Isihloko i-IX simi njengomnye weyona mithetho yakha yalandela eyakha yamiswa ukuze kunyuswe ukulingana kwe-asemtshana eUnited States. Ukususela ekudluleni kwayo ngo1972, esi sigwebo sinye somthetho siye salungisa indlela izigidi zabafundi ezifumana ngayo imfundo — ukusuka kwiklasi ukuya kumgangatho wokudlala ukuya kwindlela esetyenziswayo kwizifundo ezingalunganga ngokwesini. Ukuqonda iSihlomelo ithetha ukungaqondi nje kuphela injongo yaso yantlalo kodwa nendlela ukutolikwa kwaso okuye kwavela ngayo kumashumi eminyaka yeengxaki zomthetho, ukunyanzeleka, kunye nezithethe eziguquguqukayo. Eli nqaku libonisa indlela ebanzi yokujonga kwimbali yeSihlo IX, iziphumo zayo eziluncedo, iimpikiswano eziye zabangela, kunye nokusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo ekulweni kwe-mfezeko.

Imbali yesihloko se-IX

Isihloko IX asizange siphume kwikhamandela. Yaye yenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwemibutho yamalungelo abantu yoo-1960 nasekuqaleni ko1970, xa abaxhasi kunye nabenzi bomthetho baphethulela ingqalelo yabo kwimiqobo yamabhinqa awayejongene nayo kwimfundo. Ngaphambi kweSihloko-ntloko IX, iikholeji ezininzi, ii-odoli ezininzi ezibekwe phantsi, iigalelo ezimiselwe, kunye nokujikelezwa kwamabhinqa kwimibutho eqhelekileyo “yokufakelwa kwamabhinqa afana nonyango okanye ukufundisa. Amabhinqa afumana inkxaso esoloko efumana iincutshe, izindlu ezilinganayo, kwaye phantse ukuba akukho kungenelwa kwiinkqubo zemidlalo.

Isiseko sowiso-mthetho we-Title IX sibuyela emva kwintsebenziswano ebanzi yokukhuthaza ubufanasini obuxhaswa ngamanani afana noMmeli uEdith Green noSenator Birch Bach, owasungula ityala le ngxelo. Bayh wagxininisa ukuba umthetho wenzelwe ukusingatha “ukugqugqisa kocalulo olusekelwe kwisondo” kwiinkqubo zemfundo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Umthetho wawusithi: “Akukho mntu eUnited States oya kubekwa esisekelweni, akhutshwe ekuthabatheni inxaxheba, ahlulwe, okanye agwetyelwe phantsi kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo yemfundo okanye umsebenzi ofumana uncedo lwemali oluvela kumafarfestl."Nangokuba uthe wafumana uhlolo lwawo olufutshane, iinjongo zawo zazinkulu.

Umlo wokudlulisa i-Word IX wawuyinxalenye yoloyiso olukhulu lwemithetho elawula amalungelo amabhinqa awayequka uMthetho olinganayo wonyaka ka-1963 kunye noMthetho weSinyuso semfundo ka-1972, apho isiHloko se-IX sasiyinxalenye engundoqo. Ukuhamba komthetho kwaphawula inkqubela, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kwakukude. Kwakuya kuthatha iminyaka emininzi ukulawulwa, ukuwiswa kwemithetho enkundla, nokuzingisa okuzinzisa ukuguqula amagama amaphepha abe yinyaniso kubafundi kulo lonke elo lizwe.

“ Isihloko IX sisixhobo esinamandla, kodwa sisebenza kuphela xa izikolo zizithatha nzulu iimfuno zazo.” — Catherine Lhamon, owayenguNobhala ongumncedisi wamalungelo abemi e-U.S. kwiSebe lemfundo[[FLT: 1]

Amalungiselelo angundoqo esihloko

Igunya elingundoqo lika-IX licacile: akukho lucalulo lusekelwe kwimfundo okanye kumsebenzi osekelwe kwimfundo okanye kwimali karhulumente. Oku kusebenza kwimimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni emalunga nama-17,600, iikholeji neeyunivesithi ezingama-5 000, kunye nezinye izikolo zemfundo ezingenakubalwa — ngokuyintloko nasiphi na isikolo esamkela ii-dolara zikarhulumente, kuquka ngoncedo lwemali lwabafundi. Lo mthetho uchaza iinkalo ezintathu ezibanzi zenyanzelo.

