Table of Contents
Uhambo olusuka kumbono oya kumthetho lunye lwenkqubo entsonkothileyo yedemokhrasi, elungiselelwe ngenyameko elungiselelwe ngabaseki abaFundi bokuQala ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwenza imithetho emitsha kufuna uphando, ukulalana, kunye neendawo ezininzi zokuhlola. Ngoxa iiklasi zoluntu zifundisa ulwakhiwo olusisiseko, indlela isiko lomthetho oluba ngayo umthetho [ eqhelisiweyo libandakanya ubuchule bezobupolitika, ixesha elicwangcisiweyo, kwaye ngokufuthi iminyaka emininzi yemithetho esetyenziswa ziincwadi ezinqabile ukuyifumana ngayo.
Ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho asilolwazi nje lwemfundo (ukusebenza). Xa uyakwazi indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwiBhunga, ungachonga iingongoma zoxinzelelo kubemi, uqonde isizathu sokuba umthetho othile uthintele, kwaye uqonde xa isigqubuthelo sokwenene somgaqo-nkqubo wemidlalo yeqonga. Olu khokelo luchaza zombini amanyathelo asesikweni kunye neenyaniso ezingacwangciswanga ze [ indlela iindleko zemali eziba ngayo imithetho [, ukukunika amandla okungenela ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi nedemokhrasi yakho.
Isiseko: Apho Kuvela Khona Imithetho Nesizathu Sokuba Kubekho Imibandela
ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko
UMgaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo esisiseko yowiso-mthetho kwiGatya I, unika iKhomishini amandla okwenza imithetho ngeli xesha ifuna isivumelwano phakathi kwamagumbi amabini.
Inkqubo ye-bidamaral iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ujongene nohlolo olusuka kubameli abanyulwe kwimijikelo eyahlukeneyo (iminyaka emibini yendlu, emithandathu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso) kwaye imela ii-contituences ezahlukeneyo (iindawo eziphikisana nezizwe). Le ndlela yentelekiso ilungelelanisa iminqweno exhaphakileyo nobulumko bokungabi nazintloni, nangona ukubekwa kwemimandla yamazwe ahlukeneyo kwale mihla kudla ukuguqula olu mlinganiselo ube yi-gridlock.
Isizathu Sokuba Le Nguqulelo Ikho
[[UMTL:0] Inkqubo edidayo ye ukuntsonkotha kunceda iinjongo ezininzi:
Ukwakhela iTyranny: Iincopho ezininzi zikhusela nayiphina inkqubano ekunqandeni umthetho. Abaseki babesoyika ulawulo lwehlokondiba namandla aphakamileyo, beyila inkqubo efuna ulwamkelo olubanzi lweenguqu ezinkulu.
Ukukhupha ukhupho: ingxoxo eyongeziweyo kunye nohlolo lwekomiti kucingelwa ukuba kuphucula umgangatho womthetho. Iingcamango ezimbi zijongene namathuba amaninzi okuchanabeka noloyiswa.
Ukukhusela uBuncinci bamalungelo: imithetho yeNdlela yokulawula ingakumbi ikhusela iqela elincinane leepolitiki ekuqengqelekeni komphunga omkhulu, nangona oku kukhusela maxa wambi kunceda ukuthintela.
[[UMTL:0] Ukukhulula Uhlenga-hlengiso: Amaqondo amaninzi adala amathuba okunxibelelana, ukuvumela ukhuphiswano lufumane indawo eqhelekileyo/ukunye kwintelekelelo.
[[FLT: 0] Ummi onokwanela uthatha inxaxheba: Inkqubo ende inika impembelelo eninzi yongenelelo ukwenzela impembelelo kawonke wonke ngokubhenela, ukuqhatha, kunye noxinzelelo lonyulo.
Inyathelo 1: IGenesis Yomthetho - Ukuqala Kwazo Iibhiliyo
Imithombo yeMithetho
Ngaphandle kwengqiqo eqhelekileyo yokuba iBhunga liqala umthetho omkhulu, iibhili zeza kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo[
Izakhono zamasebe eziphumezekayo: Abameli bachaza ezona zibalulekileyo zemithetho kwilizwe leedilesi ze-Union ze banikezele izicelo ezinenkcukacha ngoosebe bekhabhinethi. Umthetho omkhulu ofana noMthetho wesikhathalelo esiBambeleyo osuka kutheko lomongameli kunye neevenkile zenkqubo yeNdlu emhlophe.
[[NTL:0] Amaqela angenisayo kunye namaLobbyism: amaqumrhu oshishino, amaqumrhu, imibutho eqeshwayo, kunye neengcali zokhuthuzo lwentengiso yemodeli yemodeli ze zithenge kubenzi bomthetho onovelwano. ISiko leMithetho saseMerika linike iisikhokelo kumawaka eemali zikarhulumente kunye neemali zorhulumente.
Iingcinga zeTank kunye neziQinisekiso zoMgaqo-nkqubo: Imibutho enqumla kwiindlela zezopolitiko ephuhlisa izicelo zenkqubo ezineenkcukacha. Ilifa lemveli, iBrookings Institution, kunye neZiko leNkqubela-phambili yaseMelika inika rhoqo iiplani zemithetho eziba ziindleko.
[[NKQUBO: 0] Inkxalabo zomthetho : Abami baqhagamshelana nabameli ngeengxaki ezifuna izisombululo zomthetho. Ibali elinyanzelisayo elinyanzelisayo lingakhuthaza umthetho, nangona abemi ngabanye benqabile ukwenza intelekelelo yobuchule bomthetho.
