Uphando lwemali kunye nokuphanda ngezimali lufuna ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kokunyanzeliswa komthetho ongqongqo kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Uphando ngalunye, ukuphangwa, ukuphangwa, okanye ukuchongwa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kwigunya elisemthethweni, ngokuqhelekileyo isiqinisekiso esikhutshwa yimantyi engathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuqonda iimfuno ezichanekileyo zezi meko kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kubaphandi kodwa kwanakwanoochwepheshe bezezomthetho, abaphathi-ofisi besebe, nabafundisi abafundisa inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwemilinganiselo esemthethweni, iinkqubo eziluncedo, kunye neengxaki ezichaza iimfuno-mali ezifuna imfuneko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni: UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo Nonobangela Ofanelekileyo

UHlomelo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo zokungaphandi nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Akukho gunya liya kukhupha ngaphandle kwesizathu esinokwenzeka, esixhaswe sifungo okanye isivumo, kwaye ingakumbi ukuchaza indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe nabantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Le mfuneko yesiseko isebenza ngamandla apheleleyo ekuqhatheni ngemali nasekuphanda ngemali nasekuxhuzumeni.

unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho osemthethweni omele waneliseke phambi kokuba isiqinisekiso sikhutshwe. Ikho xa imo iphelele inika umntu ofanelekileyo. Ngokucacileyo igosa lomthetho elilumkileyo elinobuchule lokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo apho kuphengululwa. Kumongo wolwaphulo-mthetho lwemali, oku kusoloko kubandakanya ipateni yokuthelekisa, iingxelo zobungqina, uphicotho-zincwadi, okanye ubungqina bamanani okubonisa umsebenzi wobuqhetseba.

Iinkundla zivavanya undoqo ofaneleyo osekelwe kwi-affidavit engeniswe ligosa eliphandayo. I-affidavit kufuneka iqulathe izibakala ezikhethekileyo, hayi iziphelo nje. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso sokuba "orhanelekayo osenokuba ufumana imali" anele. Endaweni yoko, i-affiant kufuneka ichaze intengiselwano ethile, iingxelo zebhanki, iingxelo zangaphakathi, okanye iingcebiso lokwazisa elixhasa inkolelo. Icebo lokufaka i-affidavit likwachaza indlela uqeqesho lwamava nokunxibelelana kwaloo mava ekufumaneni ubungqina kwindawo ethile (umz., iofisi yangaphakathi, ingxelo yemali, okanye ibhokisi ekhuselekileyo).

Iintlobo Zolwaphulo - mthetho Olufuna Imali

Kuxhomekeka kwindlela obuyiyo ubungqina kunye neqonga eliphandayo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungafuna iindidi eziliqela ezahlukeneyo zemvume. Nganye ineemfuno nemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo.

Imisebenzi Yokufuna

Imvume yokusebenza komthetho egunyazisa ukungena nokuphendla indawo ethile . efana nendawo yokuhlala, iofisi yeshishini, okanye indawo yokugcina izinto (ukuze kubekho ubungqina obuchaphazelekayo). Kwimeko zemali, imvume kufuneka ichaze ngokukhethekileyo izinto ezifunwayo, njengeerekhodi zemali, iinqwelo-mafutha, iikhompyutha, iincwadi zokukhangela, okanye iileta. Imiyalelo ebanzi iphantsi kokucinezelwa phantsi kwemfuno ethile. Iinkundla zisoloko zifuna ukuba kuphengululwe iimfuno zezixhobo zekhompyutha ezichaza uhlobo logcino-data olufunwayo (umz., ii-imeyili ezinxulumene norhwebo oluthile) kunokuba zigunyazise ukuphengwa kwazo zonke iifayile.

Ababhukuqisi

Imvume (ngokufuthi idityaniswe nemvume yokufuna) ivumela urhulumente ukuba agcine impahla ekhoyo ebonakalisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukurhwebelana, okanye iziqhamo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimicimbi engekho mthethweni, oku kusenokuquka imali, izinto zobunewunewu ezithengiweyo ezithengwe ngemali ebiwe, okanye ii-akhawunti zebhanki eqandisiwe. Imvume yokugcinwa kwemali kufuneka ihambisane neemfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwaye isoloko ifuna isaziso sokuthunyelwa kweposi kumnini-mpahla. Kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise unxibelelwano lwempahla yolwaphulo-mthetho kamva ngobungqina obuyilandelayo.

