Iimfuneko Ezinempumelelo Zokuphanda Phakathi Kwemibutho Ekhongozelayo Nezobuqhophololo

Ukuphanda ngaphakathi nokungaqiniseki kudinga ukulungelelana okuthe ngqo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo kunye nokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko. Abameli basemthethweni basebenza njengenkqubo engqongqo egunyazisa abaphengululi ukuphengulula nokuthabatha ubungqina ngoxa bekhusela abantu ngabanye i-’ amalungelo eSindululo sesine. Ukuqonda iimfuno zogunyaziso kule meko kubalulekile kumagosa angokwasemthethweni, amagosa athobelayo, kunye namaziko emali aqhuba umgangatho ontsonkothileyo wemithetho yetyala.

Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olugunyazisiweyo lwemigangatho yomthetho, amanyathelo e-procedtural, kunye nohlolo olusebenzayo olujikeleze isiqinisekiso sophando lokungaqiniseki. Siza kuhlolisisa isiseko sesizathu esinokwenzeka, ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo olunikelwa ngobungqina bemivo, iindima zeSeciture and Exchange Commission (SEC) kunye neSebe leJaji (DOJ), kunye nomthetho wakutshanje olungele ukusetyenziswa namhlanje.

Isiseko samagunya angumvuselelo kuphando lwezibonelelo

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nemfuneko Efanelekileyo

UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni. Kumo wophando olungekho ngqiqweni, oku kuthetha ukuba amagosa omthetho kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuphendla indawo, ukuthatha amaxwebhu, okanye ukufikelela iindidi ezithile zogcino-lwazi lwe-elektroniki. Imfuneko ayisebenzi kumakhaya nakwi-ofisi kuphela kodwa ikwakulwazi lweziphene olugcinwe namaqela amathathu, njengoko kucaciswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo . California/[2014] kunye [FLT]

Umgaqo ongundoqo ngowokuba isiqinisekiso masisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, sikhetheke kwinkcazelo yaso yendawo eza kuphendwa kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa, kwaye zikhutshwe yijaji engathathi cala. Ezi zikhuseli zithintela ububanzi okanye ukuphazamisa okungenamiqathango okunokuthi kuphazamisa amalungelo emfihlo.

Umgangatho Ofanelekileyo

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumqobo osemthethweni omele uhlangatyezwane phambi kokuba imvume inikezele. Ikho xa zonke iimeko ezaziwayo kwigosa eliphandayo zikhokelele umntu onolwazelelelo ukukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo eza kuhlolwa. Kwimeko zokuvaleka, kunokwenzeka ukuba unobangela umiselwe ngokudityaniswa:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ugcino-lwazi oludityanisiweyo olungalinganiyo... #x2013; iipateni ezicebisa ukurhweba ngezinto zokwemakha, ulwazi olungelulo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iingxelo zamaNgqina okanye iincam zokwazisa – iingxelo ezinokuthenjwa ezidibanisa umntu kwihambo engekho mthethweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina boququzelelo – ii email, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, okanye umxholo we app obonisa udibaniso okanye ulwazi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iirekhodi zemali[#x2013] iingxelo zebhanki, iityala, okanye uthutho locingo olubonisa ingeniso engaqhelekanga okanye ixesha.
  • [[UMTHL: 0] Uhlaziyo lwendlela – ubungqina obuvela kubahlalutyi bemali okanye ababali-mali abasetyenziswayo malunga nobukho bentengiso ngaphakathi.

Umgangatho awuqinisekanga, kodwa yinto enokwenzeka. Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo iphawulile kwi Illinois v. Amasango [19983], mhlawumbi unobangela yingcamango ethambileyo, esebenzisekayo exhomekeke kwingqinelano eziyinyaniso neluncedo zobomi bemihla ngemihla apho amadoda anengqondo nalumkileyo enza khona.

Inkqubo Yesicelo Engummangaliso

Inyathelo- Ngenyathelo Ushwankathelo

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokwaphulwa kwetyala kulandela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ebandakanya ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwabameli abaphandi kunye neSebe leMithetho yaseUnited States.

