UHlaziyo Lwesibini kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luyenye yezona zinto zidibeneyo nezihlalutyiweyo kumthetho waseMerika. Ukuqonda iziseko zalo zomthetho, imbali, kunye nezicelo zangoku kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda umlinganiselo wamalungelo emipu nemigaqo eUnited States. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ecacileyo luhlolisisa iisiseko ezisemthethweni zoMgaqo-siseko wesibini ngolwimi olucacileyo, luhlolisisa umbhalo wawo, iinkcazelo zomthetho, isiseko sowiso-mthetho, kunye nenkqubela-mthetho eqhubekayo.

Umbhalo Wohlaziyo Lwesibini

ISichibiyelo sesibini sithi: " iMilitia elawulwa kakuhle, ekubeni iyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuthwala izixhobo, alizukuphulwa. I-Ratimente ngo1791, eli lungiselelo lamashumi amabini anesixhenxe libangele ingxoxo enzulu engokwasemthethweni kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ulungiso lunamacala amabini ahlukeneyo: igalelo langaphambili kunye negalelo elisebenzayo. Igalelo lokumiselwa kwangaphambili ("A iMilitia elungelelene kakuhle, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente okhululekileyo") ivakalisa injongo, kodwa ayiyimili okanye ayiwunwebi umyinge wengxelo esebenzayo. Igalelo lengxelo yesebe libonisa ukuba licombulula ilungelo lomntu ngamnye ukugcina nokuphatha izixhobo.

Le ndlela yomgaqo-ntetho ibingundoqo kwiingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni zokuba ulungiso lukhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye okanye ilungelo elidibeneyo elinxulumene nenkonzo yamajoni. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni iye yawucombulula lo mbuzo ixhasa ukutolikwa kwamalungelo abantu, nangona le ngxoxo iqhubeka kwiinkcubeko zemfundo nezezobupolitika.

Imbali Nemvelaphi

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amabini, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yahlala ithe cwaka ngomlinganiselo nangentsingiselo yoMthetho wesibini ohlaziyiweyo. Oku kwashiya ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ngokuphathelele uhlobo oluchanileyo lwamalungelo akhuselwe yile nguqu nendlela efanele asetyenziswe ngayo kule meko.

Imvelaphi yembali yoMphengululo wesiBini ibonisa amaxhala okuqalisa kwexesha lokusekwa kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. AbaLawuli boMbutho woLawulo loManyano babesoyika ukuba uRhulumente woMbutho woKhuselo-ntle wawuza kuphelisa abantu ukuze kupheliswe amajoni abemi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho umkhosi oziziziintloko-ntle okanye amajoni akhethiweyo alawulayo. Impendulo yayikukukhanyela igunya leBhunga kwibriji ilungelo lamandulo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, ukuze kulondolozwe imfuneko yomkhosi wabemi.

Ukuqonda le ngxelo yembali kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba utshintsho luquka icandelo lamajoni kunye nolwimi lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Abaququzeleli bafuna ukukhusela umsebenzi wokhuseleko odibeneyo wongabemi abaxhobileyo kunye nelungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nezixhobo ukwenzela iinjongo zobuqu.

Isigqibo Somgwebi Ophawulekayo

Isiqalo Setyala

Isithili saseColumbia v. Heller yayilityala apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngoJuni 26, 2008, yabanjwa (5-4) ukuba uLawulo lwesibini lokuHlaziya luqinisekisa ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nemipu ezimeleyo ekusebenzeni kwimikhosi karhulumente nokusebenzisa imipu ngokwesithethe, kuquka ukuzizikhusela ngokwayo ngaphakathi kwekhaya. Esi sigqibo saphawula ixesha lokuzichaphaza kweSendOpment jurisprunce.

Phambi kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiSithili saseColumbia v. Heller, iSithili saseColumbia sasinewebhu yemithetho elawula ubunini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemipu, ethathwe kunye, ekwakuphantse kuphele ukuvalwa kwemipu esetyenziswayo kwiSithili. Imithetho yayiquka umvalo jikelele ekubhaliseni imipu kunye neemfuno ezibhalisiweyo zokukhulula imipu okanye ukukhuselwa kwisitshixo senkcukumiso.

