamango zibe yimithetho enyanzelisayo ebumba ibutho labantu. Ukuqonda ibhanti lomthetho kubalulekile kubafundi, kubafundisi, nakubemi abatshayelelayo, njengoko inika isibona-kubona esicacileyo esibonisa indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo kawonke wonke, impikiswano, kunye nentswela-ncopho. Ngoxa iqumrhu ngalinye lowiso-mthetho lisebenza ngemithetho yalo, uhambo olungundoqo ukusuka kwidrafti ukuya kumthetho lulandela indlela efanayo elungelelanisa ukucinga, ukulalanisa, nokuziphendulela.

Ukwazisa Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Ityala liyisicelo esisemthethweni somthetho omtsha okanye sokulungisa umthetho okhoyo. Iqala njengengcinga ``icothayo', i-antrast', iqela elikhuthazayo, umbutho karhulumente, okanye umenzi womthetho ngokwawo' kwaye ngoko udlula ngothotho lwemigangatho echaziweyo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa uphando olucokisekileyo, igalelo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nokuqwalasela. Inkqubo icwangcisa ngenjongo kwaye igqunywe, inika iincam ezininzi zokuzihlaziya, ingxoxo, kwanokwaliwa. Olu hlolo lungamandla edemokhrasinithiweyo kunye nomthombo wokucaphuka xa i-griki imisa imimiselo ebalulekileyo. Noko ke, ugcino-mthetho womthetho woluntu, kunye noxanduva lomthetho, umgaqo okhoyo okanye isebe likarhulumente, uyakwazi ukubeka umthetho ongenakukhangelwa ngaphandle kokulinganisa nokulinganisela.

EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko ufaka zonke iintambo zowiso-mthetho kwiBhunga, elahlulwe zabasemagumbini amabini: Indlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Nayiphi na imithetho kufuneka idlule omabini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba inikwe uMongameli. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zesizwe neepalamente zesizwe ehlabathini lonke zilandela amanyathelo afanayo okanye afanayo. Kwinjongo zeli nqaku, siza kulandela inkqubo yesizwe ye-U.S.

Iziqikelelo zeBhili ’ Ibhayisekile yobomi

Uhambo lwemali lungaqhekezwa lube ngamanqanaba alishumi ayintloko. Iqonga ngalinye linika amathuba okuzihlola, ukulungisa nokuphikisana. Ngasezantsi sichaza amaqondo ashwankathelweyo, emva koko sihlolisise icandelo ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha.

  • Unikezelo: Imali ibhalwe ngolwimi oluthe ngqo olusemthethweni, ngokufuthi ngoncedo lwabaxhasi bomthetho kunye nabafaki-mali.
  • I-Introduction: Ilungu leBhunga lixhasa ngokusemthethweni ityala, elithi ngoko libalwe, liqulunqwe, lingene kwingxelo kawonke-wonke.
  • Impinda yeCommittee: Imali inikwa ikomiti enegunya phezu kombandela wayo, apho ifumana ukuva, ukunyusa, kunye nengxelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yeFloor (Igumbi Lokuqala): Ingxoxo epheleleyo yegumbi yemali, iqwalasela iinguqulelo, kunye namavoti ekudluleni.
  • Inkqubela yecandelo elidityanisiweyo: Ikhabhathi ilandela indlela efanayo kwigumbi elinye, iqala ngentshayelelo nomsebenzi wekomiti.
  • Ikomiti yeConference (ukuba kufuneka): Dispancies phakathi kwemihlathi emibini i’ iinguqulelo zisombululwa yikomiti edityanisiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvunywa okuphakathi: Zombini izibhedlele zivota kwingxelo yengqungquthela okanye umbhalo wokugqibela ovumelanayo.
  • Isenzo esisebenzayo: Uxwebhu lunikwa uMongameli, onokusayina, luyitywina, okanye ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo.
  • Veto ingafaki (ukuba iyasebenziseka): Congress zingagquma iveto ngesibini sesithathu sobude obuphezulu kumacala omabini.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Wokungenisa: Umthetho owisiweyo wabelwe inani lomthetho kawonke-wonke kwaye uthatha isiphumo kumhla wawo ochaziweyo okanye kutyikityo.