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Ulwandiso lokhupho – ISEC okanye elinye iqumrhu lolawulo lobugcirha lichaza umsebenzi okrokrelayo ngokhangelo lwemarike, iincam, okanye iikhompathiso.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] Ukuhlanganisa iziphumo – abaququzeli bogcino-lwazi beqokelela ubungqina bokuxhasa obenzekileyo, besebenzisa ii-subpoena, udliwano-ndlebe lokunikela ubungqina, kunye neerekhodi zikawonke-wonke.
  3. Ulungiselelo lwe-Affidavit – Umgcini-mthetho, ngokufuthi nge-FBI okanye SEC& X2019; icandelo lonyanzeliso, idrafti echaza iinkcukacha zombini ulwaphulo-mthetho nobungqina obufunekayo.
  4. [[UMTL: 0] Uhlomelo lwe-judicial – I-affidavit kwaye icetyiswe igunya linikezelwa kumajaji wengingqi okanye ijaji yesithili ukuze ivunyelwe.
  5. [[FLT: 0] i-irnacity [[FLT: 1] – Ukuba ijaji ifumana unobangela olindelekileyo, batyikitya isiqinisekiso, begunyazisa ukuphendla nokuxhuzula kwezinto ezikhankanyiweyo.
  6. Isenzo sokusebenza [[FLT: 0][#x2013]; ukugcinwa komthetho kuphumeza ukukhangela, okuqhelekileyo ngenkqubo yokunkqonkqonkqoza kunye ne-annow ngaphandle kokuba akukho gunyaziso lwe-knock lugwetyiwe.

Iimfuno Eziyintloko Kumzi - mveliso

I-affidavit yintliziyo yesicelo semvume. Kufuneka iqulathe iinkcukacha ezibunyaniso ezaneleyo ukuvumela imajistant enze into enokuba yenze ukuzimisela. Ii-affidavits kuphengululo lokuvalwa kwetyala zisoloko ziquka:

  • Inkcazelo yokwaphulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ngaphakathi, kutshintshiswano ngaphantsi kwe 15 U.S.C. § § 78j(b) noMthetho 10b- 5).
  • Uludwe lweziganeko ezikhokelela kwityala ekuthiwa libi.
  • Ubungqina obubonisa ukuba eli xhoba likwityala, njengeengxelo zefowuni ezikufuphi neentlanganiso eziphambili.
  • Ulwazi malunga nendawo emayiphengululwe, kuquka naziphi na iisiqinisekiso ezifunekayo zokufikelela kwimivo.
  • Uluhlu lwezinto ezimele ukubanjwe, ezimele zicaciswe ukunqanda imvume jikelele.

Izakhono ezixhomekeke kulwazi olusuka kubanikeli abayimfihlo kufuneka zimisele isalathisi ukuthembeka kunye nesiseko solwazi lwazo, ngokuhambelana ne Izahlulo zemali ezipheleleyo zovavanyo lwezintso.

Ukuqwalasela Ngokukhethekileyo Ubungqina Bamanani

Izinto ezisetyenziselwa unxibelelwano nombane nezixhobo

Ukuphulwa komthetho kubandakanya ubungqina bamanani obuqhubekayo: ii-imeyili, imiyalezo ekhawulezileyo, ii-ofisi zonxibelelwano, ukuqinisekiswa korhwebo, kunye nentengiso yentengiselwano. Inkundla yezorhwebo inyukela kwi Ralemy v. California[FLT]]][3] [iiiiindawo yogcino-lwazi] ibambe ukuba ukuphendla iseli yesiganeko sokubanjwa ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna isiqinisekiso, iqaphela izilangazelelo ezinkulu zemfihlo kugcino-lwazi lwamanani. Ngokufanayo, [[FLTLT:]] Carentententer v. United [[FLT][FLD:5], iNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla], ibambelele ekufuneni kwengxelo yezoburhulumente ekungeneni kweseli-encwadi, ekunokubekwa kuyo iingxelo zentengiso.

Kwimeko zorhwebo ngaphakathi, imvume isoloko igunyazisa ukuphangwa:

  • Iikhompyutha kunye neeseva ezisetyenziselwa ukurhweba okanye ukunxibelelana ngolwazi olungelulo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Iicell phone neetablets.
  • Ii-akhawunti zogcino lwamafu kunye neeseva ze-imeyili.
  • Izicelo zokuthumela ezibhalwe phantsi (umz., iSyntal, Whats App) ukuba abameli bangabonisa ukuba umnini wesixhobo ungomnye wento yophando kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu sokuba ubungqina bukho.