UDick Heller wayeligosa elikhethekileyo lamapolisa eligunyazisiweyo ukuphatha umpu ngexa lisemsebenzini kwiSiko leeJaji eziManyeneyo. Wafaka isicelo sesiqinisekiso sokubhalisa umpu awayefuna ukuwugcina ekhaya, kodwa iSithili sala. Oku kukhanyela kwanika uHeller iHeller imvume yokuvavanya imithetho yeSithili kwinkundla yeSithili.

Ukuqiqa KweNkundla

Ngo-2008, kwiSithili saseColumbia v. Heller, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela umntu ngamnye ilungelo lokuba nemipu ngeenjongo ezithile, kuquka ubuncinane ukuzikhusela kwakhe ekhaya. Oku kwala ukucaphula "amalungelo okuqokelelwa" ukucaciswa okuye kwalawula uluvo olusemthethweni oluninzi lwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

INkundla yamkela ingcamango ebizwa ngokuba yi-"indivive-autom" yentsingiselo yeSihlaziyo sesibini yaza yagatya intsingiselo yotshaba, ingcamango "yokuqokelela ilungelo", engqinelana nayo i-ayisensi ekhusela ilungelo elidibeneyo lamazwe ukugcina amajoni okanye umntu ngamnye ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo kunxulumano nemikhosi.

Uluvo lwabaninzi, olwaqanjwa nguJaji Antonin Scalia, lwaqhuba uhlalutyo olubanzi lwemibhalo nembali. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba uMphengululo wesibini unika umntu ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo ngeenjongo ezisemthethweni emva kokuthatha uhlalutyo olunzulu lwentsingiselo yala mazwi kwingxelo yokuHlaziywa kweNguqulo yesibini kunye negalelo lokusebenza.

Ukusikelwa Imilinganiselo Ethile Kuyaqondwa Kwisihogo

Xa kwakumiselwa ilungelo lomntu ngamnye, isigqibo seHeller saphinda sacacisa ukuba eli lungelo linemida. Ilungelo lesibini loMphetho-mda alingomda. Asilolungelo ukugcina nokuphatha isixhobo nasiphi na na nangayiphi na indlela nangayiphi na injongo.

Imbono yeNkundla akufunekanga ithathelwe ingqalelo ukubeka amathandabuzo kumthetho owenziwe ixesha elide owenzelwe ukuphatha imipu ngabadubuli kunye nabagula ngengqondo, okanye imithetho ethintela ukuthwala imipu kwiindawo ezirhabaxa ezinjengezikolo nezakhiwo zikarhulumente, okanye imithetho ebeka imilinganiselo kunye neemfaneleko ekuthengisweni kwezixhobo.

Le Nkundla ithetha ngokukhethekileyo ngomGaqo-mpu weSithili esivaliweyo kunye nemfuneko yokukhupha inkcazo. Ukuvalwa kommpu okhoyo ekhaya kulingana nokwalela lonke udidi "lwezixhobo" amaMelika akhetha ngokuphandle ngenjongo esemthethweni yokuzilawula. Ngaphantsi kwaloo migangatho yokuhlola iNkundla isebenzise ukudwelisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, lo mthetho uza kusilela kwintlanganiso yomgaqo-siseko.

IGazethi yeNkcubeko yeNtshona Koloni

Kwiminyaka emibini emva kweHeller, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yanikela ukhuseleko lwesibini loMphetho-mda kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSibini ubandakanya ilungelo lesibini lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo ngenjongo yokuzikhulula. Ngamanye amazwi, ilungelo likhuselwa kwimiqathango karhulumente nakwimibutho.

Le mfundiso ibandakanya ithetha ukuba urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni banyanzeliswe yimiqathango yesibini ekwakungagunyaziswa kuyo uLawulo lweSigqibo njengorhulumente wesizwe. Ngaphambi kweMcDonald, kwakungaqinisekwanga enoba iSesibini sokuHlonzeka sisebenza kwimimiselo yemipu karhulumente okanye kwimithetho yorhulumente kuphela.