Ukupheliswa kocalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini

Into yokuqala neyona nto ifunekayo kwisiseko kukuba amaziko amele angaphathi abafundi ngokwahlukileyo ngokwesini, ngokweenkqubo zokuvuma, ngokunikela ingcebiso, ngokunikela uncedo lwezemali, ngokuhlala, okanye naziphi na ezinye iinkalo zolwazi lwemfundo. Oku kuquka ukukhusela abafundi ekuthatheni imilinganiselo yesondo nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba bayakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zemfundo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla ziye zakuchaza oku ukugubungela ukucalucalulwa okusekelwe ekukhulelweni, kumgangatho wabazali, kwaye — kwimimandla emininzi — ubufana neentlobano zesini kunye nembonakalo yesini.

Amathuba Alinganayo Kwizinto Ezithile

Mhlawumbi owona mphumo ubonakalayo weSihloko se-IX ufikile kwimidlalo. Umthetho ufuna izikolo ukulungiselela amathuba alinganayo emidlalo kubafundi abangamadoda namabhinqa. Ikhompathiswa ilinganiswa ngovavanyo oluneeprong: (1) ukuba amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba athe kratya ekungeneleni; (2) ukuba isakhiwo sinembali yokwandisa amathuba angaphantsi kwesondo; okanye (3) nokuba iyawamkela ngokupheleleyo amaphulo nobuchule bomntu wesini ongaphantsi kwesakhasa. Ngokomphumo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamabhinqa kwimidlalo yesikolo esiphakeme kungene kusuka kumgangatho ongaphantsi kakhulu kususela kumakhulu amathathu angaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-3,[[FLT] namhlanje [121] namhlanje [5], ngokutsho kweSiko seSizwe seSikolo esiphezulu.

Ukukhuselwa Ekuxhatshazweni Nokuhlaselwa Ngokwesini

Isihloko i-IX ikwafuna amaziko ajonge ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini kunye nogonyamelo ngokwesini njengentlobo zocalucalulo lwesini. Izikolo kufuneka zibe neenkqubo ezicacileyo zokukhalaza, zichaze umnxibelelanisi weSigqeba se-IX, zize ziphendule ngokukhawuleza xa zithe “zazi" ngokuziphatha okubi. ISebe lemfundo ye-Ofisi yamaLungelo e-Pologn Rights (OCR) linyanzelisa ezi mfuneko, kwaye izikolo azinakuhlawulwa yimali yasemthethweni ukuba azithobeli. Lo mmandla uye waba ngowona umbangi, ingakumbi malunga nolungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo nabasindileyo nabamangalelwe inyathelo elifanelekileyo kubafundi.

Impembelelo Yesihloko Kwimfundo

I-IX ifikelele kwimimandla engaphezulu kakhulu kunemidlalo. Itshintshe ubomi bemfundo, inkcubeko yemfundo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yeziko ngendlela echaphazela umfundi ngamnye. Ukusetyenziswa komthetho kuye kwakhokelela ekutshintsheni kwemiba ecacileyo kwimisebenzi, iindlela zomsebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi yesikolo neeyunivesithi.

Isihloko IX Nee-athletics

Iziphumo zemidlalo ye-Word IX zibhalwe kakuhle kodwa zifanele ukuhlolisiswa iinkcukacha. Phambi komthetho, amabhinqa afumana kuphela ipesenti yoqingqo-mali yemidlalo yasekholeji kwaye phantse akafumani mvuzo. Namhlanje, iinkqubo zemidlalo zamabhinqa ziphendula malunga namathuba angama-45% okungenela imidlalo kwizikolo ze-NCAA, kwaye inani lamabhinqa afumana inkxaso yemidlalo liye lanyusa iinguqu zenkcubeko: imidlalo ngoku iyalela ukuthengwa kakhulu, amathuba obugcisa, kunye nomdla kawonke-wonke. Kodwa i-ok amanani ahlukeneyo asele ekho. Ingxelo yama-2023 NCAA ifumanise iindleko ezininzi zokuqhuba imidlalo nokufumana iindleko. [FLD] I-NCA]

Isihloko se-IX kwi-Academ

Kwizifundo, i-Title IX iye yanceda ekuphuncweni kwemiqobo. Ukubhalisa kwamabhinqa kwimfundo ephezulu kuye kwanyuka ukususela kuma-43% ngo-1971 ukuya kutsho kuma-60% namhlanje. Amabhinqa ngoku afumana uninzi lwe-schemistry, i-modual, i-modual’s, kunye namaqondo olwazi-lwazi. Umthetho uye wakhuthaza amantombazana namabhinqa ukuba afune iindawo apho aye enziwe phantsi kwenzululwazi, ingakumbi kwinzululwazi, inzululwazi yobugcisa, injineli, kunye nezibalo (STM). Amabhinqa afana nodweliso lwenkqubo ye-ADVSIFLD — exhaswa yiSihlokovo se-IX — andise inani lamabhinqa kwimisebenzi ye-SCM) kwi-STM.

