Ingqwalasela Yenkqubo Yobulungisa Yezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yobulungisa yezobulungisa yinkqubo yokhuseleko loluntu kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Le nkqubo asiyonkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo, inqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, ivumela abo baphula umthetho. Isebenza ngomgaqo wokuba abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho bacingelwe njengabamsulwa de bagwetywe benetyala, kwaye ilungelelanisa imfuneko yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Le nkqubo asiyonto iqumrhu lowiso lwemibutho kodwa lusebenza kunye ukunyanzela ukunyanzelisa imimiselo esemthethweni, amatyala angophi nako, nokunika izigwebo. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwebutho elilungileyo nelilungeleyo.

Umthetho olawulayo usebenza imisebenzi emininzi engundoqo: uchaza ihambo eyalelweyo ngomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ophantsi, umisela iinkqubo zokuphanda nokugweba amatyala, kwaye unika isiseko sokusohlwaya okanye sokubuyisela isigwebo sabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho. Le nkqubo yenzelwe kwisiqinisekiso somgaqo-siseko, kuquka uKhuselo lweSine Lomthetho-Mmiselo-Mthethweni oLawulweyo owenziwe ngokungekho ngqiqweni, uMphetho-mthetho weSihlanu ochasene nokuzichasa ngokwawo, iSindululo seSithandathu sokuLamlathisa samalungelo abantu, kunye noMmiselo wesiHlamkelo wesi-8 wokungalawulekiyo nesohlwayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kuhlala kulungile kwaye kuhleli.

Inxalenye Eyintloko Ethathu Yesigwebo Sezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho idla ngokwahlulwa yabelwa kumacandelo amathathu anxulumeneyo: unyanzelo lwasemthethweni , ijaji, kunye ulungiso . Ilungu ngalinye linoxanduva olwahlukileyo, kodwa kufuneka lisebenze ngentsebenziswano ukufikelela kubulungisa. Uqhawulo kulo naliphi na ingini linye lungacutha ukuthemba kukawonke-wonke kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yonke.

Ukunyanzelwa Komthetho

Amasebe agunyazisa umthetho aquka amasebe asekuhlaleni amapolisa, iiofisi zobupolisa, amapolisa karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente anjengeFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kunye neDrug Endorcement Administration (DEA). La masebe akwindawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana nenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Imisebenzi yawo ephambili iquka ukuphendula kwiingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqhuba uphando lokuqala, ukuqokelela ubungqina, ukubuza amangqina nokukrokrelekrele, nokubophelela. Amagosa omthetho kufuneka asebenze kwimida engqongqo esemthethweni: kufuneka afumane imiyalelo yokubanjwa okanye izicelo zomgunyazo, kwaye amele ahlonele amalungelo abantu ngexesha lokuncina iimvocagoduso (iMarase).

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwale mihla kukwasebenzisa inzululwazi yokukhusela uluntu, ubugcisa bokuhlola uphando, kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkqubo zamapolisa zoluntu zijolise ekwakheni ukuthembana nokuncitshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuzibophelela. Indima yokunyanzelisa umthetho ingaphezulu kwanokokubandakanywa; amagosa asoloko engqina enkundleni yaye aba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zangaphambi kovavanyo.