Isakhiwo Esisetyenziswa EBruen: Umbhalo, Imbali Nesithethe

Ngo-2022, inkundla yazisa olunye utshintsho lwaselwandle nesigqibo sayo kwiLifa leSizwe laseNew York iRifle & Pistol Association Inc. v. Bruen yaza yamiswa (okanye ubuncinane icwangcisiweyo) uvavanyo olutsha lwamatyala esibini oHlaziyo: umbhalo, imbali, kunye nesithethe. Esi sigqibo saguqula indlela iinkundla ezivavanya ngayo imimiselo yemipu.

Isigqibo seBruen esamiselwa "umbhalo, imbali, nesithethe" sovavanyo loMmiselo wesiBini weMimiselo kunye nokuvunywa kwamalungelo okuphatha imipu eluntwini ukwenzela ukuzikhusela. Phantsi kwesi sakhiwo, iinkundla kuqala kufuneka zifumanise ukuba umbhalo ocacileyo weSigqibo sesibini soHlaziyo ugquma ihambo emiselwe phantsi kwemithetho. Ukuba kunjalo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umthetho uvisisana nesithethe sembali sesizwe somthetho wemipu.

Umgangatho weBruen umele utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekungeneni kwenzala kwintsebenziswano yokufumana inzala eyamkelwa zezinye iinkundla ezisezantsi emva kweHeller. Kufuna iinkundla ukuba zibe nenxaxheba kuhlalutyo olunenkcukacha zembali ukufumanisa ukuba imimiselo yemipu yanamhlanje inemiyalelo engokwembali kusini na.

Uphuhliso lwale Nkundla iPhakamileyo

EUnited States v. Rahimi (2024)

Ngo-2024, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi Icandelo 922(g)(8) (8) elithintela abantu abaphantsi kogonyamelo oluthile lwasekhaya oluthintela ukuphatha imipu (*siko ukuba nemithetho yokungamelani nomthetho phantsi koMphengululo wesibini. INkundla yaqiqa ngelithi inkxaso eyaneleyo yembali yayikho kumgaqo wokuba xa umntu ebeka isisongelo esicacileyo sogonyamelo lomzimba komnye, umntu osongelayo angadityaniswa ipeyiti.

Esi sigqibo sacacisa indlela isakhiwo seBruen esisebenza ngayo kwimithetho ekhulula abantu abayingozi. Sabonisa ukuba imiyalelo yembali ayifanelanga ifane nemimiselo yale mihla, kodwa kufuneka ibonise imigaqo efanayo.

Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni Oluqhubekayo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibonakala izalise impikiswano yayo edluliselweyo yegama elingu 2025-26, iyenza ibe lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuhlola ukwakhiwa kwelizwe lesibini loMgaqo-nkqubo nokugxininisa eminye yemiba emikhulu engekalawulwa ngabagwebi.

Ekuqaleni kowama-2026, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhanyela ukuba iCertiorari kumatyala amaninzi iphakamise imingeni yomgaqo-siseko kwiCandelo 922(1).

Imithetho yezixhobo zomlilo zomanyano

Umthetho Wokulawula Imipu

Umthetho oyintloko wequmrhu elilawula imipu nguMthetho wokuLawula ka-1968, njengoko ulungisiwe. Lo mthetho umisela inkqubo ebanzi yezorhwebo lwemipu kunye nokuba nento ekhoyo. Ezinye iimeko zibandakanya ucelomngeni kumalungiselelo amade eSigqeba sokuLawula soMgaqo-siseko woLawulo lwaMazwelonke othintela iindidi ezithile zabantu abasuka kwimipu.

