IsiHlomelo Sesine Nokukhusela Indawo Efihlakeleyo

UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo zokungakhangeli nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Olu khuselo lwelitye lingena emaphaketheni eposi kunye nokuhambisa, ezo inkundla ebezisoloko zisaziwa “ngamaphepha” kunye“neziphumo” ezifanele ukukhuselwa ngumthetho-siseko. Ngenxa yokuba lo mbhalo 1877 ityala le-Exte Jackson[, iNkundla ephakamileyo ibambe ukuba iileta ezitywinswe kunye neempahla zeposi ziphantsi kwemilinganiselo efanayo evumela imfuneko elungileyo njengekhaya okanye imoto. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho umele uvule okanye uvavanyo lweposi yangabonkenento ngaphandle kokukhangela okusemthethweni okukhutshwe yi-ondiswa yi-mastialtial, ixhaswa yimeko exhaswe yi-'e-'e.

Ukuqonda iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zokuphengulula iposi neempahla kubaluleke kakhulu kubo bobabini abemi abafuna ukukhusela ukuzifihla kwabo kunye namagosa asebenza ngomthetho azabalazela ukuqhuba uphando olusemthethweni. Imithetho ayisoloko icacile/ukungacaci , kwaye iindlela zokuhambisa zangoku ziveze ubunkimbinkimbi obutsha. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukuphengululwa kolawulo olusemthethweni lweposi kunye neempahla zabucala, iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokufumana isiqinisekiso, ukuphandwa okungamkelekiyo, kunye neemfuno zemfihlo zemfihlo ngexesha lonxibelelwano lwamanani kunye neenqanawa zomhlaba wonke.

ISiseko esingokwasemthethweni Sabaphandi

Isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ngumyalelo wokulawula ogunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba uqhube ukuphengululwa komntu othile, indawo, okanye into ethile. Kwiposi kunye nempahla, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sifunyanwe kumgwebi okanye kumantyi phambi kokuba kufunwe ukungabikho komsitho. IsiHlanziso sesine simisela iimfuno ezintathu ezingundoqo kugunyaziso olusebenzayo: onokuba ngunobangela (ukungqinelana), kunye nesifungo okanye ukuqinisekisa (ukuphendla).

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Unobangela onokuthiwe uqhubekeke xa umthetho ukho uluvo olusengqiqweni, olusekelwe kwizibakala eziziinjongo kunye neemeko, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye ubungqina bokokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kufunyanwa kwiposi okanye kwimpahla efuna ukuphengululwa. Lo mlinganiselo uphakame kunentelekelelo nje kodwa ungaphantsi kunobungqina obungaphaya kokungathandabuzeki okusengqiqweni. Umzekelo, ukuba i-narticticing iyakwazi ukufumanisa inja epakishiweyo kwindawo yogcino-nqanawa, ithe yahlala ithelekisa nezinye izibonisi ezinjengedilesi erhanelayo okanye indlela yokuyihlawula, ingamisela isizathu esilindelekileyo. Iinkundla zivavanya usizathu esisekelwe kwimeko ezipheleleyo, ziqwalasela ulwazi olukhoyo kwigosaveli ngexesha lokusebenza kwesicelo.

Imposiso elindelekileyo ye affidavit kufuneka inike izibakala ezikhethekileyo, hayi nje iingxelo zobunqhinga. I-affidavit eqhelekileyo ingaquka iinkcukacha malunga nophendlo oluqhubekayo lokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, uphando lobuchongi, iinkcazo zolwazi ezixhasweyo, kunye neengxelo ezibonisa ukuthunyelwa okuthe rhoqo okusuka kumthombo owaziwayo wezinto ezilawulwayo. Ukuba i-affidavit ixhomekeke kulwazi olufihlakeleyo, umphathi kufuneka amisele uqinisekiso lolwazi nolwesiseko solwazi phantsi [[FLT: 0] Aulpurellic, nangona ulawulo oluninzi ngoku lulandela uvavanyo oluthambileyo olupheleleyo olusuka ku-cirstables [FFFOUT].[3]

