Kule nkathi yamanani, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi luye lwaba nzulu ngakumbi, lukhuthaza abameli bomthetho ukuba balungelelanise ubuchule babo bophando. Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yokuqhuba uphando lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha kukufumana imvume efanelekileyo yokufumana ubungqina bemichiza. Ukuqonda iimfuno ezisemthethweni zemvume kwiimeko zekhompyutha kwikhompyutha kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba uphando luyasebenza kwaye lusemthethweni. Umgaqo-siseko weSindululo sinika isiseko, ofuna ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kusengqiqweni kwaye kusekelwe kwizizathu ezilindelekileyo, njengoko kuqinisekiswa kwimicimbi ye-'iFLT':] katz. .[FLT]

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko kunye neSicwangciso soMthetho

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nokulindela Ukuba Uwedwa

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Kumongo wobungqina bamanani, iinkundla ziye zasebenzisa "ulindelo olusengqiqweni lwe-square" uvavanyo olusungulwe Katz v. United States (1967). Olu vavanyo lubuza ukuba umntu ubonise ukulindela okuthe ngqo kwemfihlo kwaye enoba oko kulindelwe yiyo lento engqinwa lululo olusengqiqweni. Umzekelo, okuqulethwe yi-imeyili yezentlalo, imiyalezo yezentlalo-luni, kunye neefayile ezithenjiweyo ezithelwe ngamafu ngokuqhelekileyo zithwala ukulindela okulula, kanti iidilesi kunye nokukhupha ulwazi azinakuxhomekekanga, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko. Inkundla ephakamileyo i-20181818 ixhasa isigqibo [FL:] v.[3]

IFrametrists: ECPA, SCA, neSihloko III

Ngaphezu kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo emininzi yezomthetho elawula ukufunyanwa kobungqina bemivo. I-ECPA ka-1986, equka i-Universal Communications Act (SCA) noMthetho we-Pinetap (Isihloko III), imisela iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokugcinwa komthetho wokunxibelelana ngezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye ne-data egciniweyo. Phantsi kwe-SCA, urhulumente anganyanzela umxhasi ukuba atyhile okuqulathwe kokunxibelelana okugciniweyo (umz. ii-imeyili) ngesiqinisekiso sokuphengulula esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Iingxelo ezingagunyaziswangalwazi, ulandelela umgaqo wenkundla othe ngqo phantsi kwe-18.C. 2703 (d) uya kufuna kuphela ukuba kuboniswe izibakala eliqhubekayo lophando olusezantsi kunomqatha lwezi.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Nokohlukanisayo

Isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo kufuneka sisekelwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo kwaye sichaze ngesizathu esibanzi indawo ezakuphendwa kunye nezinto eziza kubanjwa. Kuphando lwamanani, intsingiselo ichaza iintelekelelo zexhoba, izixhobo, okanye ugcino-lwazi olunenkcukacha ezaneleyo zokunqanda uphando jikelele. Iinkundla zikwala isiqinisekiso esisebenzisa intetho ebanzi, njenge "zonke ii-imeyili ukusuka kule akhawunti," ngaphandle komphantsi okanye umcimbi opheleleyo. Imfuneko yento ethile isebenza kwiindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuphumeza uphendlo, ingakumbi xa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zamanani anokuqulatha ubungqina obusemgaqweni kunye nogcino-lwazi olunxulumene nolwazi olusemgaqwenga. Umthetho kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo okuthoba ulwazi olungenamsebenzi, ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephathekayo okanye ukuphendla izixhobo zezixhobo ezizizixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

Iintlobo Zemiyalelo Esemthethweni Kuphando Lolwaphulo - mthetho OluyiCybercring

Abavumi Bokufuna Besithethe

Isiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo sokukhangela sihlala sisisona siqhelekileyo isixhobo sokufumana ubungqina bamanani. Kufuneka isiqinisekiso se-affidavit simisele isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufumaneka kwisixhobo esithile okanye kwityala. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sisetyenziswe ngexesha elifanelekileyo (ngokunjalo 10-14-14 iintsuku) kwaye ngexesha lasemini ngaphandle kokuba inkonzo yasebusuku igunyaziwe. Kwimeko zemivo yemivo yemivo, imvume ingagunyazisa ukuxwa kwe-erighty (iiikhomputha, ii-mfomma, ii-mfonom, ii-servers) okanye i-metaciosic yesixhobo sogcino-ndaba. Iinkundla zifuna ukuba isiqinisekiso siquke umxholo "umfonothotho-mthetho oqhelekileyo" ngaphandle kokuba uvavanyo, ingakumbi xa isixhobo sinokwabelana nabasebenzisi abaninzi okanye xa siqula unxibelelwano olulungileyo.