UMthetho wokuLawula imipu uquka amalungiselelo

  • Izaphula umthetho iindidi ezithile zabantu abanompu, kuquka iinjubaqa ezibotshelelweyo, ababhaduli, abasebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, abantu abacinga ukuba bagula ngengqondo, nabo bathintelweyo kwimiyalelo ethile
  • Kufuneka urhulumente afake abathengisi bemipu, abenzi bezinto kunye nabangenisi-mali
  • Uvavanyo lwemipu oluvela ngasemva
  • Imithetho ethintelayo yokuthumela imipu phakathi kwelizwe
  • Izixhobo ezithile, ezinjengemipu eyenziwe emva kowe - 1986
  • Ukusekwa kwemiqathango egunyazisiweyo

Abantu Abagwetyiweyo

Umthetho womanyano walela iindidi eziliqela zabantu abasuka kwimipu. Ilungiselelo eliqhelekileyo eligwetywayo ngumthetho wefelon-in-ingine. Nguwo omnye wezona zityholo zikarhulumente ezimangalelweyo. Kumatyala angama-61,678 axelwa kwiKhomishini yeSevenfing kwifiscal 2024, malunga nama-6700 — ngaphezulu kwe-10% — ebandakanyeke kwityala lefelon-in-in-palion.

Ezinye iindidi ezivaliweyo ziquka abantu abaye bagwetywa ngenxa yezenzo zogonyamelo ezingekho mthethweni zasekhaya, abo bakhululwayo ngokungafanelekanga emkhosini, abantu abaye balahla ubumi babo baseUnited States, nabaphambukeli abangekho mthethweni.

Abasebenzisi Beziyobisi Nezixhobo Zomlilo

NgoJanuwari 2025, iNjingalwazi yesihlanu yaguqula ukukholelwa komntu oyisebenzisa umyayi ngaphantsi kwe-18 U.S.C. 922(g)(3), ilungiselelo lorhulumente lokungavumeli abasebenzisi beziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni namakhoboka eziyobisi ukuba babe nemipu, ngenxa yokuba yaphula umthetho uMphetho wesibini. Lo mmandla womthetho uyaqhubeka ungena, iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zifikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo malunga nokuncitshiswa kweziyobisi.

Imithetho yemithetho yeMililo yasekuhlaleni

Iintlobo - ntlobo Zemeko Ziyasondela

Imithetho yemipu karhulumente yahluka kakhulu kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Amanye amazwe aye amkela iindlela zokuyekelela ezingekho ngqiqweni ezingaphaya kwemiqathango karhulumente, ngoxa amanye eye amisela iinkqubo ezibanzi zokulawula eziquka ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, ukuvalwa kwezixhobo, imiqathango yomthamo wamaphephancwadi nemiqathango apho imipu inokuthwalwa khona.

Ngokulandela isigqibo seMcDonald, yonke imithetho karhulumente neyompu yasekuhlaleni kufuneka ithobele iSihlaziyo sesibini njengoko sichazwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Noko ke, amaphondo anegunya elibalulekileyo lokulawula imida yemipu ngaphakathi kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

Ukuhlasela Izixhobo kunye namaphephancwadi amakhulu

Ubume bemipu esetyenziswa ngoomatshini bokulwa (njenge-AR-135) mhlawumbi yeyona mbambano iphambili ngokuphathelele uHlaziyo lwesibini okwangoku kusagqitywa. Amazwe alishumi aye adlulisela imiqathango yokuhlasela ngezixhobo nangona ingcaciso ingafani kumthetho ngamnye.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iHeller ikhusela izixhobo ezisetyenziswa "eziqhelekileyo" kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni kodwa hayi "eziyingozi nezingaqhelekanga". Lo mgangatho ubangele impikiswano ebalulekileyo ngompu osetyenziswa ngemijukujelwa engaqhelekanga. IRoument of Maryland iyayithintela into yokuba ne-AR-10, eyona mipu ithandwayo kwezasekuhlaleni eMelika, kunye nokuvalwa komthetho okufana noko kukweminye imiqathango.

Urhulumente kunye novalelo lwasekuhlaleni kumaphephancwadi aphezulu angenakukwazi ukwenza nto, nawo aye aba yindawo ephambili kumadabi angaphaya koMphetho-mvaba wesibini, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo isawucombulula ngokugqibeleleyo lo mba. Amazwe aneshumi elinesine agqithise imiqathango kumthamo wamaphephancwadi enemida esuka kwishumi elinesibini ukuya kuma-20.

