Ukudibana Kwento Engathethekiyo Nokufunyanwa Kwayo

Ubuchule bokufumana ugcino-lwazi olugcinwe kwizixhobo zobuqu ezifana nee-mfonomfono, amacwecwe, kunye nee-laptops ziye zaba ngumba obalulekileyo ekuhlaziyweni kwemibutho yoluntu. Ngokwanda konxibelelwano lobuqu noloshishino, isixhobo singaqulatha ubungqina obubalulekileyo kwimeko-----imail nemiyalezo yokubhaliweyo ukuya kwindawo yembali kunye nogcino-lwazi. Noko ke, inkqubo esemthethweni elawula unikezelo olunjalo ikude icace ncam ekufuneni imfihlo ngokufanelekileyo, ifuna ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, imfuneko yokuqhuba ngenyameko, imithetho yemithetho ye-statery, kunye nemigaqo yemigalelo-nkqubo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimfuno zogunyazo kunye neminye imigangatho esemthethweni esetyenziswa xa amaqela efuna ukufumana ugcino-lwazi kwizixhobo zobuqu ngexesha lokwenziwa kwengxelo yoluntu. Siza kuhlolisisa umGaqo-siseko, umthetho wetyala elingundoqo, indima yoMthetho woNxibelelwano olugciniweyo, ngaphandle, kunye neenkqubo eziluncedo kumagqwetha. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina buqokelelwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye amalungelo abanikazi bezixhobo ahlonelwa.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Uhlaziyo lwesine kwiXesha lamanani

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela abantu ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzukeni okungaqiqiyo ngurhulumente. Kudla ngokufuneka ukuba umthetho unyanzeliswe ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo esisekelwe kwimpahla yomntu ngaphambi kokuphengulula impahla yakhe. Kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba izixhobo zemichiza zinikela inkxalabo ekhethekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba i-cell phone iyakwazi ukugcina inkcazelo enzulu, iNkundla ikholelwa ukuba ukufikelela ugcino-lwazi olunjalo ngaphandle kwemvume kuxhomekeke ekungekho ngqiqweqwelelweni kwento engekho ngqiqweqweleyo, ngezantsi kwaneemeko apho ukuphendla komzimba kunokuthi kuvunyelwe khona.

Ilityey v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba amapolisa kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuphendla icellular abanjwayo. INkundla yagxininisa ukuba izixhobo zemichiza “ziizixhobo ezincinane” eziqulethe ulwazi olungaphaya kwayo nayiphi na into efunyenwe epokothweni, kwaye izilangazelelo zobuqu ezisemgceni zibalulekile. Nangona Riley[FLT] ] yayilityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqiqaqamba kwazo kuye kwaphelela ukupheka kwemi, ingakumbi xa urhulumente eliqela.

Ngokufanayo, iCardenter v. United States (2088), iNkundla ifuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwiingxelo zembali zeseli-ezobukhokho egcinwe sisithuthi sesithathu esingasebenzisanga ntambo. INkundla yaqonda ukuba isicelo sikarhulumente seentsuku eziyi 127 zogcino-lwazi lwendawo sabumba uphando ngaphantsi koMphengululo wesi-C5. Le sigqibo sigxininisa ukuba kwanogcino-lwazi olubanjwe ngabasebenzi lungafaka ukhuseleko lwendawo, kwaye luye lwayila ukulindela ukufunyanwa koluntu olubandakanya indawo okanye ugcino-lwazi lwentengiso.

Ngoxa ezi zigqibo zithetha ngokungqalileyo ngezenzo zomthetho womthetho womthetho, amatyala adla ngokubandakanya amaqela azimeleyo. UHlomelo lwesine alusebenzi kubadlali abangabodwa. Noko ke, imigaqo yayo izele njengemithetho efana noMthetho woNxibelelwano olugciniweyo kunye nemithetho yezombane, emisela iimfuno ezifana nesiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwizicelo zonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki ezigciniweyo. Ngaphezu koko, xa urhulumente eliqela elifana nesenzo sokunyanzelisa abantu ngokweziko loburhulumente kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange okanye iKhomishini yeFrederal Trenterty, isebenza ngokupheleleyo ekufumaneni izicelo ezibandakanya ukufikelela kwizixhobo zobuqu.