Ubhaliso lwe Pen kunye nomgibe kunye noooLawulo

Ubhaliso kunye nomgibe & umkhondo (PR/T) imiyalelo ivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuqokelele ulwazi olungadibaniyo . njengee-ID zomnxeba ezifowuniweyo okanye ezifikayo ze-odoli (kwixesha lokwenene. Phantsi kwe-18 U.S.C. 76 311-327, imigangatho yokufumana umyalelo onjalo isezantsi ngokuqwalasela: urhulumente ufuna kuphela isiqinisekiso sokuba ulwazi olunokuba lufunyanwe lufanelekile kuphendlo lwetyala oluqhubekayo. Akukho sizathu okanye phambi kokuba kufuneke uvumo lwenkundla, nangona urhulumente kufuneka asebenzise kwinkundla yamanani, kwimiyalelo egqithisele iidilesi ze-IP, izihloko ze-imeyili, kunye nokuhambisa ulwazi, kodwa azigunyazi ingqokelela yezonxibelelwano.

Imiyalelo yengcingo (Isihloko III)

Ukufaka isigunyaziso sonxibelelwano kwixesha lokwenene . njengokufunda imiyalezo yokuxoxa okanye ukuphulaphula umnxeba //iifonomfono-fono-requap phantsi kweSihloko III soLawulo lwe-Omnibus Crime kunye ne-Defif Streets Act. Oku kusisivumelwano esigunyazisiweyo esisemthethweni. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ngokunokwenzeka unobangela wokuba ityala le-felji libhaliwe, liya kwenziwa, okanye liya kwenziwa; ukuba ukunqandwa kuya kunika ubungqina bokuchasana; ukuba iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-Accanve zivavanyiwe kwaye aziphumelelanga; kwaye ukuthomalalisa ukuthintelwa konxibelelwano olumsulwa kuya kuqwalaselwa. Iimiyalelo ye-Gappy epheleleyo yeentsuku ezingama-30 kwaye zinokuphinda zikhutshwe ekusetyenzweni ngokutsha. Okungundoqo, kuxakeka kwiimeko ezithe k-abhusayinwa ngoo------xinabileyo, kodwa kuthe kuthe kuthe kuthethwa ngentengo, okanye ukuxoxoxwe.

2703(d) Imiyalelo yeeRekhodi

Kwiingxelo ezinganeliswanga ezigcinwe ngabanikezeli benkonzo yonxibelelwano ye-elektroniki (umz., igama lomnikezi, idilesi, ii-awudi zoqhagamshelwano, ii-IP alogs), urhulumente angafumana umyalelo wenkundla phantsi ko-18.C. 76 2703 (d). Umgangatho ngu "Owona kunye namangqina angenakulinganiswa" ukuba iingxelo ziyavumelana kunye nezinto eziqhubekayo kuphengululo oluqhubekayo phakathi kwe-asentla-paeas (akukho nkundla efunekayo) kwaye olu myalelo usetyenziswa rhoqo kuphengululo lwangaphambili lwesesitejini ukuchaza umsebenzi orhanelwayo okanye ukudibanisa iingxelo ezininzi kumsebenzisi omnye. Noko ke, njenge [[FLD:0] isigqibo esiqhubekayo [FLD] esicazulu], isalathiwe indawo echaza i-data engoonolwazi ezichaza imfunomfanekiso womntu, i-trit.[2]