Ukuthwala Izixhobo Zomlilo Ewonke - wonke

Isigqibo seBruen sathetha ngemithetho ethintela ukuthwala imipu kuwonke-wonke ukwenzela ukuzikhusela. Phambi kweBruen, amagunya amaninzi afuna ukuboniswa "umbango ofanelekileyo" okanye "isizathu esilungileyo" sokufumana imvume yokuthwala imvumo efihliweyo. Inkundla yabetha phantsi iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zonobangela waseNew York, ibambe loo mthetho obeka abemi abanelungelo lokuphatha imipu kuwonke wonke ngenxa ye-efante.

Noko ke, kusekho imibuzo malunga nalapho imipu inokuthi ithwalwe khona. NgoSeptemba 2024, iSithili seSijingatha seNinth saxhasa uthintelo lweZiwayithi ekuthwaleni imipu kwindawo yangasese ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini. Umlinganiselo "weendawo ezichukumis'" apho imipu ingayekwa khona ihlala ingummandla osebenzayo wokuziqhushumbisa.

Imiqathango Yobudala

Isibongozo esikwi Glass sicela ucelomngeni kwiSiphaluka seshumi elinesixhenxe seMatshi 2025 ekuxhathiseni ukuvalwa kwemida yeFlorida ekuthengisweni okanye ekudluliseleni imipu kwi 18-20-nyaka-20. Imiqathango esekelwe kwiminyaka esekelwe kumalungelo emipu iphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo malunga nomgangatho wembali weSibini soKhuselo-Mphengululo nokuba ngaba abatsha babethathwa ngokwembali njengenxalenye "yabantu" ekhuselwe yintsha.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zemithetho yezixhobo zomlilo

Ukhangelo Lwangasemva

Umthetho womanyano ufuna abathengisi bemipu abagunyazisiweyo ukuba baqhube iziphumo zenkqubo yeNational Nother Criminal Scheck System (NICS) phambi kokudlulisela imipu. Le nkqubo ihlola ukuba umthengi ungene na kulo naluphi na udidi olungavumelekanga. Imfuno yesiqalo ixhaswe njengomgaqo-siseko, nangona isebenza kuphela kubathengisi abagunyazisiweyo, hayi ukuthunyelwa ngasese kumazwe amaninzi.

Amanye amazwe aye andisa imilinganiselo yokuhlola intengiso nothutho lwamatyala. Le mithetho isekelwe kwimvelaphi ijonge imigaqo-nkqubo ihlala iphantsi kweengxaki zomthetho, kodwa iinkundla ezininzi ziye zayixhasa njengevisisana noMthetho wesibini wokuHloliselwa.

Ukubhaliswa nokubhaliswa

Ezinye iindawo zifuna ukuba abantu bafumane imvume okanye imvume ngaphambi kokuba bathenge okanye babe nemipu.

Imiyalelo yobhaliso igunyazisa ukuba abanini-zixhobo babhalise izixhobo zabo kumagunya karhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko wokubhalisa nokubhalisa uxhomekeke kumalungiselelo abo akhethekileyo nokuba bayawathintela na abemi ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo esibini oLawulo.

Ixesha Lokulinda

Amazwe amaninzi amisela ixesha lokulinda phakathi kwentengo nokuhanjiswa kwemipu. Le mithetho ifuna ukuba kulibaziseke iintsuku eziliqela ukuvumela ii-checks zesiqalo nokubonelela ngexesha "lokuyeka" elinokuthi lithintele izenzo zogonyamelo ezingxamayo. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa amathuba afanelekileyo okulinda njengomGaqo-siseko.

Iimfuno Ezikhuselekileyo Zogcino

Ezinye izikhululo zifuna imipu ukuba igcinwe ngeendlela ezithile, njengezinto ezivaliweyo okanye iingxibo ezikhutshwayo, ingakumbi xa abantwana benokufikelela kuzo. Isigqibo seHeller sabulala imfuneko yokuba imipu esekhaya igcinwe ingasetyenziswa ngalo lonke ixesha, kodwa iimfuno ezikhuselekileyo ezisikelwe umda zivumelekile, ingakumbi xa umniniyo engekho okanye xa abantwana besekhaya.