Icudiary

Ijaji iquka inkqubo yenkundla kumgangatho wengingqi, wephondo, wephondo, nowezwelonke. Iinkundla zichaza imithetho, ziqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina abunakwenzeka, zijonge iinkundla, kwaye zimisela izigwebo. Inkqubo yokugweba iquka amacandelo amaninzi ahlukeneyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imbonakalo ekhoyo: Isikrokrelelo siziswa phambi komgwebi, saziswa ngezityholo, saziswa ngamalungelo abo, sanikwa ithuba lokuqwalasela ibheyile.
  • Ukuva okungatshintshiyo okanye ukuphatha okukhulu: Ijaji okanye uhlolo olukhulu lwabachopheli-tyala ukufumanisa ukuba kukho na unobangela onokwenzeka wokuqhubekeka ngetyala elicwangcisiweyo.
  • [[UMQONDISO:0] Ulungelelwaniso: Ummangalelwa ufunda ngokusesikweni izityholo kwaye ungena kwisibongozo /ityala, ingenotyala, okanye akukho khuphiswano (nolo imatere).
  • [[FLT: 0] Intshukumo zovavanyo: Ii-Attorney zingacinezela ubungqina, ukukhupha ityala, okanye ukutshintsha indawo. Eli candelo libumba ububanzi bovavanyo.
  • [[NTL:0] : Ityala linikezelwa phambi komgwebi (ukuvavanywa kwetyala) okanye ijaji. Ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba linetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubiza amangqina, i-cross-examine, aze ahlale ethe cwaka.
  • Imithetho egunyazisayo: Ukuba igwetyiwe, ijaji ibeka isohlwayo kwimigaqo engomthetho, iqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nobuqatha betyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kunye neengxelo zeziphumo zexhoba.
  • Appals:[ Ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo angabhenela kwisigqibo okanye kwinkundla ephezulu kwizizathu ezisemthethweni, ezifana neempazamo ze-procedtural okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko.

ABagwebi badlala indima engoondilele, beqinisekisa ukuba amacala omabini alandela imithetho. Ikomiti imele inike izibakala ize idlulisele izigwebo.

Ulungiso

Icandelo lokulungisa lilawula abantu abagwetyiweyo nabagwetyiwe. Kuquka iintolongo, iintolongo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukugwetywa, ukuvalelwa kwetyala, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu. Iinjongo zokulungisa zikhokelelwa ngeendawo ezininzi: isohlwayo, ukunqanda, ukuvalela, ukubuyisela umva, nokubuyisela umva. Iintolongo zigwetyelwe ixesha elingaphezu konyaka, ngoxa iintolongo zibabamba abantu abalinde ukuvavanywa okanye ukugwetywa kancinane. Ukugwetywa kwesigwebo kuvumela abantu abagwetyiweyo ukuba bahlale bephantsi kolawulo loluntu, baxhomekeke kwiimeko ezinjengokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, iimfuno zemisebenzi, kunye nokuhlola rhoqo i-Rhoverko zikhupha ukukhululwa entolongweni ephantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo, oluphambili lokuziphatha okuhle. Iindlela zanamhlanje zigxininisa ngokunjalo ubungqina bokuncitshiswa kwe-redikis, ezonyango, ezonyango lwezemfundo yezemfundo yengqondo, kunye nokuqeqeshwa.

Ukwahlulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho: Iingcamango, iiMisdemers, kunye neengxwabangxwaba

Imithetho yezaphuli-mthetho ibeka izigwebo ngokweemeko zazo eziqatha. Oku kuhlula imigaqo esebenzayo, izigwebo ezinokusetyenziswa, kwanendawo yokuvavanywa kwetyala (umz., ityala letyala. inkundla yetyala elingekho mthethweni).

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu, eziquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, nokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi. Zinezohlwayo eziqatha, kuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngaphezu konyaka omnye (ngokufuthi amashumi eminyaka okanye ubomi), iimali ezinxityiweyo, kunye nezinye izithuba zesigwebo sokufa. Ukunyanzeleka kolwaphulo-mthetho lungabangela ukuphulukana namalungelo athile abantu, njengokuvota okanye ukuphatha imipu.
  • Imisdemers: Amacala anzima afana nokuba kancinci, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, nokuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo (ityala lokuqala). Ityala elininzi libandakanya intengo, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuvavanywa, okanye ixesha lentolongo elingaphantsi konyaka (ngokuqhelekileyo kwintolongo yasekuhlaleni). Iinkqubo ezingalunganga zisoloko zikhutshelwa ukukhulula isigqibo.
  • Ukwaphulwa (Iindawo ezidityanisiweyo): Amatyala amancinane afana namatikiti endlela, ijaygg, okanye ukulahla inkunkuma. Agwetywa ngefatyi kuphela kwaye akabandakanyeki ekuvalweni. Izaphuli-mthetho zidla ngokuphathwa ngokufaka isiqendu kunokuba zibambe kwaye aziphathi inkqubo efanayo yokukhusela njengeemeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amanye amagunya akwahlula “iibhobhile”" (ii-offens ezinokubekwa ityala njengeetyala okanye iimpazamo kuxhomekeka kwiimeko nakwisigqibo somtshutshisi.