I-injini yocingo kunye nezixhobo zombane

Isihloko III soLawulo lweOmnibus Crime kunye noMthetho weZitrato Ezikhuselekileyo we-1968 (18 U.S.C. qhaqhaqhazelo locingo kuphando lwezwelonke. Kuqhatha-mali, imvume zemali, i-wap zisetyenziswa kuphela xa ezinye iingcaciso zophando zinganelanga okanye ziyingozi kakhulu. Isicelo kufuneka sibonise ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile (ngokubanzi olufana nenkohliso yocingo okanye imali) lusenziwa, kwaye unxibelelwano oluthintelweyo luya kukuthi tyala. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sinciphise ukukhutyelelwa kwengxoxo engeyo-revingth-nter phofu kwaye kufuneka iingxelo zexesha elithile zifune ityala.

Imithetho yelizwe ingabeka iimfuno ezifanayo okanye ezongezelelweyo. Umzekelo, ezinye iimeko zifuna ukuboniswa kwemfuneko ngapha komgangatho worhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa kwe komqukumbelo wepeni kubhalisela kunye kunye [FLT] trap kunye nezixhobo zokulandela izixhobo[[, ezithimba ukutsalela, ukukhupha, ukudlulisela, nokuphawula ulwazi kodwa hayi umxholo wothungelwano, zifuna ulungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo phantsi ko18 U.S.C. . . . . . .12211211-31-322222222227, esekelwe kwi-clices, okokuba ulwazi lunxulumene nophando oluqhubekayo kunesiphumo kunokuba kubangele.

Izinto Ezibangela Ubungqina Bamanani Nogcino - lwazi Lwamafu

Umhlaba wemali owenziwe ngokufihlakeleyo uye watshintshelwa kwirekhodi ze-elektroniki ezigcinwe kwiiseva, kumaqonga, nakumacebo afihlakeleyo. Umthetho Wogcino-nxibelelwano (umthetho ophezulu (u-U.S.C.) unika isiseko somthetho wokufumana uthungelwano lwezombane kwimisebenzi yenkonzo. Ii-imeyili ezigcinwe iintsuku ezingaphezu kwe-180, urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, njengoko siqinisekiswe yiNkungazelo ePhakamileyo . United States v. Warshak [6.CIR] [iK].2018] kwaye umele akhuliswe yi-'FLD [FLD2].[2]

Kwiirekhodi zemali ezisekelwe kumafu (umz., i-Cuckboots Online, ii-chweba zomgcini-sango), isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ii-akhawunti eziza kuphendwa nesakhelo sexesha. Ukugcinwa komthetho kusoloko kusebenzisa intsalela yesiqinisekiso (kwisixhobo esiphathekayo) kunye ne-email ezigcinwayo okanye iifayile), isiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo siyafuneka.

Inkqubo Yesicelo Engummangaliso

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokuphanda ngemali ngokulandela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokuqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala. Amanyathelo aphambili aquka:

  1. I-Investigation kunye ne-Evidence Gather: Phambi kokuba basebenzise, abameli baqokelela ubungqina obuqulunqileyo ``ngokufuthi ngentsebenziswano yokuzithandela, iipeans ukwenzela iirekhodi zoshishino, okanye uhlalutyo lolwazi lukawonke-wonke-wonke-ukuseka isiseko esiyinyaniso.
  2. Mayifakelwe i Affidavit: I-affiant (umzekelo ummeli worhulumente okanye umcuphi) ilungiselela intetho efungelweyo echaza iinkcukacha ezixhasa iimeko ezinokwenzeka. I-affidavit mayibe yeyona ingqalileyo: ukuchonga ulwaphulo-mthetho, izinto ezimele ziphendulwe, kunye noqhagamshelwano phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho, imiba, kunye nendawo. Kufuneka ichaze ukhuseleko, njengokubonisa isizathu sokuba ubungqina bungatshatyalangwa okanye kutheni ezinye izinto zithetha ukuba azinele.
  3. Jodicial Review: Umahluleli wequmrhu okanye ijaji yenkundla yesizwe uhlola isicelo. Ijaji ingabuza imibuzo, icela ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, okanye ilungise ubungakanani. Ukuba yanelisekile, ijaji ibonakalisa isiqinisekiso. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sinike igama inkundla ekhupha isiqinisekiso, umhla nexesha lokuphendla, izinto eziza kuphenywa okanye zibanjiswe, kwaye ixesha apho ukuphendla kumele kubulawe (ngokukakhulu 10-14).
  4. Isenzo sokusebenza nokubuya: Ukukhangela kufuneka kwenziwe ngexesha lasemini ngaphandle kokuba imvume igunyazisa ukuphunyezwa kwasebusuku ngenxa yesizathu esihle. Emva kokuphumeza, ukubuya kufuneka kugcinwe nenkundla, kudweliswe izinto ezibanjiweyo. Urhulumente ngoko kufuneka anikezele inani kumntu ompahla yakhe ikhangelwe.