Imfuneko Engqalileyo

ISine Amendment siyalela ukuba “ngokukhethekileyo ichaze indawo eza kuphendwa, kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe.” Ukuze kufunyanwe iposi kunye neempahla, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sazi into ethile .Ngomzekelo, ipasile etywinwe ethwele inombolo ethile elandelelanayo, ebhekiswa kumntu ogama linye kwindawo ethile, kwaye irhanelwa ukuba iqulathe iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Iinkcazelo ezifana “nayiphi na impahla ebhekiswe kuJohn Doe" ziya kubethelelwa phantsi njengendlela ebanzi. Imfuneko ethile ikhusela injenge-gengentary, i-eacareary, ikhangela kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abaphathi abangayingeni kwii-imeyili zomntu ezikwi-hunch.

Kwimeko yempahla ebanjwa sisithwali seposi esinjenge nkonzo yeposi yase U.S., FedEx, okanye UPSS, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo yophendlo ``njengesazulu esithile okanye isithuthi sokuhambisa. Oku kunokuba ngumtha xa iimpahla zihanjiswa kunqamleze ulawulo oluninzi, oku kunakho ukufuna ulungelelwano phakathi korhulumente namagunya karhulumente.

Udweliso Lwe Affidavit

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, umphathi womthetho makanikezele i-affidavit efungwe ngesiqinisekiso kumgwebi okanye kumantyi. I-affidavitt ichaza izibakala ezimisela umba ofanelekileyo kwaye ichaze izinto eziza kuphendwa ziphathwe. Ijaji ihlola i-affidavit, ingabuza imibuzo, kwaye igqibe ukuba ingayikhupha na isiqinisekiso. Ukuba imvume inikwe, mayibulawe kwisakhelo esithile sexesha (* ngokunjalo 10 ukuya iintsuku ezili-14, kuxhomekeke kwisebe lenkundla, kwaye ibuyela kwinkundla ngoluhlu lwezinto ezibanjiweyo.

I-affidavit luxwebhu olugxekayo. Ukuba ine ngxelo zobuxoki ezenziwe ngokwazi okanye ngokungakhathaliyo ngenyaniso, isiqinisekiso singaphelelwa amandla phantsi kwe [[FLT: 0] ifranks v. Delaware[[FLT: 1]] umgangatho, kwaye nabuphina ubungqina obubanjiweyo bungacinywa. Ukukhangela iposi nempahla, ii-affidavits zisoloko ziquka ugcino-mkhondo, ii-'at's', izilumkiso, ii-kamfeke, kunye neengxelo ezivela kumangqina okanye abayaleli.

Ukukhetha Iimfuno Ezingummangaliso

Ngelixa imfuneko yogunyaziso ingamiselwanga, iinkundla ziqaphele iimvume eziliqela ezivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuphengululwe iposi okanye iimpahla ngaphandle kwemvume. Ezi zinxaxhi zimxinwa kwaye zifuna ukuboniswa komdla karhulumente onyanzelisayo okanye ukuncitshiswa kokulindela ukuba umntu abe wedwa.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umthumeli okanye umninimzi uyavuma ngokuzithandela ukuba kuphengululwe umqulu, akukho mgunyazo ufunekayo. Umzekelo, umntu angavuma ukuhlolwa kwamasiko xa iimpahla zithunyelwa ehlabathini lonke, okanye umnini-khaya esenokuvumela umhloli ukuba avule ipasile ekrokrelekileyo. Imvume mayinikwe ngokukhululekileyo kwaye ngokuzithandela, kungekhona imveliso yokunyanzeliswa okanye ukukhohliswa. Amagosa akafuni ukucebisa umntu wamalungelo abo ukuba angavumi, kodwa urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ukuba imvume yakhe ingowokuzithandela.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Imisebenzi enika isisongelo esikufuphi ebomini okanye umngcipheko wotshabalaliso lobungqina ingathethelela ukuphendwa kweposi okanye iimpahla okungaqinisekiyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umqulu ukhangelwe kwaye urhanelwa ukuba uqulathe ibhombu, abaphathi-majoni bangawuvula ngaphandle kokulinda isiqinisekiso. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokubangela ukuba ipakethe iqulathe ubungqina bokonakala . Ngokunokwenzeka njengeziyobisi ezinokuthi zikhawuleziswe okanye zitshatyalaliswe okanye zitshatyalaliswe. (=naxa kungekho xesha lokufumana isiqinisekiso, iimeko ezithenjiweyo zingasebenza. Iinkundla zinokuyihlola imo epheleleyo, kuquka nongxamiseko yobu bunzima bemeko kunye nokufumaneka kwabagwebi (ngoku zinokufikeleleka ngomnxeba okanye ngemnxeba okanye iindlela ze-electlyctic provies).