Iziganeko zangoku kunye neCrisnes: Iintlekele, amahlazo, kunye noqhutyo longxamiseko lomthetho wesenzo. UMthetho wePATRIOT walandela 9/11; Ulwahlulo lwe-Dodd-F lulandele amanqam emali ka-2008. Ingxaki yezopolitiko idala umthetho ongenakukwazi ukuwisela umthetho.
Iqela elipheleleyo: abasebenzi abanamava, ngokufuthi banobuchule obukhethekileyo, bachonga iingxaki kunye nezisombululo zedrafti. Abanikezi boludwe lwamalungu, abasebenzi baqhuba uphuhliso oluninzi lwemithetho-siseko.
[[FLT: 0] Umthetho odlulileyo: Iintlawulo ezininzi zibuyiselwa emva kwentlanganiso de iimeko zezobupolitika zivumele ukudlula. IMedicare ithathe amashumi eminyaka enzame phambi kokuba iphumelele ngo1965.
Inkqubo Yodrafti
[[UMTL: 0] Ukuguqula iingcamango zibe ziindleko kufuna ucoselelo lobuchule obulula abantu abaninzi abaluthatha lula:
[[UMTHETHO: 0] Icebiso lomthetho : Zombini izisele zisebenzisa amagqwetha angeyoparatis aguqulela iinjongo zenkqubo kulwimi olufanelekileyo lomthetho. Ezi ngcali ziqinisekisa ukuba amatyala adityaniswe nomthetho okhoyo kwaye alandele iindibano zokuyila idrafti.
[[UMTL:0] Iimfuno zobuGcisa: IiBhili kufuneka ziquke iziqalelo ezithile:
- Isihloko esichaza injongo yomthetho
- Ingxelo emiselayo (" Bekukho nguMlawuli neNdlu yabameli...")
- Icandelo eligqwethekileyo okanye elidala amatsha
- Iinkcazelo zamagama angundoqo
- Imihla esebenzayo kunye namalungiselelo okuguqula
- Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
[[FLT: 0] Imali kunye nobunzima: Iphepha langoku lisuka kumaphepha elinye ukuya kumawaka. UMthetho we-Affordible Care Act udlule kumaphepha angama-2,000; 2017 irhafu nemithetho yeSebe iqeshiwe iphume ku 500+ amaphepha. Ubuninzi bubonisa zombini inkqubo ebanzi kunye nobalo lwamabhongo lwamabhongo.
[[NTL:0] Ukufumana izixhasi ezikhoyo: IiBhili zifuna iingcungela zombutho. Abaxhasi abaphambili banika amagama abo nodumo, ngelixa inkxaso ebanzi. I-Bpartisan xhasa iphucula ngokuphawulekayo amathuba okudlula, nangona ipetroli yenza oku kube yinto enqabileyo.
Inyathelo Lesibini: Ukwazisa - Ingqungquthela Engena Kunye
Inkqubo yokwazisa ezenzekelayo
[[UMTL:0] Kwindlu yabameli:
- Amalungu afaka amatyala kwi-"sonke" ibhokisi yomthi kumgangatho wendlu
- Indlu Clerk inikezela inani (H.R. XXXX kwiphepha, H.J.Res ukwenzela izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo)
- ISpeimer ibhekisa amatyala kwiikomiti ezifanelekileyo, maxa wambi kwiikomiti ezininzi ukwenzela umthetho ontsonkothileyo
- IiBhili zifumaneka ekuhleni ngeNkqutyana.gov
[[UMKRO] KwiCandelo leNtlanganiso[[UMQONDISO:1]:
- Isalathisi sibhengeza ngokucwangcisiweyo ngexesha
- IiBhili zifumana amanani (S. XXXXX) kwiPalamente yeNtlanganiso
- IPalamente ibhekisa ityala kwiikomiti ezisekelwe kwigunya
- Abaququzeleli banokuchasa ukujoliswa kweekomiti, nangona oku kunqabile
Iingqwalasela ezicwangcisiweyo
Imicimbi yokwahlula imicimbi : Iirula zexesha elisesikweni ukuchaza iziphumo eziphezulu:
- Xa kuqaliswa iintlanganiso, kudla ngokunikwa ixesha elingakumbi lokuqwalasela
- Phambi kokuba unyulo lunyanzele ukuthatha indawo
- Ngexesha lemijikelo yamajelo eendaba
- Ukudityaniswa nezinye iinqwelo-mafutha zowiso-mthetho kuphucula amathuba
[[UMTL:0] Izigidi ezingqukuva : Abalawuli badla ngokuchaza iiphepha ezifanayo kumacala omabini ngexesha elinye, bebonisa ubunzulu kunye nogcino lwexesha ukuba zombini zidlula.
[[FLT: 0] Ingeniso edidayo iiBhili: Ezinye izivovo ziziswa ngokuphelelisela nje ukuthunyelelwa imiyalezo yezobupolitika, ngaphandle kokulindela ukudluliswa. Aba banyanzeli balwayo ukuba bathathe amavoti angonwabanga okanye babalaselise imiba yemiba yemiphumo.
[[UMTL: 0] Intengo yentengo : Abaxhasi maxa wambi bahlawula iindleko zomsebenzi wezandla ukujolisa kwiikomiti zobuhlobo, nangona abaphathi bepalamente ngokuqhelekileyo bethintela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ecacileyo.
Inyathelo lesi-3: Isenzo seKomiti - Indawo Ezihlala Kuyo Iibhiliyo okanye Ezifayo
Inkqubo yeKomiti
[[NTL: 0] Ikomiti yekomkhulu inamandla amakhulu, ifumana igama elifotyiswayo "izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezincinci". Ngokumalunga 80-90% yemali ehlawulwayo ekwikomiti [, ezi ziqumrhu zilawula ngokunempumelelo ucwangciso lwemithetho-siseko somthetho.