Ukuphathwa kwe Data ekhowudiweyo

Ukukhowuda kunika ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Xa imvume igunyazisa ukuphengululwa kwesixhobo esifihliweyo, abaphengululi bangafuna ukunyanzela abakrokrelekileyo ukuba banike i-password okanye i-data ye-biometric. Isakhiwo esisemthethweni sale nto asikwazi ukushukumi. United States v. Apple MacP[FLT][20] [2020], isekeli yesibini ibambelele ukuba i-Writs Act ayinakunyanzela ukwenziwa kwe-software ukuba ikhuphele ngaphandle kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, kodwa umntu ngamnye ukrokreleze ayalelwe ukuba asebenzise izixhobo ezifihlakeleyo phantsi kweyo yesihlanu IsiHlamvo-&x20; i-ekhohlo-project, ibone ukuba urhulumente akayidluli kwi-password okanye i-codekice ayiyiyo kwi-'e. (ie, kodwa ke ayiyi, i-Geneticicom, i-Genetic.) engathika, iinzaniso ezinjalo.

Umthetho wonxibelelwano ogciniweyo kunye ne-ECPA

Imimiselo efana noMthetho woNxibelelwano oluSeled Communications Act (SCA) kunye noMthetho we-ECPA woNxibelelwano oluNcobelelayo noMsebenzi we-ombane (ECPA) ikwalawula unikezelo lukarhulumente kuthungelwano lwe-electronic. Le mithetho yohlula phakathi komxholo kunye nogcino-lwazi olunganelanga. Umzekelo, ukufumana okuqulathwethwe kwii-imeyili ezigciniweyo (ezingaphantsi kweentsuku ezili-180 zidala) idla ngokuba nesiqinisekiso, ngelixa iimetameta ezingadiyo njenge zihloko ze-imeyili zinokufunyanwa zisuka kwi-cepena. Abaxhasi kufuneka bavumelane noMmiselo wesiHlathisi-D5 kunye nezizicwangciso zemithetho zokuqinisekisa ukuba zikho.

Iindidi Zabahlali Abasetyenziswayo Kwimiba Engalawulekiyo

Ingxowa - moya Engokwesithethe

Olunahlobo luqhelekileyo yisiqinisekiso sokufuna ngokwesithethe, esigunyazisa ukuphengulula okuphathekayo okanye kwamanani kwendawo ethile. Isetyenziselwa ukuthatha amaxwebhu, iikhompyutha, iirekhodi zemali, kunye nobunye ubungqina obubonakalayo.

Ukugutyungelwa

Isiqinisekiso sokuxhuzula sigunyazisa ukuphanjwa kwezinto ezithile ngaphandle kokuphengululwa ngokupheleleyo kwezakhiwo. Umzekelo, abaphengululi bangafumana isiqinisekiso sokuthatha izabelo, iimpahla, okanye iityala ezingekho mthethweni ezikholelwa ukuba ziphumele ekuthengiseni okungekho mthethweni. Phantsi ko18 U.S.C. § 981 ne 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c), urhulumente angafuna isiqinisekiso sokutyhala ukuvavanywa kwezinto ezikhoyo.

Ishishini Lokubanjwa

Kwezinye iimeko, imvume yokubanjwa ingakhutshwa ecaleni kwesiqinisekiso sokufuna. Imvume yokubanjwa isekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukubanjwa kommangalelwa kwityala lorhwebo elingaphakathi kudla ngokubangela ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kwaye kunokukhokelela ekunyanzeleni ulawulo ukuba isiqinisekiso esingaphantsi sipholile.

Ityala elifanelekileyo nolawulo lwejaji

Indima Yezandi

Ulawulo lwejaji asisiso isitampu serabha. I-gstate izicelo zoluvo oluluvo lokuqinisekisa ukuba bahlangabeza iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwaye banokufumana iinkcukacha ezongezelelekileyo, bangacela iinkcukacha ezongezelelekileyo, okanye balahle zonke izicelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iSEC neDOJ zinika izicelo zemvume kumajijista phambi kohlaselo olulungelelanisiweyo, ezifana nezikhukuliso ezithe zaqhutyelwa ngaphakathi eziqhutywa yi-FBI ekuvuseni kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008.