Uvavanyo lomda kunye neenkalo

Kwimida yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo, urhulumente unegunya eliphangaleleyo lokuphendla iposi neempahla ngaphandle kwemvume. Oku kungu “umahluko wokukhangela komda,” osekelwe kwilungelo lomlawuli lokukhusela imida yakhe. Abaphathi bezorhwebo bangavula iposi yehlabathi lonke, iipasile, kunye neempahla zokuthumela ukukhangela iimpahla ezivaliweyo, okanye izinto ezibekelwe imisebenzi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba uphengululo lomda lusengqiqweni ngezantsi kweSine, nangona ukukhangela okuphezulu okungenayo kwi-CBP kusenokufuna ukukrokraza okusengqiqweni. Ukungena kweposi eUnited States ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe, i Postal Service kunye ne-CFreal Protection kunye ne-Frivetions (CP) zijikeleza iileta kunye neempahla zoncedo lwe-Xreyine.

Ukuncama nemfundiso yecandelo lesithathu

Ukuba umntu ushiya umqulu wesithathu (njengoko umzekelo, ngokuwushiya kumgqomo kawonke-wonke, ungawushiya okanye ahluleke ukuwuchaza emva kwesaziso . "ISichibiyelo sesine asiwukhuseli.] Ngaphezu koko, phantsi kwemfundiso yesithathu yenxenye, ulwazi luphethulwe ngokuzithandela kwiqela lesithathu (njengomphathi wokuhambisa) lungalahlekelwa luthemba lwalo olufanelekileyo lokuzimela. United States v. uVanuwean [1970], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba ukuvalelwa okufutshane kwempahla ngexesha abaphathi bebukhali babenolwa kakuhle, ingakumbi xa umqulu wawukwindawo yomphathi oqhelekileyo yaye kungekho nto isophulwayo. Noko ke, imfundiso yesithathu ayiniki mvume yokutywinwa kwe-octive; ikho ukusetyenziswa komthetho okucwangciiiiiiiiiii, imvume yokusetyenziswa (iiindlela efana ne-data).

Uphando lolawulo kunye neenkqubo zohlolo

Ezinye iinkqubo zolawulo zigunyazisa uhlolo olungafanelekanga lwempahla phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo. Umzekelo, iSebe Lezolimo lingahlola izityalo kunye nezithuthi zezilwanyana ukuze kuthintelwe ukunwenwa kwezinambuzane. Oku kuphengululwa kusoloko kuxhaswa logama nje zisebenza urhulumente okhethekileyo ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa komthetho oqhelekileyo kwaye ziqhutywa ngokwemigaqo esesikweni, engeyonxalenye.