Iintlobo zeeKomiti
- Ukumisa iiKomiti : izidumbu ezisisigxina ezinemithetho ethile ekhethekileyo (umz., Iindlela kunye nentsingiselo yerhafu)
- [[UMTL:0] Khetha/Uluhlu lweeKomiti ze-: iziqu zexeshana zophando oluthile okanye imiba ethile
- [[UMTL:0] IiKomiti zokuHlanganisa: Quka amalungu akwizisele zombini, ngokuqhelekileyo ukwenzela uphando okanye ukugcinwa kwezindlu
- I-Consolation Committee: iindikimba zexeshana zixolelanisa umahluko wendlu- Yexeshana
Inkqubo yeKomiti
Isabelo somsebenzi noMsebenzi : izihlalo zekomiti zigqiba ukuba zingenza na kwityala letyala. Zinikwe amawaka eentshayelelo zonyaka kodwa ixesha elilinganiselweyo, amatyala amaninzi awaze aqwalaselwe. Eli gunya lokugcina isango lenza izihlalo zekomiti phakathi kwamalungu anamandla eBhunga.
Intlanganiso yePhondo yeQuery: Iikomiti ezinkulu zineekomiti ezincinci ezikhethekileyo eziqhuba uhlolo lokuqala. IKomiti yeNdlu Ye-Eyeener nezorhwebo ineekomiti ezintandathu ezisezantsi ezigquma impilo, imekobume, uthungelwano, kunye neminye imiba.
[[UMTL: 0] iindlebe: iiKomiti zibamba iintlobo ezininzi zokuva:
- [[UMTL:0] Iintlola ezithe ngqo: Uhlalutyo lwezijungqe ezikhethekileyo
- Ukuva [: ukubukeza imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo
- Isandi somqheba esiqhubekekayo: amahlazo arhoxisiweyo okanye iingxaki
- Ukuqinisekisa Ukuva [[FT: 0] : (Hlisa kuphela) Ukuphakamisa umongameliial nominees
Ukuva kunceda abantu bafumane inkcazelo eninzi: baphembelela ukunikela ingqalelo kumajelo eendaba, bavumele ilungu labo lime, baze banyanzele ukuba lithathe amanyathelo.
Intlanganiso zephawulo: Ngokunyusa, iikomiti zithetha ngengxoxo yephepha-mgceni, zinika utshintsho kunye nezilungisi. Ezi ntlanganiso zisuka kwi siseko somgangatho ophantsi ukuya kwimfazwe edityanisiweyo. Uguqulelo lokugqibela lwekomiti lusoloko lwahluka kakhulu kumthetho osunguliweyo.
Committee Vote: IiBhili zifuna inkxaso eninzi ukuqhubela phambili. Ukuvota okucwangcisiweyo kuyavela/amalungu angaxhasa amatyala kwikomiti aza kuxhathisa phantsi, avumele ingxoxo xa egcina inkcaso.
Iqhinga leKomiti nelezobupolitika
[[UMTL: 0] Izihlalo eziphambili: ucwangciso lokulawula izihlalo zekomiti, amangqina avayo, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa. Isitulo esinentiyo singobulala umthetho ngokungenamsebenzi.
`Bipartistan' [: ngokwembali, iikomiti zasebenza ngokungqubana kuneengxoxo zomgangatho. Ngoxa ukwenziwa kwethafa lethafa kusulele iikomiti, ezinye zisenolwalamano olusebenzayo olubangela ulalaniso.
Impembelelo yeLubbysist: iikomiti ziluqikelelo lwendawo ekufumaneni intshukumisa. Abameli boshishino, amaqela obugcisa, kunye namalungu akhukulisene ngenkcazelo, iimpikiswano, kunye neminikelo yephulo kumacala angundoqo.
[[UMTL:0] Uphuhliso oluKhuthayo: amalungu ekomiti avumela ukwenziwa kolwazi olukhethekileyo. Amalungu kunye nabasebenzi bakhulisa ulwazi olunzulu, bebenza babe ziingcali zangaphakathi zeBhunga kwimibandela ethile.
Inyathelo 4: Ubuchule Bokuqwalasela Umgangatho
Iindawo zokuhamba zendlu
Amalungu angama-435 endlu afuna imithetho engqongqo yokugcina ucwangco:
IKomiti yemithetho : Le "traffic cop" imisela ukuba yeyiphi ityala elifikelela kumgangatho naphantsi kweemeko:
- [[UMTL: 0] Imithetho eValekileyo: Akukho ziguquli zivumelekileyo
- vula Imithetho: Utshintsho olungathintelekiyo (esoloko lunqabile)
- [[UMTL:0] Imithetho enqumleziweyo: Iintlawulo ezikhethekileyo ezivunyelweyo
- Imimiselo ekhethekileyo: Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zetyala elithile
Ulawulo lweqela leKomiti yeMimiselo lunika uncedo olukhulu.
[[UMTL: 0] Isakhiwo esilungiselelweyo: Indlu ivumela iyure enye yengxoxo eqhelekileyo, yahlulwe phakathi kwamaqela. Amalungu athetha ngokungaqhelekiyo; inkoliso ifunda iintetho ezilungiselelweyo kumagumbi aphantse angabinanto xa iC-SAPU isongwa.
Inkqubo yokulungisa i-Amend: Ngokuxhomekeke kumthetho, amalungu anganika ulungiso. Olu luhlu ukusuka kwinkqubela-phambili yokwenene ukuya kwi-"ipilisi zepoison" ezenzelwe ukubulala iindleko okanye ukunyanzela amavoti angathandekiyo.