Izicelo ezicacileyo nezithulelo ezidityanisiweyo

Kuphando oluninzi lwemali, urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso se-ex exces (ngaphandle kwesaziso kukrokrelelo) ukukhusela utshabalaliso lobungqina okanye ukubhabha kwekrokrelwa. Abanqophi bangatywinwa yinkundla ukuze baphephe ukuphembelela amaxhoba. Ukutsala kuqhelekile kwiimeko zobuqhetseba apho abaququzeleli abaninzi bangaphakanyiswa khona. Noko ke, ukutywinwa kufuneka kuthethelelwe ngokucacileyo ukuba ukuvunywa kwenqanawa kuzakubeka engozini uphando.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Nangona imvume ingumgangatho wegolide, iindidi eziliqela zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuphengululwe okanye kufumane ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kwimeko efanelekileyo. Ezi zimvo zisoloko zisebenza kuphando lwemali:

  • I-'I-content': Ukuba umntu onegunya uvuma ngokuzithandela ekuphenwini, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Abangenisi bacela imvume yokuhlola ikhompyutha okanye ii-ofisi ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe lokuqala. Noko ke, imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo, hayi inyanzelekile. Abaqeshi bangavuma ukuphendla izixhobo eziziinkampani kunye nemimandla eqhelekileyo, kodwa hayi ngokwabo ngaphandle kokuba imigaqo yemisebenzi iyazivumela.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelweyo: Apho kuyimfuneko khona ukukhusela utshaba, ukuphepha ukrokra, okanye ingozi kwabanye, ukuphendla okungenasiqinisekiso kungalunga. Ubungqina bemivo, umngcipheko wokuba iifayile zinokucinywa okanye zibhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo zingenza i-exective, kodwa iinkundla zihlalutya oko kuthethwa. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ukufumana isiqinisekiso akunakwenzeka.
  • Imboniselo ePlain: Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwaye libona ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho ngokucacileyo, akukho gunya lifunekayo ukuze liphathwe. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokuphengulula iingxelo zemali ngokusemthethweni, igosa lingagcina incwadi edwelisa abahlawulwa ngokurhoxisa.
  • Uluhlu lobalo lokukhangela: Xa impahla ibekwe ngokusemthethweni, amapolisa angaqhuba uphendlo lokukhangela ukukhusela impahla yomnini kwaye athintele ukuthelekisa ubusela. Oku kunxaxhi kusoloko kusebenza kwiingxelo zemali ezingundoqo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba naphantsi kophando olukhethekileyo, kufuneka lube nengqiqo. Iinkundla zifihla ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuthembela elukholweni olungalunganga kumahluko ongasebenziyo.

Ucelomngeni Kuphando Lwemali Lwanamhlanje

Ukudibana kolwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali kunye nobugcisa kudala imiqobo ekhethekileyo ukwenzela ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Abangenisi-mali kufuneka bahambe ngemiqathango entsonkothileyo enzima maxa wambi enokuthi ihambe emva kotshintsho lobugcisa.

Uguqulelo kunye noKhuselo lwegama eligqithisiweyo

Uninzi lwabarhanelwayo basebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo ukukhusela i-data yemali. Ukuba abanyanzelisi bomthetho bathabatha isixhobo kodwa abakwazi ukufikelela kwiziqulatho zaso, bangazama ukunyanzela abarhanelwa ukuba banikele igama eliyimfihlo. Ukhuseleko lweSigqibo seFind [F5] ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzeleka ukuba unikezele igama eliyimfihlo lungangqinelani. IiNkundla zahlukene ukuba ngaba ukubhacekwa kwekhowudi yokukhupha ikhowudi yegama lokugqitha kuphule iSigqibo seFith Rempliti. [[FLT:] United States v. [FLT] [FLT] [2000] [ie], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhohlo ikho ibambeneka (2000), ityala elinomthetho elilawula iprojelo (ukungamele). Noko ke, ukuba urhulumente uyazi ukuba sele ekho ikho ifayili kwaye usebenzisa isitshixo (g.g.g.imetic)