Indima Yobungqina Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ubungqina busisiseko somthetho wezaphuli-mthetho. Bubonisa ukuba abachopheli-tyala okanye abagwebi kufuneka baqwalasele isigwebo. Umthetho onika ubungqina ulawula iindidi zenkcazelo ezinokuthenjwa, indlela ekufuneka zichazwe ngayo, kunye nokukhusela okukhoyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zithembekile. Iindidi ezicacileyo ziquka:

  • Ubungqina obubonakalayo: Izinto ezifana nezixhobo, impahla, iminwe, iisampuli zeDNA, kunye neziyobisi. Ubungqina bomzimba busoloko buhlalutywa ziingcali ze-antensic kwaye kufuneka zibhalwe ngocoselelo kwiqhina lokugcina ingqibelelo.
  • Ubungqina obubonisa intelekelelo: Iingxelo zobungcaphephe ezivela kumangqina, kumaxhoba, okanye kwiingcaphephe. AmaNgqina angangqina ngoko akubonileyo, ngoxa iingcali zinikela iimbono ezikhethekileyo (umz., iingcali zomendo, iingcali zobuchule). Ukungaboni kuyinto eqhelekileyo edabini; amagqwetha anqamlezayo (i-examine, ii-examplate, okanye iintshukumisa zokuxoka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubungqina boxwebhu: Ibhalwe okanye izixhobo ezishicilelweyo, njenge zikontraka, ii email, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, ulawulo lwenyawo, okanye iingingqi ze media. Uqinisekiso luyafuneka ukungqina uxwebhu lunyanisile.
  • Ubungqina obubalulekileyo: obungangqalanga obuvumela abachopheli betyala ukuba bachaze inyaniso. Umzekelo, ukufumana iminwe yomntu kwisixhobo sokubulala akungqini ukuba bayibambe ngqo, kodwa kucebisa ukubamba. Ubungqina obukhoyo bunganamandla njengobungqina obuthe ngqo xa umqondiso womelele.

Iinkundla azibufaki ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokungathotyelwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko phantsi komthetho wobuGqeba. Lo mthetho, osetyenziswa kakhulu kuMphengululo wesine, uthintela ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa ngokubopha ngokungekho mthethweni ukuba afumane ubungqina obungasetyenziswayo ekucinyweni. Ngokufanayo, ukuvuma ngokunyanzelekileyo akunakwenzeka phantsi koMgqibo-siseko wesihlanu. Ubungqina bukwayimithetho ekwayinene (umthetho we-(ukunikezelwa kwe-62222/62 coumbrance) othenjiweyo ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswa ngokomthetho.

Ukhuselo Oluqhelekileyo Kumatyala Ezaphuli-mthetho

Abameli banelungelo lokunikela ingqinisekiso ephikisa ityala lomtshutshisi. Ukhuselo lungagqalwa njengokhuseleko lokuvuma (apho ummangalelwa avumayo kodwa athethe ukuba uyathethelela okanye uthethelela) okanye akhuseleke (apho ummangalelwa akhanye ngokupheleleyo). Ukhuseleko olungundoqo luquka:

