Ukwazisa

Ucalucalulo lobudala beminyaka luhlala lungumqobo oqhubekayo kwizigidi zabasebenzi abakhulileyo ehlabathini jikelele. Nangona kumashumi eminyaka enkqubo yomthetho elungiselelwe ukukhusela ukuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni ngokweminyaka, oogqirha abaninzi abanamava bayaqhubeka bejongene neembono ezithe ngqo nezigqithisileyo ezilinganisela amathuba abo emisebenzi, inkqubela phambili yomsebenzi, kunye nokhuseleko lomsebenzi. ICHOVID-19 ekhawulezileyo itshintsha emsebenzini njengomsebenzi owexelezeleyo kunye notshintsho lwezintshunqulelo lwamanani, kodwa kwakhona ityhila kwaye maxa wambi isimo sengqondo sokuvelela sangoku singenza ucalucalucalulo olukhoyo. Le ngxelo imigaqo ecetyiweyo icetyiswe kwimiqatha, ijonge iinguqu, iziphumo ezithe chaza phambili, kunye novavanyo lwemiqathango ephambili, inika iziphumo kwiZiko ze-Urban. Ngoku, abalungisi-mthetho nabaxhasi bemibutho bemisebenzi bakhuthaza ukutshintsha kolunye ulutsha.

Ucalucalulo lobudala asiyonto nje engokomthetho. "Iimeko zoqoqosho, intlalo-ntle, kunye nengqondo."Xa iingcali ezinamava zikhuselwe kwimisebenzi okanye zinganikwa mathuba, iinkampani ziphulukana nolwazi lweziko, ubucebisi, ubuchule, kunye nolubalulekileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, abasebenzi abadala basoloko bejongene nokungakhuseleki ngokwemali, ukuhla kwemali yomhlala-phantsi, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemali egcinwe ngayo. Ukukhusela okunamandla kunganceda ukuphelisa ezi meko, kodwa kuphela ukuba zenziwe ngobuchule, zinyanzelekile, kwaye zixhaswa lutshintsho lwenkcubeko. Eli nqaku litsalela kuphaka uphando lwakutshanje, izicelo zemithetho, kunye nengcaciso yengcaciso yokuchaza indlela ezinokuhla kolungela ngayo ucaluko olukhoyo.

Imithetho Yale Minyaka Yocalucalulo

EUnited States, iAge Crimination in Act (ADEA) yowe-1967 inqanda ukucalucalulwa kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala nangaphezulu ekuqeshweni, ekukhushulisweni, ekukhutshweni, kwintlawulo, nakumthetho wokusebenza. Imithetho efanayo ikho kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, njengoMthetho we-Esizence 2010 eUnited Kingdom, i-General Accompation Treatment Act eJamani, kunye ne-Age Discrimination Act 2004 eOct e-Ostreliya. Kodwa phezu kwako nje oku kusungulwa komthetho okusemthethweni, ucalucalulo lweminyaka ekhoyo luhlala luxhaphaze. Ngokutsho kohlolisiso lwama-201 lwe-201 lwe-National Bureaunity Research, abasebenzi abaneminyaka engaphezu kwama-50 abambalwa abanokufumana amatyala angonwayo ngenxa yemisebenzi, kwana naxa bengenalwazi oluqhelekileyo lokubulala.

Omnye umsantsa omkhulu kwimithetho yangoku ngowokuba ukhuseleko oluninzi lusebenza kubasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu, lushiya abasebenzi abaselula besengozini yokungaxhomekeki kwikhethe elibanjwe ngabantu abadala (ngokufuthi libizwa ngokuba "kwiminyaka yobudala obu-"). Umzekelo, abanye abaqeshi bafuna ngokuphandle "indawo yokuhlala ekhoyo" okanye "imbono etsha", ngaphandle kwezicelo ezindala. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kwemeko yezoqoqosho kunye namanye amalungiselelo ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo ekhoyo, kuye kwadala inani elikhulu labantu abazizisebenzelayo, abakhululekileyo, nabasebenzi baseqongeni abaphazabalaza ngaphandle kwemithetho yesithethe socalulo lwemisebenzi. Kwi-U., i-ADEAAA. kunye nemithetho emininzi yelizwe igubungela abasebenzi kuphela kwinani elincinane labasebenzi (i-20 okanye ngaphezulu), ukushiya amashishini nangaphezulu ngaphandle kokulawula. IECC ikhomba ekwayilwa kancinane, inike ingxelo ehlawulwa ixesha elide ne-AC.