Ukutshatyalaliswa Kwesihluzo Ngasinye

Uyilo

Ukuthamba ityala yinkqubo yobuchule eguqula ingcamango yenkqubo ibe ngumbhalo othe ngqo. Abenzi bomthetho banqabile ukubhala amatyala bodwa; baxhomekeke kwi ofisi yeSiluleko seLegistificative Icebiso[ (Kwindlu neNdlu yeNdlu), enika iinkonzo zobuchule ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-APPPPPPP i-& #8217; ulwimi lucacile, isiseko somgaqo-siseko, kwaye lungaguquguquki. Abachazi-traftistein kufuneka baqwalasele imimiselo ekhoyo ukuze baphephe iingxabano, bachaze amagama angundoqo, kwaye balindele ukuchazwa okunokwenzeka. Amaqela e-Rhulumente, abameli bezoshishino, kunye nabameli bamashishini badla ngokunikezela ngolwimi olulungelelwayo okanye isindululo oluqhelekileyo.

Umzekelo, UMthetho weNtolongo ongenakuhanjwa ka-2010] wawubandakanya intsebenziswano enkulu yokulungisa phakathi kolawulo lwe-Obama, iikomiti zeBhunga, kunye neengcali zenkqubo yezonyango. Iqonga lokulungisa iquka uqikelelo lwexabiso kwi-Ofisi yoHlahlo-mali yeKhompyutha (CBO), enokuthi imisele i-reji yemali e-’ ukusetyenziswa. Imali emiselwe kancinci okanye ethwele ixabiso eliphezulu lenkcicitho isenokuzama ukuzuza okanye ukuxhasa ikomiti.

Ukwazisa

Xa umbhalo ugqitywe, ilungu leNdlu yeNdlu okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu. Imali ifumana inani elikhethekileyo (Ü H. R. okanye [[#82]]] eyimela [[#82] [[#2]] engaphantsi [ [iiiNkawu]]. Imali ifumana inani elikhethekileyo (iNdlulo). Imali ifumana inani elikhethekileyo (̴ R.[indlu:1]; [1]; 1&8221; kuba ngumthetho wesigqengqelo esifutshane.) nesihloko esifutshane. Isemrhumo wodwa ingulo, kodwa ingena kwiNdluvo oluqhelekileyo lweNtloko yolulawulo oluthe kratya lwezo oluthe kratya.

IKomiti

Emva kwentshayelelo, i-partment ibhekiswa kwikomiti enegunya lombandela wayo, ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu eMandleni naseMandleni ukwenzela amatyala onyango, okanye iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlela-mali ukwenzela imilinganiso yerhafu. IiKomiti ze-“ ii-handress ” zeBhunga-ngqubano, apho uhlalutyo oluncinci kakhulu lwekomiti lukhoyo. Inkqubo yekomiti eqhele ukubandakanya imigangatho emithathu esezantsi:

Ukuvakala

Ikomiti inganika eli tyala kwikomiti engaphantsi, ephethe ukuchongwa ukuze kuqokelelwe ubungqina obuvela kwiingcaphephe, kumagosa karhulumente, kubameli, nakubemi abachaphazelekayo. Ezi ngxelo zithe zithe thaca kwaye zinikela ingxelo yengxelo yengxelo yengxelo yengxelo ye-̱ amandla nobuthathaka. Umzekelo, iindlebe ezingotshintsho lwemozulu zisoloko zibonakalisa izazinzulu, abalawuli bezixhobo zamandla, nabaxhasi bemekobume. AmaNgqina akhethwa ngabasebenzi abaninzi nabambalwa ukuqinisekisa iimbono ezilungeleleneyo.

Ukuphawula

Emva kokuva, ikomiti epheleleyo (okanye ikomiti esezantsi) ibamba intlanganiso yokunyusa unyusa. Amalungu axoxa ngokulungisa imigca yemali ngomgca, ukuvota kwisiqinisekiso ngasinye, kwaye ekugqibeleni amavoti ukuba anikele ingxelo elungileyo kusini na kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Umthetho unokuba ngonempikiswano; uxwebhu lungabhalwa kwakhona kakhulu, lungabuyiselwa nge “ ulwelo lwe-antement, i-̵ okanye kwanoluhlu lokukhetha (ufakwe). Usihlalo sekomiti silawula izicwangciso kwaye siyakwazi ukubeka ingxoxo.