Iindawo ezichaphazelekayo

Imithetho ekwalela imipu kwiindawo ezithile, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ziindawo ezichaphazelekayo," ibisoloko iqashelwa njengemGaqo-siseko. Iindawo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo ziquka izikolo, izakhiwo zikarhulumente, kunye nezindlu zenkundla. Emva kweBruen, kuye kwachazwa kakhulu ukuba ziziphi ezinye iindawo ezifanelekileyo, kuquka ezothutho zikawonke-wonke, iindawo zonqulo, kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa.

Indima Yohlalutyo Lwembali

Phantsi kweBruen, uhlalutyo lwembali lunendima ephambili kwikhankanyiweyo yeSibini soHlaziyo. Iinkundla kufuneka zihlole ukuba imimiselo ecetyiweyo iyavisisana na nesithethe sembali sesizwe somthetho wemipu. Olu phando lujolise kwimithetho eyayikho ngexesha lokusekwa (1791) nangexesha lokubuyiselwa koMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesine (1868).

Le ndlela yembali ibangele impikiswano ebalulekileyo. Abagwebi kufuneka bachaze imithombo yembali, bafumanise ukuba yiyiphi imiyalelo yembali enxulumene nemithetho yale mihla, kwaye bagqibe ukuba imigaqo yale mihla imele ingqinelane kangakanani neyamandulo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi le ndlela ayisebenzi kwaye inika abagwebi ubuchule obukhulu ekukhetheni nasekuchazeni imithombo yembali. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi inika umgangatho othe ngqo kuneemvavanyo zenteleko zebhalbhanti kwaye ikhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Imibuzo Esemthethweni Eqhubekayo Nenkqubela Yexesha Elizayo

Imithetho ye-Fedon-esendaweni

Imbambano ephambili kwezi meko kukuba, phantsi kweBruen, abantu abagwetyelwe ukungabi nabundlobongela basenokungavunyelwa ukuba babe nemipu phantsi kweCandelo 922(g)(1). Ngoxa imbali ixhasa ukukhutshwa kwabantu abanobungozi, imibuzo isaphakama yokuba bonke ookrebe banokukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo okanye urhulumente umele abonise ubungozi ngokomntu ngamnye.

Ukuhlasela Izixhobo Nemiqathango Yemaphephancwadi

Umgaqo-siseko wokuvalwa kwezixhobo zokuhlasela kunye nemiqathango emikhulu yephephancwadi ehlala ingeyomibuzo ebalulekileyo engaphendulwanga kumthetho wesiBini soLawulo. IJaji Kavanaugh yaqukumbela ngokuthi inkundla "ifanele" ithethe ngembambano ye-AR-15 kamsinyane, "kwiSihlomelo esilandelayo okanye ezimbini".

Umbuzo ongundoqo ngulokuba ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa "ngokuqhelekileyo" kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni kwaye zikhuselwe yiSichibiyelo sesibini okanye ukuba ziyafaneleka njengezixhobo eziyingozi nezingaqhelekanga" eziphuma ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Isigqibo salo mbuzo sizakuba nentsingiselo enzulu yomgaqo-siseko wemipu kulo lonke ilizwe.

Imithetho Yeflegi Ebomvu

Imiyalelo yokhuseleko egqithiseleyo yomngcipheko, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"red reflags," ivumela iinkundla zisuse imipu okwexeshana kubantu ababonakala beyingozi kubo okanye kwabanye. Le mithetho iye yanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kodwa ukuma komgaqo-siseko phantsi koMphengululo wesibini akuqinisekanga. Isigqibo seRahimi sanika inkxaso ethile yokuphelisa abantu abayingozi okwexeshana, kodwa imibuzo isekho malunga neenkqubo ezifunekayo kunye nemilinganiselo yokugqiba ubungozi.