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Ubungqina Bamanani

Iingxaki zokukhowuda kunye nobuchule

Ubuchule bokuguqulela banamhlanje (nokuba bukho ekuphumleni okupheleleyo (ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo) okanye ekuthutheni (ekupheleni-kuqukunjelwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo) /ass ezimeleyo. Nangobu gunya obusebenzayo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenokungakwazi ukufikelela okuqulethwe sisixhobo okanye ityala. Ingxaki "eqhubekayo emnyama" ikhokelele kwizicelo zemithetho yezicelo zesivumelwano UMthetho othe ngqo [isiphelo sokukhupha i-i-injini] kwaye inkundla inqanda i-temkomze i-mkelwe inkampani yobugcisa enyanzelekileyo ukuba incede (umz., [[FFLT.2]]] v.[FFLT.[FTGT]]] [ig.[FFURG]] iphikisana nxamnye ne-irderter i-ixormspern, nangona inyanze i-data engekho miyalelo, ingakhangelwanga, ngoko ke, i-ondomscreansme ngokusetyenziswa ngokuchaseneyokube

Imibandela ebhaliweyo neyomda

I-Cybercrimes isoloko inqumla ireyithi yesizwe neyamazwe. Imfuneko yeSindululo sesine ifikelela kubungqina bamanani obugcinwe phesheya? Inkundla Ephakamileyo ingu 2018 ilawula kwi-United States v.Microsoft Corp. (ityala "I-Microsoft Ireland") ithetha ukuba urhulumente angasebenzisa isiqinisekiso sasekhaya sokunyanzela u-U.S. inkampani yokuvelisa ii-imeyili ezigcinwe kumncedisi phesheya. Ingqungquthela iphenduliswa ngokudluliswa kweCLOUD Act (Umthetho Onezenters Acts) kwi-201818, evumela ukuba i-SCA ivume ukuba ikhuphelwe naluphi na unxibelelwano lwezombane, kungakhathaliseki ukuba igcinwe ixesha elide, njengomyalezo omde we-US. Ngokomthetho womthetho othelelwa ngoo-A.

Iimeko Eziyingozi Neemeko Ezinzima

Umthetho uyavuma ukuba kukho iinketho ezininzi kwimfuneko erhanelekayo, kuquka neemeko ezigqwethekileyo. Kuphando lwamanani, uphando olukhawulezileyo lungavela xa kukho isisongelo kubomi okanye ukhuseleko, umngcipheko wokutshabalala okukhawulezileyo (umz., ukucinywa kwesixhobo), okanye ukusinda kwe-ok arrite. Iinkundla zivumele uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lwezixhobo zekhompyutha kwiimeko ezinjalo, kodwa urhulumente kufuneka angqine ukuba uphando lwalunyanisile kwaye umlinganiselo wokuphengulula uphothwe ukuze uthethe uxake. Umzekelo, ukuphendla umnxeba wesi womntu okrokreqo ukuze uthintele i-'injini ephakathi.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Nemida Yayo Yamanani

Imfundiso yesithathu yesithethe igcina abantu bengenalo ulindelo olusengqiqweni lokuzimela ulwazi olutyhilwe kumaqela amathathu. Le mfundiso ngaphambili yayivumela urhulumente ukuba afumane iirekhodi zebhanki, enika ii-oglows, kunye nezinye iingxelo zeshishini ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, i-Carpaent[ isigqibo esifanelekileyo sesigqibo sokufumana ulwazi lweziqumrhu lokulandelela ulwazi lwe-data /iseli-esendaweni yebhanki ngokufutshane, --accel-eace-reat projectal ulwazi lwendawo-yo-yongasese, `-accan' echaza umfanekiso obanzi wobomi bomntu obuzimeleyo obungekho ngqiweni, obufana nobekusetyenziswa kweminye i-injini esetyenziswayo, kunye nobugcisa bexesha elizayo uya kugqiba enoba bunjalo ngokobuphindo lwesithathu lolwazi olukhoyo.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuncedana Ngomthetho

IiMLAT kunye nocalucalulo lweeleta

Xa ubungqina bubekwe kwelinye ilizwe, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusebenzisa i-Munical Accounting Treaties (MLAT) okanye oonobumba abacela i-data. Inkqubo ye-MLAT ithe qotha-phutha, ithatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, engqubana nesantya esifunekayo kwizivumelwano zekhompyutha. Ngo-2016, iSebe leSebe leMicimbi yezeMicimbi yezeNtlanganiso yezizwe lisebenzisa ii-MLAT, nexesha eliqhelekileyo lokugqitywa kweenyanga ezili-10. Oku kuqhubele phambili imigudu esebenzayo njenge-CLOUD Act, nto leyo evumela oorhulumente bamanye amazwe ukuba benze izicelo ezithe ngqo kwii-data ezithile, abasebenzi bemijelo ye-MLML. Njengoko imibutho ye-U.