Ingxelo yeKomiti

Ukuba ikomiti ivota ukuchaza ityala, ivelisa ingxelo eneenkcukacha ezichaza ityala lengxelo ’ injongo, ikomiti ̱ iqiqa, naziphi na iimbono eziphikisanayo (iimbono ezingezoziqumrhu), kunye nempembelelo kumthetho okhoyo. Le ngxelo isoloko iquka uqikelelo lwexabiso kunye neengxelo zomthetho. Olu xwebhu luba ngumthombo ongundoqo wengxoxo yomgangatho kunye notoliko lwezogwebo kamva.

Uhlolo lwekomiti kulapho kufela khona amatyala amaninzi. NgokweNkonzo yophando lweCongregational, malunga nama-90% amatyala aqatshelweyo awaze aphume kwikomiti. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uqinisekisa ukuba kuphela amatyala anenkxaso eyaneleyo nemigaqo afanele ukuqhutyelwa phambili.

Impikiswano ye Floor (Igumbi Lokuqala)

Xa kuxelwa ityala lekomiti, libekwa kwikhalenda ukuze kuqwalaselwe umgangatho. Le nkqubo iyahluka phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu yeMali neNdlu yeeNtsimbi.

Ingxoxo yeNqanawa yaseKhaya

Indlu isebenza phantsi kwemida yexesha elingqongqo. Ikomiti ikhupha umthetho omisela ubude bengxoxo, enziwa zilungiseke (ivulekile, okanye ilungiswe), kunye nolandelelwano lweziphumo. Ingxoxo ilinganiselwe kwiyure enye, ngokulinganayo phakathi kwabaninzi nabambalwa. Amalungu athetha esuka kumgangatho, ngokufuthi ixesha elinikezelayo kusebenza nabo. Indlu isoloko isebenzisa ikhompathiswa yengxoxo epheleleyo

Ingxoxo yeNdlela yokuHlanganisa

IBhunga leNdlu yeNtsimbi livumela impikiswano engapheliyo ngaphandle kokuba kucelwe indudumo. Oku kungakhokelela kwi-flibusters, apho i-senator okanye iqela libamba umgangatho ukuba lilibazise okanye livale ivoti. Ukuphelisa i-engile, i-freath supermatomity (60 cofations) ifunekayo kwi-dibrate. Umzekelo, ingxoxo yolawulo lwemipu yabona i-i-engalibster eyathi ekugqibeleni yasilela ukufumana ihlwi. Indlu ye-engile inemiqathango encinci e-antellia; ii-metators, ii-eternears zinganikela [[FLT:]-andometers [FF1] (#8; &222); i-ex2; i-exnet proms, ukuzama ukuyelela ing, ing, ing.

Ukusasaza

Emva kwengxoxo, amavoti egumbi kwimali kunye naziphina izilungiso ezilindileyo. Imali ezininzi zifuna uninzi olulula ukudlula. Iivote zingaba lizwi, icandelo, okanye zibhalwe (ubizo lomqulu). Iivoti ezishicilelweyo ziyapapashwa, zivumela abameli babone indlela abavota ngayo abameli bazo. Ukuba umlomo ugqithisela kwenye igumbi kunye neziphelo zalo.

Inkqubo yecandelo lesibini

Imali kunye nazo zonke iinguquko ezigqithelwe kwindlu idluliselwa kwiBhunga (okanye ngokuchaseneyo). Igumbi lesibini liphatha eli tyala njengomcimbi omtsha wenjongo zalo: libhekisela kwikomiti, libambisa ukuva nokunyusa, ligcine iingxoxo phantsi, kunye neevoti. Igumbi lesibini lingawudlulisa kanye njengoko ufumene, liwudlulise ngokulungisa, okanye liwugatye ngokungqalileyo. Ukuba igumbi lesibini ligqithisa ityala ngokulungisa, umahluko kufuneka usombululwe.

Ngenxa yokuba amagumbi amabini asoloko enezinto eziphambili ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-contituec, igumbi lesibini phantse lisoloko lisenza utshintsho. Umzekelo, ityala lerhafu yendlu linganyusa imida yokuncitshiswa kwerhafu ngexesha uguqulelo lweNdlu yeeNtsimbi yongezelela amatyala amatsha. Oku kunyukela kwenqanawa kulindeleke kwaye kunyanzelisa uxoxiso.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela

Xa amagumbi amabini edlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomlomo omnye (okanye xa elinye igumbi linyanzelisa kuguqulelo lwalo), ikomiti yokudibana. Le komiti iquke amalungu amakhulu (abizwa nge-#820; ii-consolees ”) emiselwe yikomiti elawulayo esuka kwigumbi ngalinye, eqhele ukuphuma kwikomiti yolawulo. Abafaki-nkonzo badibana (ngokufuthi batsale) uguqulelo oluvaliweyo oluxokene zonke iingxabano. Banyanzelwa ziinkonzo ezintsha ezingangeni kwigumbi ngalinye legumbi legumbi &817; inguqulelo.