Imithetho efihliweyo yokuphatha

Ngoxa uBruen emisele ilungelo lokuphatha imipu phambi kwabantu, kusekho imibuzo emininzi malunga nemithetho evumelekileyo ekugcinwe kuyo. Iingxoxo ziquka imfuneko yokuqeqesha, imiqathango yokuphatha iindawo ezithile, nemimiselo yendlela ekufuneka ithwalwe ngayo imipu.

Izifundo zobugcisa ezidityanisiweyo

Ubugcisa obutsha obukhoyo inoveli yesiHlamli sesibini seMimiselo. Le iquka imipu eshicilelweyo ye-3D, "imipu yomlilo" (izixhobo zomlilo ezingenamanani amanani), ubugcisa bompu obukrelekrele, kunye nezinto ezilungisa amandla emipu. IiNkundla ziyakufuna ukugqiba indlela imigaqo yesibini yoLawulo oluHlaziyiweyo esebenza ngayo kule miba mitsha.

Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Nokhuseleko Loluntu

Uhlaziyo lwesibini lungaphakathi komgaqo-siseko obanzi oquka amalungelo nezinye izilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Abaphathi-mthetho neenkundla kufuneka balinganisele ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo ngokuchasene nenkxalabo yokhuseleko olusemthethweni lukawonke-wonke.

Olu lungelelaniso lubonakala kuvumo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo lokuba ilungelo lesibini loMphengululo alingomda. Imithetho enolwazelelelo engalithwalisi kakhulu ilungelo lokuzilawula, ingakumbi xa ixhaswa yisithethe sembali. Noko ke, ukufumanisa ukuba yiyiphi imithetho "esengqiqweni" kwaye yeyiphi eyona ngxaki eninzi yamalungelo esibini oMphengululo-zinzileyo ahlala enengxabano.

Impembelelo Yokuhlaziywa KwesiBini

Uthotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ukususela oko iHeller iqinisekisile le ngqiqo ibanzi yamalungelo emipu phantsi komGaqo-siseko. Ngenxa yoko, iintsebenzi zowiso-mthetho zifuna ukudlulisa imilinganiso yolawulo lwemipu ukwenzela iinjongo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ziye zabona iindlela ezinokukhethwa zincipha kakhulu.

Ukwanda kokhuseleko lwesiBini loMphetho-mda kubangele ukuba imimiselo yemipu enzima kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zazama ukusebenzisa izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokungaguqukiyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kukwahlulwa kwesiphaluka kwimibandela emininzi. Oku kubekwa kweliso okuqhubekayo kuyaqhubeka kubumba imida yemipu evumelekileyo.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zobanikazi Bemipu

Ukuqonda umthetho wesiBini woHlaziyo kubaluleke kakhulu kubanini-mpu. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, eli lungelo liphantsi kwemithetho emininzi eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwemithetho yegunya. Abanini-mikhosi kufuneka bathobele imithetho esebenzayo karhulumente, karhulumente, kunye neyasekuhlaleni ngokuphathelele ukuthenga, ukuphatha, nokuphatha imipu.

Iingqwalasela ezingundoqo kubaphathi bompu ziquka:

  • Uqikelelo lwabo alungeni nakuluphi na udidi olungavumelekanga phantsi komthetho wesizwe okanye
  • Ukulandela imigaqo yemvelaphi xa kuthengwa imipu
  • Ukufumana naziphi na iilayisensi okanye imvume ezifunekayo
  • Imigaqo elandela apho imipu inokuthwalwa khona
  • Ukunamathela kwimfuno ezikhuselekileyo zogcino xa ziyimfuneko
  • Ukuqonda imithetho yalo naliphi na igunya abatyelela ngalo bephethe imipu
  • Ukuhlala wazi ngenkqubela-phambili yomthetho esenokuchaphazela amalungelo abo

Oovimba bolwazi oluthe vetshe

Abo bafuna ukuqonda umthetho wesiBini woMgqino-ziphene ngobunzulu obuphangaleleyo bangajonga kubuncwane obuninzi. Iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eHeller, McDonald, Bruen, naseRahimi zinikela isiseko sesiseko somthetho wesiHlomelo sesibini seSigqibo sale Miba. Ezi zigqibo zifumaneka ngewebhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neesiseko somthetho.