Obunye ubunzima obubalulekileyo bububunzima bokubonisa ucalucalulo lobudala enkundleni. Abaqeshi basoloko besebenzisa iindidi ezibonakala ngathi "zingathathi-nxaxheba" "umyinge wobundi obungekho mthethweni,"" okanye "imigangatho engekho mthethweni ye-'technoloji' i-savvy'" okanye "ii-technoloji savvy'e-meahn'. Ukumangalelwa okuninzi kuphelela ekugwebeni ngokushwankamlasela umqeshi kubaqeshi kubaqeshi ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi abakwazi ukubonisa inkqebelo ecacileyo yenjongo yokukhetha iinjongo zomthetho. Oku kubangela ukuba abasebenzi abadala bafumane ukuba i-Plalvity bafumane malunga ne-15% yexesha, xa kuthelekiswa nama-25% exesheni ngenxa yesondo okanye ucalucalucalucalulo. Oku kutho olusezantsi ludiselukutyenise ekulandeleni izenzo zomthetho nakumthetho.

Umboniso udibene. I-European Union’s Examity Directive inqanda ucalucalulo lobudala ekusebenzeni nasekuqeqesheni umsebenzi, kodwa amalungu alo awuzalisekisa ngokwahlukileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuselweni ngendlela engalinganiyo. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe avumela ixesha lomhlalaphantsi onyanzelisa umhlala-phantsi onyanzelisa abasebenzi abadala ngokunempumelelo, ngoxa amanye ewayekile. EJapan, i-Act oning Relificed Work of Elder Person Persons ikhuthaza iinkampani ukuba ziphinde zifumane abasebenzi abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-70 ubudala, kodwa ukunyanzelisa nokungaqeshwa kudibanisi abasebenzi abaninzi kuphazamisa umoya womthetho ngokunikela imivuzo ephantsi okanye izikhundla ezinqwenelwayo. Ezi zinto zibalase iimfuno ezifunekayo zibalasele imfuneko zokuzinzo ezizinzileyo nezingaguquguquyo.

Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo ocetyiswayo ukwenzela uKhuseleko

Ngenxa yezi mpazamo, abenzi bomthetho, imibutho yobungangamsha njenge-ARP kunye neProjekthi yeSizwe yoMsebenzi woMsebenzi, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge-International Labour Organization icebise utshintsho olululo lwenkqubo. Ngeli ngezantsi ziinkalo ezingundoqo zokuqwalaselwa, nganye inemilinganiselo nemizekelo ekhethekileyo evela kwimigudu yakutshanje yemithetho.

Ukwandisa Isigqubuthelo Kubasebenzi Abangakumbi

Esinye sezicelo ezinyanzelisayo kukwandisa ucalucalulo lobudala kumsebenzi ongaphantsi kwe-40. Olunye ucalucalulo olunzima lungachaphazela abasebenzi abaselula. Umzekelo, ekuqeshweni kwezithuba eziphezulu apho abaqeshi benokuthi abaqeshi bajonge ama-"matsha" okanye abaswele amava. Amanye amazwe, njengeNew York, sele endise ucalucalulo lobudala bawo bobudala bokuhlala kunye nabo bonke abasebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ubudala. Olunye ulwandiso olunzima lubandakanya abasebenzi bezenzi bezekenempungezo. Ngo-2023, iSebe le-OR. iSebe le-O. likhupha umthetho wokugqibela ocacisa izakhiwo ezizimeleyo, kodwa alithethi ukuba abasebenzi balufanele ukukhuselwa ikhuselwe imigaqo-mthetho yeminyaka yabo. Kodwa abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo badiswe yi-ase-odmi, i-aced prose i-od projectives.