[[UMTL: 0] Iindlela zokukhupha [[UMGAQO-MBI]:
- [[UMTL: 0] IVoice Vote: Amalungu akhwaza "eye" okanye "no"
- Icandelo lePhondo: Amalungu amele ukubalwa
- Ikhutshelwe i Vote: Umbane wokuvota ukwenza iirekhodi ezisisigxina
- Isivumelwano seSasalelo: Intunja enyuliweyo kwityala elingangeni ngqukuva
Imisebenzi yeNtlanganiso
I-ethename encinci ivumela ukuba ithambe, nangona intlukwano, iinkqubo:
Isiko leNxulumano elingapheliyo: Ngokungafaniyo nendlu, abalinganisi bangathetha ngokungapheliyo ngaphandle kokuba kucelwe ihlwili. Oku kwenza ukuba i-monilbuster edumileyo, apho incinane ilibaziseka okanye ibulale umthetho ngengxoxo eyongezelelweyo.
Izivumelwano zeNkqutyana-mali eziBanzi: Ishishini leNtsimbi yeQela lisebenza ngezivumelwano ezixoxweyo malunga nexesha lengxoxo kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa. Inkcaso enye ingasusa ulwabo olucwangcisiweyo.
[[NTL:0] I-Filibuster kunye neNqanawa : Ingxoxo ephelisayo ifuna amavoti angama-60 ukuze ihlasele, yenza lo mqobo weNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanga. Indaleko yeNdlu enguMphathi isuka kubuchule obunqabileyo ukuya kuthintelo oluqhelekileyo lwatshintsha indlela esebenza ngayo iNdlu yeeNtsimi.
Isivumelwano Free- for- Zonke: Ii-Amentor zinganika iinguqu ezingenasiphelo, kuquka ezingezo zijinga-jinga. Oku kuvumela ukudibanisa amalungiselelo angahambelaniyo kwityala lokudlulisa +/uqheliselo olubizwa ngokuba "umthi weKrismesi"
[[UMTL: 0] Imingxuma kunye nokukhupha i-ankile: I-ingingqi nganye ingalibazisa ngokufihlakeleyo ukuqwalasela ukusetyenziswa kwe-"bar" ngokwenye indlela, engeyo-authoring rectar idlula kwi "hotlining," apho iindleko zidlula ukuba akukho nto yesixhobo sokulungisa.
Inyathelo 5: Enye Intetho Yecandelo Nokutshintshwa Kwezibhedlele
Iinkqubela Ezinxulumanisiweyo
Xa elinye igumbi ligqithisa uxwebhu, inkqubo iqalisa ngokutsha kwelinye:
[[UMTL:0] Committee Ukucingela kwakhona: Igumbi lokwamkela libhekisela kwityala kwiikomiti zalo, ezinokuthi:
- Yamkela inguqulelo yegumbi elithile engatshintshanga
- Yenza ulungiso lobuchule obuncinane
- Ukuphinda ubhale umthetho ngokusemthethweni
- Ungayihoyi ngokupheleleyo, ngokunempumelelo ubulala ityala
Ukubeka iliso kwi khowudi yeqonga : Abaphathi babala ukuba yeliphi igumbi elimele lithathe inyathelo kuqala:
- Imali yengeniso kufuneka ivele kwiNdlu yeNdlu kuMgaqo-siseko ngamnye
- ICandelo leNtlanganiso lenza intamo yebhotile
- Amagosa ezobupolitika asenokukhetha ukuqala apho indinyana ibonakala ilula khona
Umahluko Okhoyo Kwindawo Ethile
Abasebenzi abahlukeneyo beli gumbi bachaphazela umthetho:
Iimpawu zendlu [[FUT:0][[UMKCUTHO:1]:
- I-Ofisi yoLuntu
- Ukuziphatha okukhawulezayo kwiqela eliphambili
- Ukuchaphazeleka kolu qikelelo
- Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
Iimpawu zexabiso [[FUT:0] ezihambisanayo[[Unikezelo:1]:
- Umgangatho ophezulu
- Comment
- Intsebenziswano enkulu (ngokwesithethe)
- Amaqumrhu ngamanye anamandla angakumbi
Le ngxaki iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala ajongane nohlolisiso olwahlukileyo, nangona ukuthatyathwa kwamatyala kule mihla kuye kwanciphisa ukwahlukahlukana kwemibutho.
Inyathelo 6: Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela nokuNcokoza
Xa Amagumbi Engavumelaniyo
Kuba la magumbi omabini kufuneka agqithe umthetho othe ngqo, umahluko ufuna ugqibo
IConsolation Committee : Indlela eqhelekileyo yetyala elikhulu:
- Isalathisi esimiselwe abameli bazo zombini
- Iintlanganiso zidibanisa iintlanganiso ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nothethwano lwegumbi langasemva
- Abahlali bangalungisa kuphela umahluko, nangona maxa wambi benokuyandisa ngaphaya kweengxabano
- "Iingxelo zomanyano lokugqibela" buyela kuzo zombini iindawo zokuvota
[[UMTL_BO:0] Ipaying-Ping[[FTL:1]: Ngokuqhubekayo enye indlela eqhelekileyo:
- Ukutshintshana kwemithetho
- rhoqo nganye kutshintsho lomnye de kube sisivumelwano
- ISebe lisebenzisa inkxaso-mali
- Ivumela ulawulo oluthe lwaya
Ipolitiki Yokuxolelana
[[NTL:0] Amandla amandla: iikomiti zengqungquthela ziba ziikomiti ezincinci ezincinci apho ukuphakama, ubuchule, kunye nobuchule bokwenza uhlolo lumisela iziphumo. Maxa wambi abaququzeleli bafaka namaqela agqithisiweyo ngezantsi, amasebe athintele oku.