Imilinganiselo Enzima Nogcino-lwazi Lwehlabathi

Urhwebo lwezemali lusoloko lubandakanya ukuthengiselana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Isiqinisekiso esikhutshwe eUnited States sisenokungafikeleli kugcino-lwazi olugcinwe kwelinye ilizwe. UMthetho weCLOUD (2088) uvumela ukuba umthetho wase-U.S. ufumane isiqinisekiso sogcino-lwazi olugcinwe yi-U.S. nokuba ngaba inkxaso esekelwe apho i-data igcinwa khona, ibonelelwa ngesiqinisekiso. Noko ke, ukuba izinto zamanye amazwe phantsi kwemimiselo yawo ethintelayo, isigqibo se-agnonetic singafuneka. I-UNICELS I-ARC (MLATS) inika omnye umqondiso wokufumana imigaqo yamazwe angaphandle, kodwa inkqubo inokuba yehla.

Ugcino-lwazi olunesandi nokuzichaza

Uphando lwale mali lwangoku lubandakanya ubuninzi be-data ye-elektroniki. Ukuphengululwa komncedisi okanye ityala lamafu kungatshayela kwizigidi zamaxwebhu, ezininzi zazo ezingasebenzi. Iinkundla zisebenzise imfuneko ethile ngokungqongqo: isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukuphengululwa kolwazi oluninzi kwikhompyutha ngaphandle kokumisela ububanzi bexesha, umbatho, okanye umgcini-majoni angasebenza. Urhulumente usoloko usebenzisa [[[FLT: 0] iprotocotols[ kunye amaqela akwikhompyutha ukuba afake uludwe olubalulekileyo okanye izinto ezingahambelani zisetyenziswe. Kumanye amazwe, imvume yobungqina bobuzwe kufuneka aquke ucwangciso lwe-data okanye uphinda-jikelezo lwesithathu.

Inyathelo- Elibini Lokukhangela Nezikrini

Ukuvumelana noMphetho-Mda wesi-5, abameli abaninzi basebenzisa “inyathelo elibini” inkqubo: okokuqala, ikopi ye-sentensic yesixhobo yenziwe; okwesibini, ikopi iyaphendwa isebenzisa amagama ayintloko ahluziyo okanye ezinye iindlela zojoliseko. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sigunyazise omabini amanyathelo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza indlela yokuphendla ingakhokelela ekucinezeleni ukuba ukuphendla kungaphaya koko kugunyazisiweyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo senziwe Riley v. California (2014] iqinisekisa ukuba uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lwezingcingo zecell photoms jolo lungabanjwa ngokubanzi, iqinisekisa imfuneko yezicelo kumanani.

Ukuqwalasela Abaphandi Bobuqhetseba

Abaphandi abanamava ezezimali basebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ezifanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimvume zimelana nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni:

  • Ukudibana kwangaphambili nabatshutshisi: Kwimeko ezintsonkothileyo, ezibandakanya umxhasi we-U.S.Attorney okanye umtshutshisi wesizwe ngexesha lokwenziwa kwemizobo kunceda ekuphepheni iimpazamo zobugcisa nokuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso neengcamango ezichaphazelekayo.
  • Ikhanyiswe kwi Affidavits: Quka isishwankathelo sophendlo, uhlobo lwendlela eyiyo yemali (umz., iiinvoice, iinkampani zetoliki yemiyalelo, ikhangela iteyibhuli), ubungqina obubodwa obufunwayo, nendlela obunxulumene ngayo neziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Qhoboshela amaxwebhu axhasayo xa evumelekile.
  • [[NTL:0] Izicwangciso zokwenza uphando lombane: Cwangcisa ukunciphisa impembelelo kugcino-lwazi olungachanekanga, njengokusebenzisa amagama okukhangela, imihla, okanye abagcini. Ezinye iinkundla zifuna uhlolo lwelungelo phambi kokuba abaphengululi bahlole amaxwebhu (umz., ii-imeyili kunye namagqwetha okanye ababhali-manani).
  • Ukuhambelana neMali: Iibhanki kunye namanye amajelo emali asoloko enamaqela okufumana iziphumo zemali zangaphakathi. Ngelixesha la maqumrhu enokuba nesabelo ngokuzithandela kwiingxelo zomsebenzi okrokrelekayo (SARS) kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso okanye ipeace kwiingxelo eziphantsi. I-SART ngokwawo iyimfihlo, kodwa oko ikuqulethweyo kungasetyenziswa ukuxhasa unobangela olindelekileyo.
  • Uxwebhu olubhaliweyo: Ukuba uphendlo olungenasiqinisekiso luyimfuneko, abameli kufuneka babhale phantsi ngokupheleleyo izibakala ezixhasa isalathisi (Ngomzekelo, ubungqina bokuba umkrokreli utshabalalisa iirekhodi, udlulisa imali phesheya, okanye usebenzisa isoftware yokukhowuda evumela ukucinywa okukude.