Ukongezelela, imithetho emininzi yangoku ikhulula abaqeshi abancinane. Umzekelo, i-ADEA isebenza kubaqeshi abanama-20 okanye ngaphezulu, ngelixa iSihlomelo VII soMthetho wamaLungelo waMazwe e-Pologn sigquma abo baneminyaka eli-15 nangaphezulu. Ukuhlenga-hlenga-hlengisa eso siqobo ukuya kwisihlanu okanye isi-1 umqeshwa uzakuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abadala abakwimashishini amancinane, amashishini, amatsha, kunye neenkampani ezizisebenzelayo zikhuselekile. Ingxelo yama-20222 esuka kwiZiko leNkqubela yamaLungelo aseMelika ithelekelelwa ukuba phantse kuma-40% e-U.S. Abasebenzi baqeshwa abanomsebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-20, ithetha ukuba isahlulo esikhulu sabasebenzi abasebenzayo abaswele ucalucalucalu-calucalulo. Umgangatho waseMichigan naseNew Jersey, ibonisa ukuba ukunyuselwa kwabaqeshi abancinane bafumana i-Admiedmi.

Umatshini Onamandla

Kwanemithetho engcono kakhulu ayisebenzi ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa. IiNguqu ezicetyisiweyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ziquka ukunyuka kwezigwebo zokwaphula, njengokunyusa iipesenti zeziphumo zezeemvakalelo okanye ukukhuthuza iziphumo zocalulo lokwahlulwa kweminyaka. Phantsi komthetho wesizwe wangoku, ilahleko kwi-ADEAAAa ethintelwe ukubuyisela intlawulo kunye nomonakalo owenziwe ngokutsha (kuphinde kabini) kumatyala okungalawulekiyo. Ngokunjalo akukho sisohlwayo sokwenza uxinzelo lwenkciso ngokweemvakalelo okanye ukukhubazeka kwemali, kodwa, abagwebi abaninzi bayazimisela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Amanye amazwe, njengomkhosi waseCalifornia, osele evumele ilahleko eqinileyo, enokuba ngumqobo onamandla ongakumbi wokuthintela imicimbi. Kodwa, enye ingqeqesho yemibutho yolawulo oluzimeleyo ekwahlulelwe ngeminyaka yobudala obuqhelekileyo, i-EC.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuqinisa ilungelo labucala lesenzo kunye nokunciphisa imiqobo ebekwa ecaleni ngokweeklasini-action kuya kwenza kube lula ngabasebenzi ukuba bacel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isigqibo sika-2009 seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Gross v. FBL Inkonzo yezezimali[ iphakamisa umthwalo wobungqina bokuchanaba abacalucalucalulo-calulo lobudala, ofuna ukuba ubudala bube yimeko olubi kakhulu oluthiweyo "kodwa" olusemgangathweni ophezulu kune "injongo esetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko zocalulo. Iingcali ezininzi zemithetho esemthethweni namalungu eBhungani awazimisela umthetho wokuphelisa isigqibo sobuhlanga (PSOPA), oyaludayo, oya kubuyiselwa ucaluko lwemibalwano oludiyo kunye nemithetho edityani edityani kunye nolukileyo.