Ingxelo yenkomfa (ukulalanisa kokugqibela) inikezelwa kuwo omabini amagumbi ukwenzela ukuvota okanye ezantsi. Akukho zindululo zilandelayo zivumelekileyo. Ukuba omabini amagumbi ayayivumela ingxelo yenkomfa, ityala liyashukuma kuMongameli. Ukuba elinye igumbi liyala, irejista ingabuyela kwingqungquthela, ilungiswe ngokubhekele phaya, okanye ife. Imizekelo engathethekiyo iquka 2017 Baccors neScom, exolelanisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweNdluvo zendlu neNgqungquthela kwikomiti yengquthela.

Ezinye iikomiti ezidlulisa iindleko zenkomfa kwinkqubo engacwangciswanga ebizwa ngokuba yi-#8220; i-ping-pong, i-̵ apho igumbi elinye livumelana ne ’ iinguqu. Noko ke, ingqungquthela eqhelekileyo ihlala iyinkqubo yesithethe yomthetho omkhulu.

Ukunconywa Kokugqibela

Emva kwengxelo yenkomfa (okanye enye igumbi legumbi ’ inguqulelo yokugqibela elungisiweyo) iyavunywa, ibhaliwe , ibhalwe kwisikhumba sendlu (* kwaye ityikitywe nguMthetheli weNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNkosi kunye noMongameli wexesha eliphakathi kweNdlu yeNtlanga. Oku kubhalisiweyo kunikezelwa kwiNdlu emhlophe. Kweli nqanaba, ityala likwimo yayo eqinisekileyo, kwaye nguMongameli kuphela onokuthi aguqule isiphelo sayo.

Intshukumo

UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezigqithisiweyo) zokuthatha inyathelo kwimali enikelwe kwiNdlu emhlophe. Kukho izinto ezine ezinokwenzeka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uphawu lomthetho: Imali iba ngumthetho ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla wayo ochaziweyo osebenzayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukubuyisela uxwebhu: UMongameli ubuyisela uxwebhu kwi Congress nomyalezo weveto ochaza ukuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingenza uviko lungalawuleka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] i-Pocket vento: Ukuba iCongress zihambelana ngexesha leentsuku ezilishumi kwaye uMongameli akasayityikitya le ngxelo, ayibi ngumthetho. Oku kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha lokuzimela.
  • Vumela udluliso ngaphandle kotyikityo: Ukuba i Congress iseqesheni kwaye uMongameli akathathi nyathelo ngeentsuku ezilishumi, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.

Umongameli wevetoes angasilela (umgca-nto-okanye) kwamanye amazwe nakumgangatho worhulumente wokuchitha amatyala? Umgca-metho-wento walawulwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwi- Clinton v. IsiXeko saseNew York, kodwa abalawuli abaninzi banayo. UMongameli unakho kwanako ukukhupha ingxelo yokutyikitya okuchaza okanye ukudityaniswa, nangona ezi zingenawo amandla asemthethweni.

Ukuba Ngumthetho

Xa ityikitywe (okanye igqithelwe ngexa iveto), ityala lifumana iNani loMthetho kawonke-wonke (umz., iPub. L. 118-50) kwaye lipapashwa kwi izilumkiso kwiNkulu[. Umthetho uthatha ukusebenza kumhla wokumiswa okanye kumhla ochaziweyo kokubhaliweyo kwawo. Ukufakelwa kwemithetho elawulayo, imigaqo, ukhokelo, kunye nokunyanzelelwa kwemithetho. Inkqubo ye-Rotistiki ayipheli ngokumiswa, inokwenziwa kwakhona, okanye ivavanywe enkundleni yayo.