Ukwahlula Isaphuli - mthetho Nokuhambela Phambili Kwabemi: Indima Yemithetho Efunyenweyo

Kwizindululo zaburhulumente zabucala, uMphengululo wesine awuzithinteli ngqo izicelo kumaqela aphikisanayo. Endaweni yoko, ukufunyanwa kulawulwa yiMithetho yeSizwe yePhondo okanye imithetho engqinelanayo yorhulumente. Umthetho 26(b)(1) uvumela ukufunyanwa kwalo naliphi na ityala elingamkelekanga elinxulumene nento okanye ikhuselwa okanye i-emelelo yeqela. Lo mlinganiselo ulungelelanisa umthwalo kwiqela elivelisayo ngokuchasene nokubaluleka kolwazi.

Xa iqela lifuna ukufumana ugcino-lwazi kwisixhobo sobuqu somnye umntu, imibandela engundoqo ifanelekile kunye nomthwalo. Iinkundla zidla ngokufuna ukuboniswa kwezibakala ezithile ezibonisa ukuba isixhobo siqulethe ubungqina obufanelekileyo. Uhambo lokuloba lungavunyelwa. Ngaphezu koko, inkxalabo yento eyimfihlo isenokuphakanyiswa ngokuhamba ulungelelwaniso olukhuselayo phantsi koMthetho 26(c). Iinkundla zinobuchule bokulinganisela ukufunyanwa kokukhusela umntu ekucaphukeni, ekuphoxekeni, ekucinezekeni, okanye ekuthwaleni okungeyo. Umzekelo, inkundla ingayalela ukuba ukuhlolwa kwendlela yokuzihlola ngenkani engekho mthethweni, ukuba kuphelishwa iindidi ezithile zedata, okanye ukuba unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo luhluzwe ngaphandle kweqela leqela le-athonga.

Umahluko phakathi korhulumente nesenzo sabucala ubalulekile. Ukuba iqela elifuna ugcino-lwazi ngumbutho karhulumente osebenza kumsebenzi wonyanzelo lwabemi, uMphetho-mda wesine uyasebenza. Oko kuthetha ukuba umbutho kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso esixhaswe ngokomthetho nokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe okungaqhelekanga. Noko ke, amasebe karhulumente asoloko esebenzisa ezinye izixhobo, ezifana nemfuno zophengululo (CID) okanye ii-athomo zolawulo, ezingafuni sizathu kodwa eziphantsi kweminye imida. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo ukunyanzela ukunyanzela ukufikelela kwisixhobo solawulo lwesine kunyusa izinto ezibalulekileyo zexabiso, ingakumbi emva kunye [FLT]

Xa Kufuneka iSikhundla: Ukufikelela kuRhulumente ekubhalisweni kwabemi

Esona simo sicacileyo esifuna isiqinisekiso se-SEC esifuna imvume, xa umbutho karhulumente, urhulumente, okanye ummandla wasekuhlaleni — uphanda ngqo isixhobo sobuqu njengenxalenye yophando lwabemi okanye inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukwenziwa komthetho. Imizekelo iquka ukuphanda ngerhafu, ukuphanda ngetyala letyala le-SEC, okanye igqwetha-liso-mthetho eligunyazisa imithetho yokukhusela abathengi. Kwimeko ezinjalo, umbutho kufuneka uvumelane nemfuneko yeMpaka-Gawula wesine.

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso, urhulumente kufuneka abonise isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba isixhobo siqulathe ubungqina bolwaphulo olukhethekileyo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichazwe ngokungqalileyo ngogcino-lwazi oluza kuthinjwa neendawo eziza kuphengululwa. /imvume ezithe ngokubanzi ```Izicombululo zesine' zacetywa ukunqanda `' azivumelekanga. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakusithabatha ngokulula isixhobo aze aphengulule sicocwe; kufuneka achaze kakuhle i ne- nexus phakathi kobubi obuthiweyo kunye nogcino-data olufunwayo.