Amaphulo Okulumkisa Nemfundo

Ukwazi amalungelo omntu kuyimfuneko esisiseko ekuwasebenziseni. Abasebenzi abakhulileyo abaninzi abazazi ii-website zabo zokhuseleko olusemthethweni, nabaqeshi abaninzi . kwaye abaqeshi abaninzi . ngokukodwa amashishini amancinane . "awaqondi ngokupheleleyo amatyala abo. Iziguqu zenkqubo zisoloko ziquka amalungiselelo amaphulo okuphapha uluntu, iinkqubo zomqeshi-mqeshi, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezikhokelo ezingcono. Umzekelo, i-webhsayithi ye-EOC inikela izibonelelo zokwahlulwa kweeminyaka, kodwa imali yokuphuma kwemali ekhoyo. Iinkonzo eziliqela zamalungelo abantu ziqalise amaphulo, njengalamrhumo "I-Agerival" iphulo loqeqesho, eliquka izibhengezo-majelo zezecukuhlulo, ii-bina, kunye nezinto ezishiciweyo kwiilwimi ezininzi. Imali ezibonelelwa kwezo nkonzo zinokudityaniswa ukuze zixhaswe kwi-omeli kunye naku-okswonds.

Enye indlela ethembisayo kukwenza ucalucalulo lobudala lube ziindlela ezibanzi zokuhlola, i-equiny, kunye nokuququzelela (DEI). Ngokufuthi, iinkqubo ze-DEI zijolise kuphela kwibala, ubufana neentlobano zesini, ukujonge ubudala njengomlinganiselo wokwahlukahlukana. Amaqela e-advocation afana ne-AARP ayile izixhobo zokusebenzisa abaqeshi ukuqwalasela nokuphucula iminyaka yabo epheleleyo. Uhlolisiso lwamashumi amabini asixhenxe oluyiMbutho wezakhono zoLawulo lwezeMbali (SHRM) lufumanise ukuba imibutho eneenkqubo ezisemthethweni zokwahlukahlukana ngokweminyaka imbi imbi yabika ulwaneliseko oluphezulu nokwehla komkhanka kwabasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-50.

Oovimba neNkxaso eFikelelekayo yoMgaqo-siseko

Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo esemthethweni kufuneka ifikeleleke ngakumbi kubasebenzi abadala abafumana ucalucalulo. Abasebenzi abakhulileyo abaninzi abakwazi ukukhokela abasebenzi kwinkqubo yokukhalaza. Amanye amagqwetha, okanye uloyiko oluvela kumqeshi wabo. Utshintsho olucetyisiweyo luquka ukubonelela ngemali intlangano yoncedo olusemthethweni ejongene nomthetho, ukusekwa kwe-pro-bono arcomtarynementsmeternet, kunye nokusungulwa kwe-ofisi ye-ombumbusa-mansmansman ukuze ikhokele abasebenzi kwinkqubo yokukhalaza. Amanye amazwe, njengeSixeko saseNew York, aye amisela iikliniki ezisemthethweni ezikhululekileyo abasebenzi abajongenekhetheko. Kwi-UK, i-Exferecial Aviscovery noServiocel Servience nikela ing ngokukhululekileyo nenkxaso eluncedo kwimicimbi enjalo e-U. Imodeliyo ekholi ekholisiweyo emva kwemiv.

Olunye utshintsho olungundoqo luncitshiso lwemiqathango yokugcina izithuba kunye nemiqobo ecwangcisiweyo. Okwangoku, abasebenzi abafuna ukufaka isityholo se-ADEA nge-EEOC kufuneka bakwenze oko ngeentsuku ezili-180 zocalulo olutyholwayo (okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 kumazwe akwimibutho elungelelanisayo yokusebenza). Le festile incinane inokuba lucelomngeni ngokukhethekileyo kubasebenzi abadala abasenokuba baqhubana noxinzelelo lwemvakalelo kunye nemali lokulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi. Abanye abaxhasi bacebise ukwandisa ummiselo wemiqathango kwientsuku ezingama-365, kwaye imithetho emininzi karhulumente sele ivumela amaxesha amatsha. Ukulungisa inkqubo kunye nokunika imiyalelo ecacileyo kwifomatilo efikelelekayo (ushicilelo, isandi, njl.n.) inceda nabasebenzi abakhulileyo ukukhangela indlela yokuhamba.