Ukungavumelani okungagqibekanga: Amaziko ngamanye amaxesha adlula ngempazamo iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ukunyanzela uthethwano apho amalungiselelo akhethiweyo anokusinda khona.
[[Uxinzelelo:0] Uxinzelelo lwexesha: Imiqathango yokugqiba yeseshini yenza isixhathiso. Iindleko zokudlula ezimeleyo zijonge ixesha elimisiweyo zibona uhlolo-magama olungxamisekileyo nohlengahlengiso.
Inyathelo lesi-7: Isenzo soMongameli - Ukujonga iGama eliphetheyo
Ekunokukhethwa kuko koMongameli
Xa ingqungquthela igqithisa umthetho ofanayo, uMongameli uneenketho ezine [[FLT: 1]:
Uphawu eMthethweni: iimongameli zisoloko zisenza imibhiyozo yokutyikitya ukwenzela umthetho omkhulu, zisebenzisa iqonga ukucela ityala nokuchaza ukuzalisekisa izinto eziza kuqala. Iipeni ezininzi zenza izikhumbuzi kubaxhasi.
[[FLT: 0] IVEto: ukubuyisela amatyala kwi Congress kunye nezithintelo zibangela ukukhutshwa kwemigudu. Isoyikiso ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho singalungisa amatyala phambi kokudlula.
i-Pocket Veto: Ukuba iKhomishini ibambene ngeentsuku ezilishumi yokuthumela amatyala kuMongameli, ukungathathi nto kubulala umthetho. Oku kuphepha iivetoe zongquzulwano ngexa kufikelela iziphumo ezifanayo.
[[FLT: 0] Imvume eXhasweyo: Abameli bangavumela amatyala abe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo, babonise ukungavumelani ngeli lixa bephepha ukuphembelela. Le miqondiso yeqhinga enqabileyo ithanda ukuvalel' umlomo.
Imicimbi Yezobupolitika Neqhinga
[[UMTL:0] Izisongelo zobuNtovu [[FT:1]: iiMongameli ziphembelela umthetho ngokusongela iivetoes, zinyanzelisa iBhunga ukuba likwazi ukusingatha izinto eziphambili okanye umngcipheko uphoswe ngumgudu.
Ubalo lokungaboni kakuhle : Ukufumana amaziko amabini anesithathu kumagumbi omabini kunzima kakhulu. Kumalunga nama-3 000 evetoes omongameli, iBhunga line-awunsi engaphantsi kwe-120.
IiNgxelo zoMqondiso: Abameli baya bakhupha iingxelo ezichaza umthetho okanye ukubonisa amalungiselelo abangenakuwanyanzelisa. Ngexa kuthandabuzeka ngokusemthethweni, oku kuzalisekiswa kwemo yemo.
Umgca-owesithoba Ingxoxo: iinkokeli zikudala zifuna amandla okukhupha umphako othile kunokuba zifune zonke iindleko. INkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula oku kungahambelani nomthetho-siseko ngo-1998, igcina amandla eBhunga.
Inyathelo 8: Ukuthobela Imithetho
Emva Kosayino
A ingcaciso eba ngumthetho yisiqalo nje:
[[Uphuhliso:0] Uphuhliso lomgaqo-siseko: amasebe aphetheyo abhala imimiselo enenkcukacha zokuzalisekisa ulwimi olubanzi. Le mimiselo isoloko imisela impembelelo esebenzayo yemithetho.
[[UMTL: 0] Ukugquma i Appropriation: amatyala ogunyaziso adala iinkqubo; amatyala okukhupha izicelo anika imali. Iinkqubo zinokugunyaziswa kodwa zingagunyaziswa, zizenze ziphumelele iileta ezifileyo.
[[UMHLAKELELO: 0] Imingeni esemthethweni: Iinkundla zihlola imithetho ebhekiselele kumgaqo-siseko zichaze imiqathango edidayo. Umthetho omkhulu usoloko ujongene nokumangalelwa okukhawulezileyo okunokuphinda kuphele okanye amalungiselelo angenanto.
Icala lolawulo : Imisebenzi ifuna abasebenzi, iinkqubo, kunye nobuchule bokuzalisekisa imithetho emitsha. Umthetho wendlela yokuphatha okhathazekileyo womqulu obonisa ukubaluleka kokuphumeza.
[[UMTL:0] Izamkelo zePhondo: Abaphathi bexesha elizayo bangasebenzisa ngehlombe, banyanzelise, okanye baphelise ngokukhutheleyo imithetho exhomekeke kulungelelwaniso lwezobupolitika.
Abadlali Abafihlakeleyo: Inyanzelisa Ukurhoxisa Inkqubo Yomthetho
Isebe
Ngelixesha amalungu efumana ityala, [[FLT: 0] isitafu senza umsebenzi omninzi [[FLT: 1]
[[UMTL:0] Iqela lenyama/ilungu ngalinye lisebenzisa i15-50 yabasebenzi abaphatha uthungelwano, ucwangciso, uphuhliso lwenkqubo, kunye neenkonzo eziququzelelayo. Abasebenzi abaphezulu basoloko banobuchule obuninzi benkqubo kunamalungu abo.
Committee Staff: Iikomiti zisebenzisa iingcali ezisebenzisa izihloko eziqeshayo eziphumeza umthetho, zilungelelanise ukuva, kwaye zincokole iinkcukacha. Ezi zifundiswa zinika inkumbulo equlunqweni kwiijinga-jiko ezikhethiweyo.