Umthetho Nokhokelo Olufanelekileyo

Izigqibo eziliqela zenkundla zibumba imvume yokuphanda ngemali. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • [FLT] United States v. Leon (19984): yamisa umahluko wokholo olulungileyo kumthetho wokususa (-ukuba abaphathi baxhomekeke ngokusengqiqweni kwisiqinisekiso esifunyanwe kamva esingasebenziyo, ubungqina busenokungasetyenziswa. Oku kunika enye indlela ye-edevits kodwa akuxoxi ngemposiso okanye ngokuthanda ukulahlekisa i-affidavits.
  • Amakhareji v. United States (208): Ifake ukuba urhulumente ufumana iingxelo zembali zeseli-ekhomputha (CSLI) yenza uphendlo lweSine Solawulo olufuna isiqinisekiso. Ngexa kungeyo ngqo iingxelo zemali, ukuqiqa kokuba abantu banolindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo kugcino-lwazi lwendawo ende lucebisa ukuba ukhuseleko olufanayo lungasebenza kugcino-lwazi lwemali oluthengiselwayo lwemali.
  • [FLT] United States v. Igalpin (5th Cir. 2013): inyanzelisa ubungqina obusuka ekuphenyeni kwekhompyutha kuba isiqinisekiso asikwazanga ukuchaza ngokukhethekileyo ugcino-lwazi oluzakubanjwa. Inkundla ifuna uphando lwamanani oluthe lwasetyenziswa.
  • [FLT] United States v. Comprehensive Drug Surgeding Surgetting, Inc. [9th Cir. 2009]): Seka imigaqo yokukhangela kwezeelektroniki, kuquka imfuneko ye-“fonsic sipili" sogcino-lwazi kunye nenkqubo yokuziphinda evunyiweyo evunyiweyo yinkundla. Ngexa isigqibo se-''''''''''' sathi sathi sathi pheza kamva, imigaqo ihlala inempembelelo.

Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho akwakhupha ukhokelo lwangaphakathi. ISikhundla seJaji yeComputer Crime kunye neCandelo leMisebenzi yoLuntu (CCIPS) inika iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zobungqina bemivo. [FBI]'s ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe-lifekthayo lwezibonelelo-mali [ lunika umongo othe kratya.

Isiphelo

Abameli bahlala belilitye lokurhoxisa imali nokuphanda okusemthethweni. Ukusuka ekumiseleni isizathu esilindelekileyo sokwenza izicelo ezichanekileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka usebenzise uludwe oluntsonkothileyo lomgaqo-siseko, umthetho, kunye neemfuno zomahluleli. Njengoko ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali luxhomekeke kakhulu kumaqonga amanani kunye nentengiselwano eentlobo, isiseko somthetho esisemthethweni siyaqhubeka siguquka. Oku kumele kuhlale kukho nasiphi na isiluleko sokuzikhusela ekuqhubekeni nokuvela komthetho kunye nenkqubela-teknoloji. Ekugqibeleni, ukubambelela ekuqinisekiseni iimfuno zemali eziqinisekisa ukuba ukuphengulula kuyasebenza, ubungqina bunokuthenjwa, kwaye amalungelo okukrokrethwa nokungenatyala kwamaqela amsulwa amsulwa ayahlonelwa. Ukuqonda le migaqo kuyimfuneko kumntu obandakanye nomntu obandakanye nomntu ekuphandaneni kwetyala.