Izinto Ezibalulweyo: Imigudu Yokucinezela

Abameli basoloko becela isiqinisekiso sokuba i-affidavit ayinasizathu esilindelekileyo, iquka iintetho zobuxoki (ngaphaya kwe i-Franks v. Delaware), okanye babegqwesa kwiinkcazelo zayo zezinto ezizakuthi zibanjwe. Impumelelo yokucingela ingamosha kakhulu umtshutshisi, njengokuba ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokuchasana noMphengululo wesi-Dradizim-zinzi budla ngokungaqondakali. Umzekelo, ku United States v. Cast[FLT:] (20), inkundla ayibuchazi ubungqina obufunyenwe kwisiqinisekiso esixhomekeke kulwazi olungasebenziyo malunga norhwebo ngaphakathi.

Ukuthelekisa nomphathi

Iinkuku ezincinane ze-SEC Nemida Yazo

ISEC isebenzisa iintelekiso ezingaphantsi zolawulo njengesixhobo esingaphantsi kwe-injini ephandayo. Ngokungafaniyo nemithetho, ii-Cunipane azifuni kuvunywa phambi kokuba kumiselwe ikomiti kwaye zinokunyanzela ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu okanye ubungqina. Noko ke, iipopona ezisezantsi zinemiqathango ebalulekileyo:

  • Abanakukuvumela ukuphanda okanye ukuphangwa kwezinto; bafuna nje inkcazelo.
  • Zinyanzelekile kuphela ngomyalelo wenkundla; ukuba umntu akavumi ukuthobela, iSEC kufuneka iye kwinkundla yesizwe ukuze inyanzele ukuthobela.
  • Azikhuthazi umlinganiselo ofanayo woMgaqo - melo wesine njengogunyaziso lokufuna.

Izikhuphi ziba yimfuneko xa abaphengululi befuna ukuqokelela ubungqina ngaphandle komxholo i’ ulwazi okanye intsebenziswano, okanye xa kukho umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa okanye wokuzifihla. Kwimeko zokurhweba eziphezulu ngaphakathi, ezilungelelanisiweyo ezisekelwe kwisiqinisekiso zisoloko ziyisiphelo sophendlo olude kusetyenziswa iipopu ezingaphantsi kunye nokujongwa.

Umthetho Nemikhwa Yamvanje

Imisebenzi yogcino-lwazi lwesithathu

INkundla ePhakamileyo ’ izigqibo kwi Cartenter v. United States (208) ulindelo lokulungisa iimfuno zemvume kugcino-lwazi lwesithathu oluthabathayo. INkundla yaba nento yokuba ukufikelela kwiingxelo zendawo yeseli-scritial kufuna isiqinisekiso, ukukhaba urhulumente impikiswano yokuba imfundiso yesithathu yecandelwana iyasebenza. Le ngxoxo ibandakanya ukuphengululwa kwetyala okuxhomekeke kugcino-lwazi lwendawo ukubeka ii-ofisi zorhwebo kufutshane okanye iiofisi ze-ofisi zelizwe ezisebenzayo ngexesha eliphambili. Iinkundla zemikhosi yezokhuselo zikwandiswa kwezolwazi, njengeengxelo zemali ezigcinwe ziibhanki.

Imisebenzi ye akhawunti ye Email

United States v. (206) (i “ Ireland email unobumba we email ”), isekesibini sesekeni ibambe ukuba isiqinisekiso esikhutshwe phantsi kwe Vredid Communits Act asisebenzisi unikezelo loMthetho ongaphaya kolugcinwe phesheya. Iinkqubo ezithile zilandelwa yimithetho ethile. Oku kubhekiswe ngqo kuphando lwe- CLOUD Act [, evumela ukuba ufumane isiqinisekiso somxholo ogcinwe kumazwe angaphandle.S.-encwadi ezilungiselelweyo.