I-Institutional Staff: Inkonzo yophando lweKhongreji, i-Ofisi yoHlahlo loLuntu, kunye ne-Ofisi yoManga yoRhulumente inika uhlalutyo olungeyopartisan ukuxhasa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
[[UMTL:0] Umnyango ojikelezayo: i-aff ihamba rhoqo phakathi kweKhonkcotho, amasebe aphetheyo, kunye necandelo labucala, idala iinethwekhi eziqhathayo ekwenzeni ulwakhiwo kodwa zinyusa impembelelo.
Imali eninzi
Abangenisi bomsebenzi womsebenzi [ umthetho onempembelelo enzulu:
[[UMTL:0] Ilungiselelo lolwazi: Abaxhasi banika ubuchule, ugcino-lwazi, kunye neempikiswano ezixhasa iindawo zabo. Abasebenzi abaxakekeyo baxhomekeke kule nkcazelo, nangona ikhethe labo licacile.
Ulwakhiwo lweNkqutyana: Abangenisi abasebenzayo bahlanganisa abaxhasi abahlukeneyo, bebonisa inkxaso ebanzi yomthetho. Imibutho edityanisiweyo engaqhelekanga ingalwaphula ujikelezo lwegridi.
Iminikelo yeCampaign: Ngelixesha iquid-pro-quo ingekho mthethweni, iminikelo yephulo iqinisekisa ukufikelela nokunikela ingqalelo. Amalungu achitha iiyure engxowa-mali imihla ngemihla, edala uxhomekeko kwabanikeli abaphambili.
Grassroots Monization: Uxinzelelo lwangoku lweqela lemibutho efumana iimvume ngomnxeba ocwangcisiweyo, amaphulo efowuni, kunye neziganeko zesithili ezibonisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke.
Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu
Comment=Imeko zewiso-mthetho ezikhoyo zi-[FLT: 1]
[[FLT: 0] Agenda Isicwangciso: Uqwalaselo lwamajelo eendaba lunganyusa imiba ukusuka kwinto emfiliba ukuya kwinkangeleko yesizwe. Ukudubula kwezikolo kuqhuba impikiswano yemipu; iividiyo ze virusvo ziqalisa ingxubusho yotshintsho lwamapolisa.
Impikiswano edityanisiweyo: Indlela ijelo-lwazi eliyichaza ngayo imithetho iphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke. "Amapali eSidumbu" anceda ukubulala imimiselo e-Afford Cance Act; "Ukukhululeka kwerhafu" kuvakala ngcono kune "irhafu esulwe izityebi.
Uxinzelelo olunika uxinzelelo: Ugqumo oluqinileyo luvelisa uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko ukuze luthathe inyathelo. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu okukhulayo kugqumanisa inkxazo yomthetho.
I-Journalism yobukhokho-mali: Ingxelo yophando ebhenca iingxaki okanye ukunganyaniseki ingabangela iimpendulo zowiso-mthetho, nangona ukuhla koondaba basekuhlaleni kunciphisa uhlolo.
Uvavanyo lwetyala lokwenene lehlabathi: Theory Meetings Practice
UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964: Ukoyisa uLawulo
Uhambo lwamalungelo e-Civil lubonisa ubuchule benkqubo yowiso-mthetho bokuthintela kunye notshintsho:
Iintsomi: uMongameli Kennedy wacebisa ukuba kunikwe ityala ngoJuni 1963 kulandelwa imiboniso ye Birmingham. Ukubulala kwakhe kwayenza yaba yeyona nto iphambili kuMongameli Johnson.
Uhambo lwendlu: Ityala elichithwe iinyanga kwiKomiti yeMimiselo, enosihlalo ochasa amalungelo abantu. Isisongelo sokukhupha isikhalazo ekugqibeleni sinyanzeliswe. Indlu yawugqitha ngoFebruwari 1964.
[[FULT:0] Ukunyathela i-pilibuster: Amaqumrhu asemazantsi e-finbuster iintsuku ezingama-60] ubude kwimbali. Intsebenziswano phakathi kwe Democrats neRiphabliki yaphumelela ukuhla, ukwaphula i-filiusbuster.
[[NTLA] IPassage: IBhunga leNtlanga yagqitha ityala 73-27 ngoJuni 1964. UMongameli Johnson walityikitya ngeyure ezimbalwa, eqonda ukubaluleka kwalo kwembali.
Intengo: UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ubonisa indlela iqela elizimiseleyo elinokuphazamisa ngayo kodwa nendlela ingcinezelo yokuziphatha nobuchule bezobupolitika obungasoyisa ngayo isithintelo.
UMthetho wokunyamekela onokufumaneka: Imfazwe
Ingxelo ka-ACA ibonisa imfazwe yale mihla yowiso-mthetho:
I- Isenzo sokuzilolonga: uMongameli Obama wenza utshintsho lotyikityo lwakhe lotyikityo. Iikomiti ezininzi zaphuhlisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ukusukela ngo-2009.
[ IDrama yeNdlu yeNdlu : UPelosi othethayo wahlanganisa amavoti angama-220 ukuze adlulise, ephulukana nee-Democrats ezingama-39. Akukho Riphabliki zixhasa.
[[NTL:0] Ukubeka ulwahlulo: IiDemocrates ezisebenzisa uqingqo-mali zisebenzise uxolelwaniso lokuphepha ii-filibuster emva kokuphulukana ne-60-vote ephezulu. "Ikhampani elinobungozi" kunye nezinye izenzo ezikhuselekileyo.
[[UMTL:0] IPasi yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtshona Koloni]: Indlu yadlulisa inguqulelo yeNdlu yeQela ayitshintshanga ukuze iphephe enye ivoti yeNdlu yeeNtsimi. Umongameli u-Obama wayityikitya ngoMatshi 2010.
Emva kwe-: iphulo leeRiphabliki lichaswe ``Obamacare''," liphumelele iNdlu ngo- 2010. Inzame ezininzi ezilandelayo, nangona umthetho wasinda.