Iingenelo Ezinokufumaneka Zokutshintshwa Kwenkqubo

Ukuba le nkqubo imisiwe, le nkqubo isenokuvelisa iinzuzo eziphawulekayo kubasebenzi, abaqeshi, kunye noqoqosho olubanzi. Kumgangatho ngamnye, ukhuseleko olomeleleyo luya kuvumela abasebenzi abadala ukuba bahlale emsebenzini ixesha elide ukuba bakhethe, befak' isandla kukhuseleko lwabo lwemali kunye nentlalo-ntle. Uphando oluvela kwiUrban Institute lubonisa ukuba abasebenzi abanokuhlala beqeshiwe ngeminyaka engama-655 ubudala bafumana ingeniso ephezulu yomhlala phantsi komsebenzi, nexabiso eliphantsi lezentengo zamahlwempu. Kwinkampatho yomntu ngamnye, ukudityaniswa komntu okhulileyo kuya kubangela umahluko weengxaki, ukuphuculwa kwamathuba angcono, kunye nokuphucula amathuba obugcisa. Uhlolisiso lwama 2020 lufumanisebukholi behlabathini beminyaka engama-65 lunokukhubazeka ingeniso nempumelelo. Ngokucutha kwe-tenti, iindleko, nokunyuswa kwemali eqeshine.

Kwiqondo lemali eliphezulu, ucalucalulo olunamandla lobudala lunganceda ekulungiseni ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kushishino lwamashishini amaninzi. Njengoko abathwali bemitshato bedla ngokuphuma emsebenzini, uqoqosho lujongene nokulahlekelwa ngabasebenzi abanamava. ISebe leMisebenzi leMisebenzi yeSebe lezeNtu yezezimali eUnited States liqikelela ukuba ngo-2030, abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-55 nangaphezulu baza kuba ngama-25% yamandla omsebenzi. Ukuba abasebenzi bakhutshwa ngenxa yokucalulwa kwabantu ngenxa yokwaluphala, okanye ukuba ngokuzithandela bashiya ngenxa yeemeko zemisebenzi engekho mthethweni, inkqenkqele exabisekileyo i-osemziphetho yabantu. Ingxelo yemali i-OECD iqikelela ukuba ukuphelisa ucalucalucalucalucalucalu-lucalulo ngeminyaka emidala ukuya kwemibili kumazwe athile, njengoko abakhulile benikela abasebenzi abasebenza ngokusebenza ngokuneyo, ngoko kuthelela kumazwe amaninzi ahlala abantu abahlala abantu abahlala nakwiimpungezo.

Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho lwenkqubo oluquka imfundo kunye nee-asethi zoqeqesho lunganceda ekunciphiseni ukuhlazeka kwabasebenzi abadala kwaye lukhuthaza ukuhambelana phakathi kwabasebenzi. Xa abasebenzi babo bonke ubudala besebenza kunye ngokunempumelelo, uphuhliso oluphuculayo, kwaye ingxabano yomsebenzi isenokuncipha. Ezinye iinkampani sele zikho kwimisebenzi ebandakanya iminyaka yobudala, efana nokulungelelanisa izinto, ukhetho olunemiqathango yowentlukwano, kunye nokutshintsha uqeqesho kubuchule bokutshintshisana kwabasebenzi abatsha nabakhulileyo.

Ucelomngeni Nokucingwa

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezicacileyo, iinguqu zenkqubo zijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi kwaye zifuna ukulungelelaniswa. Enye into exhalabisayo kukubonelela ngexabiso elithe kratya nangezixanduva zolawulo kubaqeshi, ingakumbi amashishini amancinane. Ukufumana iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zokugcinwa kwengxelo, uqeqesho olunyanzelisayo, okanye imfuneko entsha yokunika ingxelo engakumbi kusenokuba ziindleko, kwaye abenzi bezomthetho kufuneka bavavanye iindleko ezilindelekileyo kwiingenelo ezilindelekileyo. Isisombululo sikukubonelela ukuphunyezwa kokuphunyezwa kwemali eseleyo, ukuhlawula irhafuthezo, okanye ukunikezela ngamathuba okulinganayo okunokusetyenziswa kwemali yemali ebhankithayo. Abaququlunqi bamele baqinisekise ukuba ukukhuselwa iziphumo ezichasene neziphumo ezikhoyo ngaphandle kokwenza imiqobo emibaleko emitsha.