Abavukeli Notyekelo

Njengokuba uphazamiso olufihlakeleyo luba sembindini wobuqhetseba, imvume ibhekisa phambili ukudibana neblokochain alytics. Abarhwebi basoloko befumana imvume yokufumana izitshixo zabucala, banyanzelisa ukutshintshisana ukutyhila iingxelo zentengiselwano, okanye izipakethi zamanani ezishicilelweyo. UMthetho wesine oLayishelweyo ’ umgangatho wobuchule usebenza kuphengululo lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo, kwaye inkundla zisavelisa imithetho edityaniswe kwimfuno yeblokochain.

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo KumaGcisa angokwasemthethweni Nawamaqumrhu

Kubakhuphi neziko lezemali

Izixhobo zinokunciphisa ubungozi bokufumana amaxhoba ophando olusekelwe kwisiqinisekiso ngokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezinamandla zokuthobela. Ezina ndlela ziphambili ziquka:

  • Ukugcina iingxelo ezichanileyo nezifikelelekayo zorhwebo nonxibelelwano.
  • Ukuqeqesha abasebenzi kwimithetho yorhwebo ngaphakathi nokubaluleka kokungabelani ngezinto ezingeyonto yoluntu.
  • Ukuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi lwangaphakathi ngamaxesha athile ukufumanisa iintlobo ezingaqhelekanga zorhwebo.
  • Ukusebenzisana nophando lukarhulumente xa kunikezelwa isiqinisekiso, ngeli lixa kugcinwa ilungelo lokucel ’ umngeni izicelo ezingaphaya kolwandle.

Icebo lokhuselo

Xa emela umxhasi ojongene nophendlo oluvaliweyo, amagqwetha afanele:

  • Uhlolo olukhawulezileyo lwesiqinisekiso kunye ne-affidavit nakwesiphina isiphene.
  • Qwalasela ukushukuma kwentshukumo ukucinezela ukuba isiqinisekiso asibanga nasizathu esinokwenzeka okanye sasingaphaya kolwandle.
  • Abaxhasi bamalungelo abo ngokuphathelele ukukhutshelwa nokuveliswa kobungqina be-elektroniki.
  • Ubuchule bokubuya nomtshutshisi xa efumana indawo efanelekileyo.

Indima yeSEC neDOJ kuqheliso olunobundlobongela

ISEC, njengesebe lolawulo lwamakhaya, ayiphumeleli ngqo imvume yokukhangela. Xa kucaciswe izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, i-SEC ibhekisa kumatyala kwi-DOJ, esebenza nge-FBI kunye namanye amasebe omthetho ogunyazisiweyo ukuze afumane aze aphumeze iimvume. I-SEC indima iquka ukunikezela ngobuchule, ubungqina, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha isebenzisana nentsebenziswano yomsebenzi. SEC&x2019; icandelo loMvumelwaniso we-enzeko-mthetho isoloko incedisa ekulungiseni i-aftidat ngokunikezela ngohlalutyo lwemali nangaphakathi korhwebo.

Isiphelo

Izixhobo ezibalulekileyo ekuphandweni korhwebo olungaphakathi kunye nokungaqiniseki, kodwa zivela neemfuno ezingqongqo zomthetho ezikhusela amalungelo abantu kwaye ziqinisekise ubungqina abunakuqinisekiswa. Ukusuka ekubonakaliseni isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuhambisa ii-akhawunti zobungqina bamanani, inkqubo ifuna ukulungiselela nokunamathela ngenyameko kwimigaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda ezi mfuneko kubalulekile kubacuphi, kubatshutshisi, kumagqwetha, nakwiingcali ezigunya ngokufanayo.

Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye norhwebo zitshintsha, ngokufanayo nomthetho olawula umthetho olawulayo. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yakutshanje nemimiselo karhulumente sele yandisa imfuneko yogunyaziso kwimimandla emitsha enjenge data yendawo kunye nogcino lwamafu. Ukuhlala wazi ngezi nkqubela kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekunyanzelweni komthetho okanye ekuthotyelweni kwemithetho.

Ekugqibeleni, ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemvume kuphakamisa ukuthembeka kweemarike zokungaqiniseki nokuthembana kwabantu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Ngokulinganisela ukugcinwa komthetho nokungaphathi-mthetho okunempumelelo, ilungiselelo elisemthethweni lokugunyazisa imvume linceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukulwa nokurhweba ngaphakathi kuhlala kunamandla kwaye kuvakala ngokwemigaqo-siseko.