  • Ukunganyaniseki: Ummangalelwa uqinisekisa ukuba, ngenxa yengxaki enzima yengqondo, babengenabo ubuchule bengqondo bokuqonda indalo yezenzo zabo okanye ukwahlula okulungileyo nokubi ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umgangatho osemthethweni uyahluka ngokwamandla (umz., umthetho we-M’Naghten, Durham, uvavanyo lwe-Penal Code). Izicelo eziphumelelayo zinqabile kwaye ziphumela kwisibopho kwiqumrhu lengqondo kunokuba ziphumele kwi-e.
  • -IMDIFEN: Ummangalelwa wasebenzisa amandla ukuzikhusela kwingozi ekufuphi engekho mthethweni. Amandla asetyenziswayo kufuneka athelekise isisongelo. Amanye amaphondo ‘ athathe umhlaba' imithetho ephelisa umsebenzi wokurhoxa phambi kokusebenzisa amandla abulalayo kwiimeko ezithile.
  • Alibi:[ Ummangalelwa unika ubungqina bokuba babekwindawo enye xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzekile, okwenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuthatha inxaxheba. Amangqina, ii-lisithi, okanye ugcino-lwazi lwe-GPS bubungqina obuxhasiweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uxanduva loMmangalelwa uthi bayenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kuphela ngenxa yosongelo oluthembekileyo lokufa ngokukhawuleza okanye ingozi enzulu emzimbeni. Olu khuselo alusebenzi ekubulaleni kwimimandla emininzi.
  • Intelekelelo: Abamangalelwa baphikisa ngelithi ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwabashukumisela ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho ebebengenakulwenza ngenye indlela. Ukugxininiswa kukwihambo karhulumente, hayi utyekelo lommangalelwa.
  • I-Imfuneko: Ummangalelwa uthi isenzo sakhe esingekho mthethweni sasiyimfuneko ukukhusela umonakalo omkhulu (umz., ukuqhekeza kwigumbi lokulala ukuphepha ibhombu). Ingozi mayiphephe ngaphezu kwengozi ebangelwa ngulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Inyaniso ithatyathwe ``` Ummangalelwa wayenento evakalayo yokungaqondi eyinyaniso, esengqiqweni yenyaniso yokuba, ukuba kuyinyaniso, inokwenza izenzo zabo zivunyelwe (umz., ukuthatha ingxowa yomnye umntu ekholelwa ukuba yeyabo).

Ukhuselo ngalunye luneemeko ezingokwasemthethweni nemithwalo ecacileyo. Kwimimandla emininzi, xa ummangalelwa ephakamisa isiqinisekiso sokuvuma, umtshutshisi umele ayiphikise ngokungenakuphikiswa.

Ukugwetywa Nesohlwayo

Emva kokugwetywa, inkundla ibeka isigwebo. Isigwebo sisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: impindezelo, ukunqanda (ukungagqibeki nokungqalileyo), ukucaciswa, ukubuyiselwa komzimba, kunye nokubuyiselwa. Le nkqubo ikhokelwa yimimiselo, imigaqo yokugweba, imigaqo, kunye nemigaqo yokugweba. Izinto eziphembelela ukugwetywa ziquka indalo nobuqatha bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yommangalelwa, ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo, impembelelo kumaxhoba, nokuba ummangalelwa ubonisa ukuzisola kusini na. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokugweba ziquka:

  • Isiqinisekiso: Ummangalelwa ukhutshelwa kuluntu phantsi kweemeko ezithe tye (umz., ukunikela ingxelo rhoqo, ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi, imiqathango yohambo) kwaye uphantsi kokurhoxiswa ukuba iimeko zophulwe. Ingcebiso ingaquka isigwebo sentolongo esixhonyiweyo.
  • Uququzelelo: Ummangalelwa usebenza ixesha entolongweni okanye entolongweni. Ityala linganqandwa (igama elifakelweyo) okanye i-indeternate (ukwamkeleka kokuvalela). Imithetho emininzi inezigwebo ezinyanzelisayo kwisigwebo esithile, ilinganisela imigaqo yezomthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Iziphoso ze-monetary ezihlawulwayo kumbuso. Iintle zisoloko zibekwe kwimposiso okanye njengenxalenye yesivakalisi esinetyala. Imali kufuneka ilinganiswe netyala kunye namandla omntu osonileyo okuhlawula.
  • I-Restitution:[ Ummangalelwa uhlawula ixhoba ngelahleko yemali ebangelwa lulwaphulo-mthetho (umz., iindleko zezamayeza, ukonakala kwempahla). UTshetho lwahlulwe kwintengo kwaye lucetyiswe ukwenza ixhoba liphelele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkonzo ye-commony: Ummangalelwa wenza umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo ngenani elichaziweyo leeyure kumaziko angeyonzuzo okanye arhwebeshelwano lukarhulumente.
  • [[QULT:0] Igalelo elingumtyaba: Iinkqubo ezinjengeenkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, okanye iinkqubo zokuzikisa iingqondo ezijolise kunyango nokubuyiselwa konyango nokubuyiselwa komntu kwakhona kunokuba zivalelwe. Ezi zenzelwe izaphuli-mthetho ezingenabundlobongela ezinemibandela engaphantsi.