Umxholo IX ukhusela abafundi abakhulelweyo okanye abakhulisayo, ufuna izikolo ukuba zinike abantu indawo yokuhlala efanelekileyo enjengekhefu lokungabikho, ezinye izabelo, kunye nokufumana indawo yokulalisa. Oku kuye kwanceda ukunciphisa inani labazali abafundayo.

Ukhuseleko Nezenzo Eziphosakeleyo Zesini

Umthetho unyanzelise amaziko ukuba athabathe ngokunzulu ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa. Phambi kokuba iSihloko se-IX sifake isicelo sogonyamelo lwesini, abalawuli abaninzi basezikolweni bangazihoyi izikhalazo okanye baziphathe ngokungacwangciswanga. Ngoku izikolo kufuneka ziqhube amanyathelo akhawulezileyo, uphando olungakhethiyo, zibonelele amanyathelo axhasayo kwabo bakhalazayo nabaphengululi, kwaye zigqabaze izigqibo ezisekelwe kubungqina obuqwalaselwe kwangaphambili. Ngoxa le nkqubo iye yagxekwa kuzo zonke iindawo, inkcazelo evela kwi-Bureauni of Justice Stality ibonisa ukuba amanani abika ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini amanani ayanda, kwaye abaninzi abasindayo bafumana iinkonzo zokuxhasa.

Iingxaki kunye nezikhuseli ezingqongwe siSihloko se-IX

Phezu kwazo nje izinto eziphawulekayo eziphunyezweyo, iSihloko se-IX asizange sibe nampikiswano. Iingxoxo eziphathelele ukuphunyezwa kwaso zityhila ukungavisisani okunzulu ngentsingiselo yokulingana, indima karhulumente kwimfundo namalungelo abantu ababanjiweyo kwiinkqubo zolawulo.

Isihloko IX Neendleko: Iindleko Zokuqokelela Nemiphumo Engacwangciswanga

Enye yezingxinano ezingapheliyo zeyokuba i-Title IX ikhokelele ekuphelisweni kwemidlalo yamadoda. Ukuze ifikelele ekulinganani, ezinye iiyunivesithi ziye zagawula amaqela amadoda angathandwanga kakhulu — afana nowing, ukuqubha, okanye ukuqhuba imithambo yokuzilolonga — ngoxa zingasoloko zidibanisa iinkqubo zamabhinqa alinganayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba le midlalo iyingozi amadoda ngaphandle kokunyanzeleka kwamabhinqa. Abaxhasi bachasa ukuba ezi ziziphumo zemali zibangelwa zisigqibo soqingqo-mali eziko, hayi umthetho ngokwawo, kwaye izakhiwo ezininzi ziye zaphumelela kwiprojekthi yemiza yamadoda kunye namabhinqa ngezixhobo zokwenene. Enyanisweni, [[FLT.FLD:] [FLD] iSSty Precieve [FLT] isalation [FFoct1]

ISihloko se-IX neNkqubo eBalwayo kwiNkxaso yeNkcubeko

Eyona mpikiswano ishukume kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibandakanya i-arhente yokuhlasela ngokwesini. Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Obama, iSebe lemfundo lanikela ukhokelo oluthoba umgangatho wobungqina kwaye lukhuthaza izikolo ukuba zisebenzise imodeli enye. Abagxeki — kuquka abaphengululi abaninzi abasemthethweni nabamangalelwayo — baphikisa ukuba ezi nkqubo aziwavumi amalungelo asisiseko enkqubo yokuhlasela ngokwesini. Ulawulo lweTrump lwasabela ngemithetho entsha kuma-202020 efuna ukuva okuphilayo, ukunqumla, kunye nomgangatho ocacileyo ophezulu wenkqubo. Ulawulo lweBiden ngoko lwacebisa iinguqulelo zalo ngo-202222,1220,20,20,20, ngenjongo yokubuyisela ukukhusela abaphuzinzi benkqubo entle yobulungisa. Lo mjikelo ubonisa indlela endiye ndayilungisa ngayo i-Admini yolawulo lwe-Biden kwi-B-biden, ukukhusela i-LT-GGPG, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo abafundi abajongeneyo.

Amalungelo onikezelo neSihloko

Umda ocacileyo othe ngqo weSihloko sokungavumelani kwe-IX ukuba kubekho ucalucalulo lwesondo kuquka ubufanasini. Ngonyaka wama-2020, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi- Bostock v. Clayton County — ekholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye ubufana bulucalucalulo ngokwesini phantsi kweSihlomelo se-VII — sanika impembelelo enamandla kwingxoxo yokuba iSihlomelo IX sifanele sichazwe ngokufanayo. Iinkundla ezininzi zelizwe zivumile, kwaye ulawulo lwe-Biden Signit I-IX lulawula ngokucacileyo imigaqo ebanzi yokuhambisa i-Rhulumente. Noko ke, amaphondo agqithisele imiyalelo agqithiselwa i-Stivertivessss arventiader kwimidlalo yamabhinqa okanye amaqela aphambili aphambili aphambili eenkqubo eenkqubo eenjiweyo.