[[NTL:0] Izifundo: IACA ibonisa indlela ukonakalisa okubangela umahluko okhoyo kwenza lukhuni ngayo umthetho omkhulu nendlela ubuchule bokuyila obunokuyoyisa ngayo inkcaso.
UMthetho wePORTIOT: Ingxaki yoMthetho
Umthetho wePATRIOT ubonakalisa ukwenziwa komthetho okuxhobisa amanqam:
Uphuhliso oluphangaleleyo: lwaziswa ngoOktobha 23, 2001-11 kuphela iintsuku ezingama-42 emva kwe 9/11. Umthetho wephepha wama-342-22 wenziwa ngoomatiloshe ngecandelo leJaji.
[[UMTL:0] Impikiswano edityanisiweyo: Amalungu amaninzi ebengakhange afunde ireyithi. Indlu yavumela iyure enye nje yokuxoxa. Ukoyika ukubonakala kulula kwinkcaso yobugrogrisi edimazekileyo.
[[UMTL:0] Ipaseji egqithileyo: Indlu yayigqitha i 357-66; iCandelo leNtlanganiso 98-1. YiNtloko yeNtlanganiso yeFingold kuphela eyavotela ngokuchasene nayo.
[[FLT: 0] Ngexesha elithile ziyazisola: Amalungu amaninzi kamva azisola ngokuvota kwawo njengoko kuvela izityhilelo zokhangelo. Emva koko ukuphinda kubhalwe kwabonakala ukuba kukho impikiswano.
Intelekelelo uMthetho we PARITT ulumkisa indlela iingxaki ezinokukhawulezisa ngayo ucwangciso, ziveze abamisi-mthetho abazisola kamva.
Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho Kube Yingxaki
Kubemi
Ukuqonda [[UMTL: 0] indlela izikweri eziba ngayo imithetho kunika amandla uququzelelo lwamaqumrhu:
Isiphumo sobuGcisa [: Ukwazi inkqubo kutyhila ixesha nendlela yokuphembelela umthetho. Uqwalasela kwekomiti kunika amathuba angcono ongenelelo kunamathuba okuvota kumgangatho.
Ukulindela okuthe ngqo [: Ukuqonda ubunzima kuchaza isizathu sokuba iinguqulelo zenzeke kancinci kwaye kutheni izithembiso zephulo zisoloko zingazalisekiswa.
ukunikwa imali : ulwazi lokulungelelanisa lunceda ukuvavanya ukuba ngaba abameli balwela ngokwenene izinto eziza kuqala okanye ukuma nje.
Ukuqonda imigaqo kutyhila xa abezobupolitika besebenzisa inkqubo njengengcebiso yokungathathi mdla okanye ukufihla iindawo zokwenyani.
Kulawulo - melo
Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibonisa uxanduva olungundoqo lwedemokhrasi:
[[UMTL: 0] Isenzo esisebenzayo. Isenzo esikhawulezayo sidibana neemeko kodwa sibangela iimpazamo. Ulwenziso luphucula umgangatho kodwa luphazamisa iimfuno ezingxamisekileyo.
Umthetho wobuMarity uving. Ubuncinci bamalungelo : idemokhrasi ecocekileyo ingenza amaqela amancinane anqabileyo. Ukhuseleko oluninzi kakhulu lunceda ukuthintela.
[[UMTL:0] I-Trancapency vs. Ukwenza- ulwenziso: iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke ziqinisekisa ukuphendula. Uthethwano lwangasese lubangela ukuba kulalanisa.
Uhlanga. Inzala zasekuhlaleni: Amalungu alinganisa iimfuno zesithili noncedo lwesizwe, udala iingxaki zesenzo seqela.
Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Kwinkqubo Yomthetho
Ukwenza ukukhanya kunye nokuvala i-Grid
Ukunyuka kokwanda kommandla othe tyaba ngokusisiseko kuvavanya inkqubo yowiso-mthetho:
Ibonakala Phakathi: Amalungu aphakathi awenza lula ulalaniso atshabalele kakhulu, athathe indawo yemipu ephethukayo.
Ilayini yeParty Vont: IiBhili zigqithisa kwimigca yeqela engqongqo, zenza urhulumente wohlulwe phantse phantse ukungasebenzi kakuhle.
[[UMTL:0] ICandelo eliQhubelekileyo: Amalungu ajolise ingqalelo kakhulu kunyulo olulandelayo kunokulawula, ajonge ukulalanisa njengokungcatsha.
Icandelo lokwahlula-hlula : Amalungu aqhutywa kakhulu kukoyisa abachasi kunokufikelela iinjongo zenkqubo.
Ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo zobuGcisa
Bobabini basebenzisa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuze bafumane uncedo:
I-Evolution ye-FIlibuster: Yakha yasetyenziswa ngoku, ifuna ngokunempumelelo amavoti angama-60 kwindlu yeQela nayiphi na impikiswano.
Ukuxhatshazwa koMgaqo-nkqubo: uhlaziyo lohlahlo-lwabiwo, olusetyenziselwa imicimbi enzima, ngoku lugqithisa iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo ekuphepheni ii-filibuster.
[[FLT: 0] Ibhusi epakishiweyo: izitya ezidityanisiweyo ezidityanisiweyo imiba emininzi zithintela uqwalaselo olulula kodwa ukudlula okulula.
[[UMTL: 0] Iziphumo ezithe ngqo zexesha elimiselweyo: Inkokeli zigqitha ucwangco oluthe rhoqo ngemithetho yongxamiseko kunye noxinzelelo lommiselo.