Izinto Ezinzima Neengxaki Zanamhlanje

Imfuneko yeposi yabucala kunye neempahla zokuhambisa zisemgangathweni wokukhusela imfihlo, kodwa utshintsho lobugcisa norhwebo luye lwadala iindawo ezintsha ezimpumlo ezisemthethweni. Ukwanda konxibelelwano lwamanani, ukwanda kweenkonzo zokuhambisa ezizimeleyo, kunye nobume behlabathi jikelele be-ecommerce konke kuphakamise imibuzo malunga nomgangatho wesiHlaziyo sesine sokhuseleko lwempahla noonobumba.

Ukulindela Imfihlo Yempahla

INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ngokungaguqukiyo kwelokuba umqulu otywinwe kwiposi uthwala ukulindela okufanelekileyo kobumfihlo. United States v. Jacobsen (19984), iNkundla igqibe kwelokuba umqeshi wabucala othule umthuthi ovulile ipakethe yomonakalo kwaye afumane amayeza angenakusetyenziswa kamva njengommeli karhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, xa ipasile ivulwa liqela labucala (umz. umqeshwa ophaka-mali ophanda ukuchitheka kwento), kwaye umthetho uqhuba nje uvavanyo kwimveliso, ulungiso lwesine lokuHlo lweMpaso-zinziswano-yo ayinakuthethwa kuba ingenamdla ngenxa yokuba ungenelo olusuka kwisenzo sabucala.

Lo mgaqo unentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kushishino lokuhambisa impahla. Iinkampani ezifana ne-Amazon, i-USS, kunye ne-FEC zisoloko zisebenzisa iziphumo ze X-reyi kunye nezinye ubugcisa bokulinganisa ukhuseleko kunye nobuchule. Ngoxa ezi stickes zingabonisa iziqulatho jikelele zempahla, iinkundla zisoloko zibambe ukuba uhlolo olungangeni ngxaki lwezinto ezizimeleyo azifaki phengululo lukarhulumente. Kodwa ukuba umthwali uyakwazi ukwabelana ngeziphumo nomthetho, umba wesiHlamlelo wesine ungavela ukuba ulwabelana ngaphaya kwentsebenziswano yesiqhelo.

I-imeyili ne-imeyile yamanani

Ukhuseleko lweSine Somthambeko “amaphepha” ngoku lukwaleleka ngokucacileyo kunxibelelwano lwamanani, kuquka i-imeyili. Ex extente Jackson, iNkundla etywinweyo inika isiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente afune ulawulo lwe-imeyili olufuna ukutyhilwa kwemiba egcinwe kwii-imeyili iintsuku ezingaphantsi kwe-180. Noko ke, i-meyile okanye ii-metams (ukusuka kumaxesha e-aphoss, C.C. 76 2701 et seq.) inika isakhiwo se-station esisoloko sifuna isiqinisekiso sikarhulumente sokunyanzela isinikezelo se-imeyili ukuba sityhile ii-imeyili ezigcinwe iintsuku ezingaphantsi kwe-180. Ukusebenzisa ii-meyile okanye ii-metamss, ii-metamps, okanye amanani asezantsi eekhon, okanye amaqela eekhohloni ee.

Uxhaso lwempahla olusetyenziswa ngabathwali

Ngamanye amaxesha abathwali bafumana iimpahla ngenxa yokugcinwa komthetho. United States v. Van Leeuwen, iNkundla yaxhasa ukulibazisa okufutshane (29 iiyure) kweempahla ezimbini ngexesha abaphathi bephanda, kuba ukulibaziseka kwakukuncinane kwaye iimpahla zazikumgangatho wesiphathi. Iimeko zamva, ezifana ne- United States v. La France[FLT[19:3], iye yacinga ukuba ngabavalelwe ixesha elide okanye “ukuhanjiswa okugqithisiweyo" (ngalapho isithuthi sihambisa isithuthi somphatho phantsi kolawulo) zifikelela ekuphathweni okufunekayo isiqinisekiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, njengoko i-octededlingsting zithential active zifumanekangavuleki, isiqinisekiso esinjalo sifumaneka.