Kwinkqubela-phambili zangoku, [[FLT: 0] i-SCOTROG inikezela ngengxelo entle yamatyala okuLamlelwa kweSibini phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. I-Duke Center for Firemorms Law [ igcina indawo yokugcina yonke imimiselo yemipu engokwembali kunye nohlalutyo lwabaphengululi. Inkonzo yophando lwenkqesho lweziko yezophatho lweziko ikhupha iingxelo ezithe rhoqo kumbandela wesibini wokuzinziso ezikhoyo ngaphaya [[FLT:]] i-Chonforn.

Igqwetha lesizwe lee-ofisi jikelele zelizwe linikela inkcazelo ngemithetho yemipu kumaziko alo. I-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemorms kunye ne-Explosives (ATF) inikela ukhokelo kwimithetho yemipu karhulumente ngewebhsayithi yayo ku www.atf.gov.

Ukupheliswa Komthetho Wesibini Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Ixesha langoku leMimiselo yeSibini yoLawulo oluHlaziweyo litsha kwihlabathi elinomthetho weNkundla Ephakamileyo. Lo mthetho uyaqhubeka ukhula njengoko iinkundla zilungisa iingxaki ezintsha kwaye zisebenzisa imigaqo emisiweyo kwiimeko ezintsha.

Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zawuguqula ngokusisiseko umthetho wesiBini soMgqino-ziphengululo, kodwa imibuzo emininzi ayikaphendulwa. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyaqhubeka zixhathisa ukusebenzisa umbhalo, imbali, kunye nesithethe kwimimiselo eyahlukeneyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iyakufuna ukunikela ukhokelo olongezelelekileyo kwimibandela emininzi kwiminyaka ezayo.

Oku kuguqula umgaqo-siseko osemthethweni kuthetha ukuba abanini-mpu, abaququzeleli bemithetho, kunye noogqirha abasemthethweni kufuneka bahlale benolwazi ngenkqubela-phambili yomthetho wesiBini woLawulo. Oko kuvumelekileyo namhlanje kungacelwwa ngomso, kwaye imimiselo eyayikhe yacingwa ukuba igwetywe njengoko iinkundla zicombulula ukuqonda kwabo umgangatho wokulungisa.

Isiphelo

IsiHlanzi sesibini sikhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni, ingakumbi eziziphethe ngokwakhe. Eli lungelo, elimiselwe ngokuqinisekisiweyo kwisigqibo seHeller kunye nentswela-ncopho kwiimeko ezilandelayo, lisisiseko kodwa alimili. Umanyano, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokulawula imipu ngeendlela ezihambelana nombhalo, imbali, kunye nesithethe soMphetho wesibini.

Ukuqonda umthetho wesiBini woHlaziyo kufuna ukuqhelana nemizekelo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, isithethe sembali somthetho wemipu, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo ezamkelwa ngamagunya ahlukeneyo. Njengoko umthetho uqhubeka uguquka, ukuhlala wazi ngenkqubela engokwasemthethweni kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kumalungelo nemimiselo yemipu.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lusaqhubeka kwingxoxo yesi-2 yoMphengululo. IiNkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho nabemi bayaqhubeka bezama ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko xa bethetha ngokufanelekileyo ngogonyamelo lompu. Le ngxoxo iqhubekayo ichaphazela intsingiselo esebenzayo yoMphetho-mdali weSibini kwibutho lamaMerika.

Enoba ungumnini-mpu ofuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho neembopheleleko, umenzi-nkqubo ocinga ngemiqathango yemipu, okanye ummi onomdla kumthetho-siseko, ukuqondwa okuqinileyo kwesiseko sesibini soMgaqo-nkqubo kunika isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi kwezi ngxoxo zibalulekileyo. Isiseko esisemthethweni esimiswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo silungiselela ezi ngxoxo, kwananjengoko imibuzo emininzi engqalileyo isekho ngokubhekiselele kwingxoxo eqhubekayo kunye nesenzo somthetho.