I-EU-U.S. Isakhelo sogcino-lwazi esizimeleyo

Ubungqina obubandakanya abemi be-European Union, ukungasebenzi kwe-Amfimfiki yeShield ngo-2020 (isigqibo se-Schrem II) kwabangela ukungaqiniseki okungakumbi. EU-U.S. Ugcino-lwazi lweFrameomswork, olugqibelelweyo ngo-2023, lunika inkqubo yokuthunyelwa kogcino-lwazi olungaphaya kwe-Atlantiki, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwalo ekunyanzeleni ugcino-lwazi lwezomthetho kuhlala kungummandla okhulayo. Abaphathi bogcino-lwazi baseYurophu bangafaka imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo ukuba bakholelwa kwimiqathango yemali yelizwe elinganiki inkxaso elinganayo. Umthetho kufuneka ubophelelo lomthetho lulungele ukuqinisekisa ukuba kugunyazwe kwaye luhambelane nemiyalelo yasekuhlaleni, njengoko imiqathangomthetho ye-GDR ifumaneka kwimiqatha yolwazi eqhutywayo kwimithetho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Izenzo Ezibalaseleyo Zokunyanzelisa Umthetho Namagcisa Asemthethweni

Ukujolisa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo nezingalawulekiyo

Ukusinda ekuvinjweni komcimbi, izicelo zesicelo kufuneka zibonise unobangela olindelekileyo ngezibakala ezithile, hayi ezibilizayo zolwimi. Ii-affidavits kufuneka zichaze ubungqina obukhethekileyo bamanani obufunwayo, chaza ukubaluleka kolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye zichaze ubugcisa obubandakanyekileyo. Umzekelo, endaweni yokucela "yonke idata kwikhompyutha erhanelekayo," isiqinisekiso esilungileyo esifakelweyo singakhankanyiwe okanye silungiswe phakathi kwemihla X no Y equlethe amagama angundoqo anxulumene nodweliso lobuqhetseba, ukuphendla kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezivunyiweyo ezivunyiweyo zenkundla.."

Ukuncitshiswa Kwento Eninzi

Ukuphengulula kwamanani akunanto yakwenza ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zisoloko ziqulathe ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu olungahambelaniyo nophando. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kuzalisekise iinkqubo zokuqulunqa nokukhusela ugcino-lwazi olungalusebenzisiyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamaqela "oonogada abafumana uhlolo olukhethekileyo" (amaqela afumana amagqwetha) ukuvavanya izinto ezinamalungelo phambi kwabaphengululi abahlola ubungqina busezantsi kuphengululo oluninzi lwesizwe. Ngokufanayo, xa kuphunyezwa ukuphengululwa kwesixhobo esabelanayo, abaphathi-ofisi kufuneka balukhathalele ukwahlula ugcino-data lwamaqela amathathu. Iinkundla zingabucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe kuphengulukisiweyo olunga lubonisa amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuncitshiswa.

Uqeqesho kubugcisa obujikeleza ngokukhawuleza

Umthetho ojikeleze ubungqina bamanani utshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Abaphathi-mikhosi nabatshutshisi kufuneka bahlale besebenza ngokuhambelana nobugcisa obutsha (umz., ii-apps zokuthumela imiyalezo, ii-blokoin zoonobumba, i-Al-generateryics, kunye nophuhliso olungqinelanayo olusemthethweni (umz., Riley v. iKhalifoni] efuna imvume yokuphendla icell phone ukuze ibambe). Uqeqesho lwamaxesha amaninzi, ukusebenzisana noomatshini boochwepheshe bolwazi, kunye nooooomphathi-mfihlolo kusenokunciphisa ubungozi bokuphengulula izicelo ezingekho mthethweni. Urhulumente omninzi kunye nabameli bomthetho abaqeqeshiweyo ngoku banikeze iiyunithi zekhompyutha ezilungiselelwe ngokokwasemthethweni ekufumaneni iingxelo zee-akhawunti ezintluntluntluntlu.