Ukungafezeki kwezobupolitika ngomnye umqobo. Ngaphezu koko, ucalucalulo lobudala lubonakala lungeyonto ingxamisekanga kuneminye imiba yocalulo, kwaye abasebenzi abaninzi abakhulileyo abalungelelaniselwanga njengendawo yokuvota. Ukusilela kwesivumelwano sePOWADA sokuphumelela phezu kwayo nje inkxaso ye-bipartisstan kwixesha elidlulileyo kubonisa ubunzima bokuqhubela phambili umthetho onjalo. Ngaphezu koko, abanye abaqeshi namaqela oshishino amaziko amaziko amaziko axhathisayo kwaye aphikisa ukhuphiso. Ukuphelisa ukuchasana, abameli kufuneka bagxininise ityala le micimbi yezenteleko, kuquka imizekelo ecacileyo yokuzibonelela inzuzo nokuzinza. Bafanele babalase ukuba ucalucalucalucalucalucalucalulo lobudaba badala kodwa kwana nabaselula kunye noqoqosholo lwezoqoqosho lonke.

Enye ingqwalasela lunxulumano phakathi kocalucalulo lobudala kunye nezinye iinkqubo, ezifana nokuhlala umhlala-phantsi, ukhuseleko lwentlalo, kunye nemithetho yomhlala-phantsi. Kwamanye amazwe, ukwandisa iminyaka yokuhlala umhlala-phantsi okanye ukucutha iinzuzo zempesheni kungandisa ingcinezelo yabasebenzi abadala abahlala besebenza apho bejongene nocalucalulo. IiNguqulo kufuneka ziququzelelwe kwiinkonzo zomsebenzi, iimpesheni, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle yoluntu ukuze zisebenze kakuhle. Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa kufuneka zixhaswe ngokwaneleyo; kungenjalo, amalungelo amatsha aya kuhlala echaziwe. Ingxelo e-GAO ekha yakhankanywe ngaphambili yaphawula ukuba izityholo ezithiyo zocalucalulo zobudala-luko zobudala, kwaye iimbopheleleko ezongezeleyo ezingezelelekileyo ezingeziinkonzo zoncedo zentlalo-mali ziya kuba zenza ngcono imeko.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho ucelomngeni lokungqina ucalucalulo lobudala kumsebenzi wanamhlanje apho ucalucalulo lungachaphazelekayo kwaye lungekho zingqondweni. Iinkqubo zotshintsho ezifana nesakhelo semicimbi edibeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobungqina obungakumbi bezibalo zinokubanceda, kodwa zinokuvula ucango kwityala elibububuvuvuvu. Ukulungelelanisa ukufikelela kobulungisa nemfuneko yokuphepha uluvo olugqithisileyo ngumsebenzi onzima. Ezinye imikhosi iye yazama ukusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokucombulula iimpikiswano, ezifana noluvo okanye ukusetyenziswa kolwandolo, kodwa ezi zinto kufuneka zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zilungile kwaye zinganciphisa ityala yomqeshinano.

Isiphelo

Ucalucalulo lobudala yingxaki engapheliyo neyingozi ebangela ukuncitshiswa kwesidima nokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho lwezigidi zabasebenzi ehlabathini lonke. Ngoxa imithetho ekhoyo isenza isiseko, ayanele ukusingatha imvelaphi eguquguqukayo yomsebenzi kunye neentlobo zobuchule, zobungcali bokwaluphala. Utshintsho oluxutyushwayo lweminyaka exutyushwayo kweli nqaku. Ukukhuthazwa komsebenzi, ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi, ukunyanzeliswa, ukukhutshwa, ukukhutshwa kweliso, nokuphuhlisa inkxaso esemthethweni yezonyango..