Uphuhliso lwangoku kunye nekamva lesihloko se-IX

Isihloko IX siyaqhubeka siguquka ngenxa yeenguqu zentlalo, ucelomngeni lomthetho, kunye nokutshintsha kwezobupolitika. Izimo ezininzi ziya kuyila indlela yokuhamba kwenqanawa kwishumi leminyaka elizayo.

Ukwandisa Ukhuseleko lwe LGBTQ+ Abafundi

Ukufakwa kwelungu kunye nembonakalo yesondo phantsi kwesihloko IX yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yolwandiso ukususela kumalungiselelo omthetho asekuqaleni. Izikolo ngoku zifuneka ukuphatha abafundi abakhuphela ngaphandle kwesondo ngokuhambelana nokwazi kwabo ubudoda babo, kuquka ukufumaneka kwizindlu zangasese, amagumbi okutshixa, namaqela emidlalo (nangona esele ekhuphisana). I-OCR inike ukhokelo olugxininisa ukuba ukukhathazwa kwe-LGBTQ kuluhlobo localulo lwesini. Oku kuhambisana nokubonisa ukukhonzwa kobucala kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke yokhuseleko lomanyano, kodwa ukwenziwa komsebenzi kuyahluka ngokubanziswa ngurhulumente.

Iingxaki Zobugcisa Nokukhathazwa Nge - Internet

Njengoko imfundo ikhula ngokuhambelana nemigangatho, umgangatho wesihloko se-IX ufikelela kwindawo yokufunda kwi-intanethi. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngemida ye-locale, ukubethana kwemifanekiso efihlakeleyo, kunye nokungabelani ngemibandela efihlakeleyo konke kubhekiswa phantsi kwesiseko somthetho. Izikolo kufuneka ngoku ziqinisekise ukuba imigaqo yazo igqubuthe ihambo engalunganga ebangela imekobume echaseneyo eqeshiweyo. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nemida ye-loversel kunye nobuncwane obufunekayo ukuze kuphendulwe ngokunempumelelo.

Amadabi Enkqubo Aqhubekayo

Iimfazwe zolawulo ngaphezulu kwesihloko IX zikude kakhulu. Ulawulo ngalunye ukususela ngo-2010 luye lwazichaza kwakhona iimfuno zomthetho zokwenza ihambo evakalala ngokwesini. Oku kungazinzi kudala ukudideka kwizikolo nabafundi. Iingcali ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni zixhasa ulwahlulo oludibanisa inkqubo efunekayo kunye nemigaqo ekhusela abasindayo ekukhutshweni kwesabhokhwe sonyulo. Ukuba iBhunga linokuphumelela ukonakalisa okunjalo akuqinisekanga.

“ Isihloko IX asilo sikhumbuzo esimileyo; lidinga eliphilayo lokuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sivuselelwe.” — Judith Areen, owayesakuba ngumphathi weGeorgetown University Law Center[

Ikamva leSihloko se-IX liza kuxhomekeka kumaqela angeyongeniso afana ne- i-ACLU kunye nokwazi IX yakho[, eqhubeka inika abafundi amandla ngolwazi lwamalungelo abo. Okwangoku, izikolo zijongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lwabaqeqeshi, imigaqo ehlaziyayo, kunye nokukhuthaza imozulu ezikhuthaza ukuhlonelana nokhuseleko.

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Ekubeni Sinengcamango Elula

Ifa lika-IX lilolunye lweenguqu ezinzulu. Kwiminyaka nje engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, iye yanceda ukungquzulana kobungcathu, ukuvuleka kweminyango kubafundi abangamawaka, kwaye igcina amaziko ebeke ityala localulo. Kodwa umsebenzi awugqibekanga. Ukuzidibanisela ngaphaya kwenkxaso-mali, iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngendlela yokusingatha ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesini, kwaye ukukhuphisana kwamalungelo ahlukeneyo kugxininisa ukuba ukulingana nokusesikweni kufuneka okungaguquguqukiyo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabaqululeki bemithetho, iSihlo sithetha okungaphezulu kunokubhida umgaqo othi wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba neentlobano zesini okanye ubufana nezo, ukulingana, ukukhuphisana, nokuphumelela. Lo mgaqo, njengoko unjalo, njengoko kuvakala ngokungxamisekileyo, njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje, njengokuba kwakunjalo ngowenziwo ka-1971.