Izimvo Zexesha Elizayo Nokuqalisa Kweembambano Zomthetho

Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo okuzenzekelayo

Izixhobo ze-Al ezisetyenziswa ngumthetho wonyanzeliso-mthetho zenza i-algorithm yobupolisa, iinkqubo zokwazisa ubuso, kunye ne-imeyili ezenzekelayo yovavanyo lwe-imeyili---------------------reise yemibuzo ye-octive. Ingaba uyabuza ukukhangela kolwazi lwezorhwebo lobuso? Ingagunyazisa i-Al ukuhlola ii-Al ze-data ezithile, nokuba i-Al ayinabo ulawulo lwamatyala abantu? Iinkundla ziqala ukulwa nale miba. Ngo-202020, inkundla yephondo yephondo kwi- i-United States/.Kyo[FLTY[[FLT] [[FLT] [okuza kwe-eququm lomthetho ophezulu)) iya kucelwa ukuba uphelo oluthelweyo ukuze kuphenjelwe ukuba kusetyenziswe i-"injini ye-Genearn e-eapt."

I - Internet Yezinto Nenkcazelo Yendawo

Izixhobo ezikrelekrele zasekhaya, iingcebiso zezonyango ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nezibonelelo zesixeko ezichuliweyo zivelisa umthamo ongakaze ubonwe wedata yokuziphatha. ICarplaent yesigqibo 'ingcamango yomntu esebenzayo" `inkqu yentshukumo yomntu enokuthi ityhile ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na inqaku logcino-lwazi lomntu ngamnye . Umzekelo, ukuqhubekeka kwesantya sentliziyo ukusuka kwi-swratch watch, amanqanaba empilweni, uxinzelelo, okanye kwanexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho. Isiqinisekiso solwazi olunjalo siyakufuna ukuba sityhile ixesha elimxinene ngexesha nobungakanani obuncinane, kwaye kufuneka sithethe nakwezimdlalo lwamdla wento yobuqu kunye nempilo phantsi kwemithetho efana ne-HIPAA okanye ulwazi lwe-emometric.

Iingcambu zasemva zokukhowuda kunye "Unikezelo olukhoyo"

Ingxoxo emalunga nokuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo onyanzelekileyo iyaqhubeka. I-FBI kunye namanye amasebe aye anyanzelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba kubekwe umthetho ofuna iinkampani zobugcisa ezifuna indlela yokufikelela kugcino-lwazi olufihlakeleyo, lo gama abaxhasi becala bebangasese bephikisa ukuba umnyango wokhuseleko lwezokhuseleko lwenze wonke umntu abenengxaki. I-ARN ITHE AT[[ kunye nezinye izitya zetyala ziye zazama ukudala ityala kwiiplatfomu ezinikela ukufikelela ekupheleni kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, ezikwazi ukuzinyanzela ukuba ziquke amandla okuhlola. Ukuba imithetho enjalo iyadlula, ifanele isetyenziswe ukunyanzela uncedo, ukuphakamisa umbuzo wokuba inganyanzeleka inkampani ukuba ikhuphe ikhowudi yayo yokukhowudwa kwayo. Imigaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko solawulo lokuqala kunye nemfundiso enyanzelelwayo ifanele isetyenziswe njengomthetho onjalo.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno eziqinileyo zokuhlola ulwaphulo-mthetho lwe-inthaneti zenzelwe ukulinganisa ukugcinwa komthetho okusebenzayo kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. UMthetho-siseko wesine, kunye nemimiselo enjenge-ECPA ne-Title III, unika isiseko solwakhiwo, kodwa isantya esikhawulezayo sotshintsho lwezobugcisa sivavanya le mithetho. Izigqibo ezifana ne- Contatebrbrbbbbbv v. I-United States[FLLT] iphinde yahlula imida yemfihlo-m-mfo-m, ngelixa iimpendulo ezifana ne-CLOUD Acts Actsss zobugcip. Njengokuba ubugcisa buqhubela phambili ukuvulwa kwenkcazelo, i-Alheam, kunye ne-intanethi le-intanethi ye-intanethi yomthetho kufuneka ziqhubeke ziqhubeke zisebenza kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba uphando olusemthethweni, olusemthethweni lwezibontsonga olusemthethweni, oluneyo lobuluvo oluthe luye lwemeko, lunga, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kungene, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kungene imigaqo-