Ingcinezelo Yangaphandle
Ubugcisa bale mihla kunye nemali ebuyiselweyo:
[[UMTHETHO: 0] I-Sucial Media TransPropect: Izichotho ezitshisayo kunye namaxa eentsholongwane aqhuba imimiselo yowiso-mthetho ngaphezu kokuyilwa kwesohlwayo.
[[UMTL: 0] Impembelelo yemali edadayo: Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yezopolitiko engaziwayo kwi PAC enkulu kwandisa impembelelo yoncedo olukhethekileyo.
[[UMTL: 0] Uphazamiso oluzenzekelayo : Izixhobo zale mihla zokuhlahlela zithumela ugcino-lwazi olukhulu, isalathisi esincinane kunye nokusebenzisana ngengqondo.
Ulwazi olungaphezulu luphakamisa kakhulu : Umthamo wolwazi ugqithisa amandla olungiselelo lomntu, uhlasela abo balawula ukuqukuqela kwenkcazelo.
Ikamva Lokwenza Umthetho
Utshintsho Oluza Kubakho
Utshintsho olwahlukahlukeneyo lungaphucula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho:
[[UMTL:0] UTshintsho lwe-FIlibuster: Izakhelo zisuka kususo ukuya kukufuna ii-paresi zokuthetha i-filbuster ukuya kukhulula umthetho othile.
[[UMTL:0] Ukubuyiselwa kolungelelwano oluthe rhoqo: Ukubuyela kwinkqubo ezisembindini wekomiti kungenza uphuculo lokucinga kunye ne bipartarianshishi.
[[UMTL:0] Imali yoTshintsho : Ukunciphisa impembelelo yemali kungabuyisela amalungu ekulawuleni kunokuqokelela imali.
[[UMTL: 0] Inkqubela-phambili yobuchule : Ubuxhakaxhaka bunokwenza inkqubo ibonakale kwaye ifikeleleke ngakumbi kubemi.
Utshintsho olucwangcisileyo : Iiveki ezide zomsebenzi weWashington zinganceda ulwakhiwo lolwalamano nokwenza imiyalelo enzulu.
Idinga kunye nonyanzelo lobuxhakaxhaka
Ubuxhakaxhaka bungaguqula ukwenza umthetho:
[[UMTL:0] Ulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi: amaqonga angaphakathi anokwenza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba ebanzi kuphuhliso lowiso-mthetho.
AI Uhlaziyo: Imfundo yematshini ingahlalutya iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zomthetho neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.
Isigodo sokuvota : Ababhexeshi bomjikelo bangenza iirekhodi zokuvota ezikhuselekileyo.
Ithatha Inxaxheba : Ubugcisa obukude bunganciphisa iimfuno zohambo kwaye buvumela ukuba nenxaxheba ebanzi.
Noko ke, ubugcisa bukwabangela ingozi yokusebenzisa kakubi, ukugada nokusebenzisa izinto ezingekho mthethweni.
Isiphelo: Ubuhle Obungafezekanga Bokwenza Umthetho Wedemokhrasi
Inkqubo ye indlela isibhaka-bhaka esiba ngayo ngumthetho sibi, siyadimazeka, kwaye sisoloko sibonakala saphuka. IiBhili zifa kwiidrowa zekomiti. Iingcamango ezilungileyo ziwela kwezobupolitika obudibeneyo. Kufuneka zingxamise iiprocedrouss. Imali ithetha kakhulu kunabemi. Intethelekiso yokwenza isoseji ephantsi kobuqhekeko.
Kodwa le nkqubo idityanisiweyo ikwaquka ubulumko obungundoqo bedemokhrasi: iinguqu ezinkulu kufuneka zidibane. Iindawo ezininzi eziphazamisa abaguquli zikwathintela ubundlobongela. Iinkqubo ezifanayo ezenza ukuba uthintelo lukhusele amancinane. Ukungaphumeleli okulibazisa umthetho olungileyo kukwaphelisa iingcamango ezimbi.
Ukuqonda le nkqubo − zombini imithetho yayo esesikweni kunye nezinto ezingacwangciswanga ) kubalulekile ekutshatiseni ubumi. Xa usazi indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwiKhomishini, ungaluphembelela ngcono olo hambo. Ungahlula phakathi kwemigudu yowiso-mthetho yokwenene kunye nemidlalo yemidlalo yezopolitiko. Unganika abameli ingxengxezo ngeziphumo, hayi nje yentetho.
Abaseki benkqubo yowiso-mthetho abathi bacinge ukuba bathatha ingxabano, balindele ukungavisisani, kwaye bafuna ukulalanisa. Kwixesha lethu eliphakathi kwemimandla, ukuyila kujongene novavanyo olukhulu. Nokuba le nkqubo iyaziqhelanisa neengxaki zale mihla okanye iyaphuka phantsi kobunzima babo, iya kubumba ikamva ledemokhrasi yaseMerika.
Kodwa inyaniso enye ayiguquguquki: inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ilungile kuphela njengoko abemi ababandakanyeka kuyo. Imithetho ayizenzeli zona ngokwazo . Ukuqonda indlela amatyala angabi yiyo nje imfundo yoluntu; kukulungiselela umsebenzi obalulekileyo wedemokhrasi. Umbuzo asikokuba inkqubo ifezekile. Ngokucacileyo asiyiyo. Umbuzo kukuba siya kubandakanyeka kuyo na, sisebenzisa ulwazi lwethu ukunyanzela iinguqulelo ezifunekayo kwingingqi yethu.
Kuba ekupheleni, inkqubo yemithetho ayibhekiseli nje kwindlela izikweri eziba ngayo imithetho. Kungenxa yendlela thina, abantu, sizilawula ngayo kuyo yonke inkcaso yethu, ingxabano, ubungangamsha bedemokhrasi obuzukileyo.
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