Ezinye Iindidi Zebhayisekile Yobomi Esemthethweni

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Nokufundiswa

Kuso sonke ibhayisekile, abemi kunye nemibutho baphembelela inkqubo. Bangqina ngokuva, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ngokulungiselela amaphulo, nokusebenzisa ijelo leendaba ukubumba uluvo. I-Lobbybys inikela ulwazi olukhethekileyo kodwa ikwaphakamisa amaxhala ngempembelelo engafanelekanga. Ukuqonda indlela yokulandela ityala ngokusebenzisa Govrack okanye iBhunga.gov ivumela abemi ukuba balandele umthetho ngexesha lokwenene, babone ummiselo weekomiti, baze bafunde iingxelo zekomiti.

IMiba yoNyaka yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Amatyala okuthenga alandela indlela efanayo kodwa eyahlukileyo. Baqala kwindlu (njengoko kufuneka ngumGaqo-siseko ukuze kubekho ingeniso) kwaye baphantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo yokugqiba uqingqo-mali. [[FLT: 0]] iikomiti zokukhupha iindleko kuzo zombini iigumbi zidlala indima esembindini. Ukuqhubeka kwezigqibo kunye ne-omnibus zipaki zisoloko zidlula iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo, zibonisa indlela ungxamiseko olunokuzinzisa ngayo ugcino-bomi.

Uguqu-guquko lwesizwe nezizwe ngezizwe

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zibonakalisa kakhulu umzekelo wequmrhu lesizwe, nangona ezininzi zinamaqumrhu angangeni manzi (njenge Nebraska) okanye zivumele amanyathelo aphambili abemi kunye namasebe. Iinkqubo zePalamente, njenge-UK, zinolwalamano olwahlukileyo oluphezulu lwe-legisig, kodwa amaqondo okuqala ukufunda, iqonga lekomiti, iqonga elichazayo, kunye nokufundwa kwesithathu kungamagunya alinganiselweyo. IBhadadrary kumanye amazwe angabandakanya igumbi eliphezulu elingamiselwanga lilo (umz. iK. iK. iK. iK.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho

Ukufumana ibhayisekile yobomi yemali exhobisa abemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi. Kucacisa indlela ingcamango yomgaqo-nkqubo ekwazi ukunyanzeliswa ngayo kwaye ibalaselise amanyathelo amaninzi, ngabom, okuthintela ukungxama okanye umthetho oqwalaselwe kakubi. Xa abafundi befunda ukulandela umthetho obhaliweyo we-’ uhambo, baba ngabalungele ngakumbi ukuxhasa imibango, bavavanya abameli babo i̱ izenzo, kwaye baqonde ukuntsonkotha kokulawula. Ngaphezu koko, babalaselisa ixabiso lokulala nokuzeka komonde ekwenzeni umthetho.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda ukuchaza isizathu sokuba amanye amatyala ephumelele ngoxa amanye engaphumeleli. Ityala elingenankxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisan, alikwazi ukuqhuba inkqubo yeekomiti, okanye lijongene nomongameli weqela elinobungangamsha lisenokungaze lifikelele kwiincwadi zemithetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amatyala adla ngokubonisa ingxubusho enzulu nengqinelano ebanzi, nokuba imveliso yokugqibela ayingomntu ofaka isibonda esinye.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lwemali esuka kwisiqalo ukuya kumthetho lulandelelwano olucokisekileyo lwamathuba okuhlola, ingxoxo, kunye nokulungisa. Isigaba ngasinye. "ukufaka isaziso, ukuqwalasela kwekomiti, ukuthatha inyathelo lomgangatho, isigqibo sobunewunewu, kunye nokukhupha uphawu lwesazulu, kwaye kugcina injongo eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ngoxa indlela inokuba yende kwaye icothe kancinci, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yenziwe ngokuqwalasela, ukubonakala, nokuphendula. Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho, ukuhlola lo matshini wobomi kunikela isifundo esinamandla kwindlela ezithi ngayo iingcamango, xa zikhonjwe ngemithetho yezolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nokuphendula abantu, zibe yimithetho elawula ibutho labantu. Ngokubandakanya inkqubo yomthetho, hayi kuphela abahlali benikela ubungqina kwizenzo zedemokhrasi kodwa bafumana izixhobo zokulungisa iziphumo zayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa imithetho esemthethweni yeKomiti yendlu kwimithetho okanye Inkqubo yemithetho yecawa. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala lokuba yiqhagamshela-nxaxheba kwishishini lokwenza umthetho.