Ubugcisa bale mihla buyawandisa la maxhala okuzimela. Iinkqubo zokukhetha, ukujongwa kwempahla, kunye nogcino-lwazi oluchaphazelekayo oluvela kwizithuthi lungabonisa okuninzi kakhulu ngemisebenzi yomntu kunanini ngaphambili. Umzekelo, uLawulo lweposi yeposi yeposi kunye nokulandelela inkqubo ibhala imifanekiso yangaphandle yazo zonke iiposi eziqeqeshiweyo .

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okunyanzelisa Umthetho Nabantu

Amagosa asebenza ngomthetho afuna ukuphendla umqulu, eyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo kukufumana isiqinisekiso sokuphendla naninina kunokwenzeka. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ipakethe ngokuchanekileyo, iinkcukacha ezinokuba negalelo kwizibakala, kwaye amagosa achaze indawo. Amagosa kufuneka abhale naziphi na iimeko eziziimeko ukuba imvume ayifumaneki, kwaye kufuneka akhumbule ukuba “incoko kunye nentetho” kufuneka icele uvumo lokuzithandela ngokwenene.

Kubantu ngabanye abaxhalabele ukuba bazimele kwizinto ezithunyelweyo, ezi ngongoma zilandelayo zifanele ziqwalaselwe:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kwephawulo, ipakethe ekhanyayo kunceda ukulondoloza ulindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfihlo. Impahla ekhanyayo okanye evuzayo isenokumema uhlolo lwezithuthi zabucala okanye amasiko.
  • [[NT.0] Ukusongwa ngenkonzo yeposi yase-U.S. kubangela ukhuseleko olunamandla oluKhuseleko lwesine oluchasene nokuvuleka okungenasiqinisekiso kwezithwali zabucala, ngenxa yokuba iNkonzo yePostal iyiqumrhu likarhulumente. Abathwali bobuqu ababotshelelwanga yiSihlaziyo sesine ngokwabo, kodwa ukuba benza njengommeli wokunyanzelisa umthetho, imigaqo ethintelayo iyasebenza.
  • Ukungavumi [ lilungelo lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba umthetho ucela ukuvula ipakethi, unelungelo lokulahla ngaphandle kokuba baveze isiqinisekiso okanye into engaqhelekanga iyasebenza.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Uthungelwano lwe Digital kufuneka lubhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo apho kunokwenzeka, kwaye amaxwebhu anolwazi kufuneka athunyelwe ngokugqitha kwiziqhagamshelanisi ezikhuselekileyo. Ngexa umthetho usajikeleza, ukukhowuda kunganikeza umaleko owongezelelweyo wokhuseleko olusebenzayo.

Isiphelo

Imiyalelo efunekayo yokukhangela iposi yabucala kunye neempahla zokuhambisa ibonisa ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kweemfuno zikarhulumente zophando kunye namalungelo obuqu. UMthetho weSindululo wesine ugunyazisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka nenkcazelo ethile phambi kokuvula ileta etywiliweyo, ingekho impetho ebhadliweyo. Esi siseko siye samelana nocelomngeni kutshintsho lobugcisa kwaye sihlala silukhuselo olubalulekileyo. Noko ke, njengoko ukuhanjiswa kweenkqubo zomsebenzi wophatho kusiba lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe nangamanani, iinkundla ziya kuqhubeka zichaza oko kulindelwe kwemfihlolo kunokwenzeka kwihlabathi apho ipasile iphatheko inokuqwa, ifunyaniswe, ize igcinwe ngezixhobo ezininzi zabucala. Bobabini abemi nabaphathi bezo bangenelwe ngokucacileyo ekuqondeni kwemithetho ecacileyo esemthethweni nokuphendwe ngokusemthethweni, ingabikho ngoko kungenziwangafanelekileyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo, bona uHlaziyo lweSine kwi [FLT: 1] Cornell Information Institute yoLwazi lwasemthethweni, unobangela onokwenzeka kumgangatho kwi Isizathu esiPhondo, kunye nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi United States v. Vanuwen].[FLT]]