Izibheno zinokwenzeka ukuba isigwebo asivumelekanga, siphosakele, okanye sigqithise kakhulu. IsiHlanzi soLawulo sesibhozo siyalwalela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga, esiye sachazwa njengesigwebo esingalinganiyo nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kulawulwa yi-Act Claus Process of the 5 and 14th Reconstments. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba ityala libe lobulungisa kwaye abantu bafumane isaziso esaneleyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Ukhuseleko olungundoqo luquka ilungelo lokululeka (iGideon v. Wainwright), ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, ilungelo lokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, nokungavunyelwa kwetyala ngokuphindiweyo, kunye nokungaqiniseki kwemeko eyingozi ephindwe kabini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuLamlwa kweSihlanu kukhusela abantu ekuphengulukeni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni; ubungqina obufunyenwe ekuphunyelweni kweli lungelo bungacinywa. IsiHlunyulo seSithandathu soHlumo somthetho siqinisekisa ukuchasana okukhawulezayo nokugwetywa ngokungakhethi-mthetho. Le nkqubo isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla emo-mo yombuso ahlolwa kunye nokuphathwa ngesidima kuyo yonke inkqubo yobugqhweshosho.

Umatshini Osetyenziswa Kancinane

Ngoxa inkqubo yokuvavanya idla ngokuboniswa njengesazulu somthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (angaphezu kwama-95% kwiimeko ezininzi) aconjululwa ngokucela isicelo. Kwisingqiniso, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ityala elibi, ngokufuthi kwityala elincinane okanye ukutshintshisa isigwebo esincitshisiweyo, ukuphepha iingozi neendleko zetyala. Ukumangalelwa kungenelwa kwityala eliqinisekisiweyo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa oovimba benkundla. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukucela ukungxengxengxeza abamangalelwa abamsulwa ukuba bamangalelwe ngetyala kwaye bangabajongeli phantsi inkqubo ephantsi kwetyala. Iinkundla zimele ziqinisekise ukuba izibongozo ziyazi, zokuzithandela, kwaye zinesiseko esiyinyaniso. Phezu kwako oko kungenelwayo, ukucetyiswa kwesicelo esiyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuthwala iimeko nokuphumelela.

Indima yabatshutshisi neeAttorney zokhuselo

Abatshutshisi bamela urhulumente kwaye banengqiqo ephawulekayo ekuphumezeni izigqibo ezichaphazelekayo, izibongozo, kunye nezincomelo. Umsebenzi wabo asingokufumana iinkolelo kodwa ukufuna okusesikweni (i-Berlin v. United States). Kufuneka batyhile ubungqina bokuzithethelela phantsi kweBrady v. Maryland. Amagqwetha okhuselo abameli abamangalelwa, aqinisekisa amalungelo abo akhuselwe, ubungqina obucelw'iiii, ukucela, nokunikela izikhuselo. Ilungelo lokufumana uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko (Strickland v. Washington) lithetha ukuba amagqwetha akhuselayo kufuneka asebenze ngokufanelekileyo, okanye iinkolelo zingaphenduliswa. Bobabini abameli nabameli bangamagqwetha benkundla bamele bathobele imithetho yezomthetho.

Isiphelo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kuyinkqubo entsonkothileyo, ephinda-phindayo efuna ukunamathela ngenyameko kwimithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Kuphando lokuqala lwamapolisa ngokuvavanywa nangesigwebo, inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukulinganisela umdla karhulumente ekukhuselekeni kwabantu kunye nelungelo lomntu kwinkqubo elungileyo. Ukuqonda iindima zobungqina, ukhuselo, iinketho zolwamkelo, kunye nezingathathu ezingundoqo, ii-judiary, ii-judiary, kunye nokulungisa [$FFF], i-actuminsty, i-quencestions systems [FFFFT], [4] kunye noLT] i-CM.[5] I-Genestivectory I-gementation Institutement isebenza ngokusesikweni, i-Active isebenza ngokusetyenziswa yi-monethi ye-monethi ye-monethi ye-monethi ye-mone.[FFFM.[5]