Xa urhulumente efuna ugcino-lwazi olungelulo kumnini wesixhobo kodwa ukusuka kumnikezeli wesithathu wenkonzo (njengesinikezeli se-imeyili okanye inkampani yokugcina amafu), iVardd Communications Act (SCA) isoloko isebenza. Phantsi kwe-SCA, urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso sokuqulathiswa kwesicelo sonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki esigcinwe iintsuku ezili-180 okanye ngaphantsi. Kulo matshini omkhulu, ungasebenzisa i-sekuncinci i-sebachomela isaziso kwi-omrhumeli-mvume. Noko ke, abanikezeli abaninzi ngoku bafuna isiqinisekiso nokuba isiphi na isicelo sikarhulumente sogcino-lwazi lwe-data. Umzekelo, uthungelwano-mayelano lwe-Genecleganians (CECPA) lufuna jikelele isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kolwazi lwezonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki-data eshwane.

Ukukhetha Imfuneko Engenamdla Kwityala Lamakhaya

Kwanaxa urhulumente ebandakanyekile, kukho iindleko ezincinane ezinokubangela ukuba kungeneke ngaphandle kwemvume.

  • Iimeko eziqikelelweyo: Ukuba kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kubomi okanye ukhuseleko, okanye umngcipheko wotshabalo lobungqina, urhulumente ungenza ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, ukuba isixhobo siza kutshayelwa kude, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungathabatha kwaye kwenziwe uphando logcino-lwazi. Noko ke, iimeko zabemi zinqabile ukubandakanya ungxamiseko olunjalo; iinkundla zingenza uphando olunzulu lobunyaniso.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-'I-conent's'':[ Ukuba umnini wesixhobo uyavuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Kufuneka kuvunywe ngesisa, hayi ngokunyanzelisayo. Kwisindululo sasekuhlaleni, iqela lingavuma njengenxalenye yesivumelwano sokufumana, kodwa iinkundla ziya kuqinisekisa ukuba imvume iyayazi kwaye iyafumaneka ngokuzithandela.
  • imfundiso yombono ocacileyo: [ukuba uphengululo olusemthethweni lwesixhobo lubonisa ubungqina bolunye ulwaphulo kwimboniselo ecacileyo, okokuba ubungqina bunokuba buvumelekile. Noko ke, ungenelelo lokuqala kufuneka luvunyelwe, kwaye indalo ecacileyo kufuneka ibonakale ngoko nangoko. Le mfundiso ayiqheleki ukusetyenziswa kumongo wengingqi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uphengululo loluhlu: Emva kokuphanjwa ngokusemthethweni kwesixhobo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungenza uphengululo loluhlu lwecebo ngaphandle (umz., ukukhangela kwikhusi) ukukhusela kwizinto ezilahlekileyo. Kodwa ukukhangela okuqulethwe sisixhobo kungagqitha umlinganiselo wokuphendla uluhlu lwezixhobo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba imfuneko yogunyaziso isebenza ngamandla apheleleyo kwizenzo zonyanzelo lwabemi, ingakumbi xa isixhobo singangeni ekubambekeni. Ingqiqo ye Riley ."ukuthi uxanduva olukhulu lwemfihlo kwimiqathango yamanani lufuna uphatho olulula kwimimiselo yabemi.

Umthetho wonxibelelwano ogciniweyo kunye nokufunyanwa

UMthetho woNxibelelwano oSeled (SCA), 18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712, ngummiselo karhulumente olinganisela urhulumente kunye nokufikelela kobucala konxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki. Ukuhlahlela, i-SCA ineziphumo ezingundoqo ezimbini:

  • [[NTLL:0] Unikezelo lomthetho: Njengoko kuphawulwe, iSCA ifuna isiqinisekiso soqhagamshelwano lwe electronic (njenge email okanye imiyalezo yabucala) kwindawo yokugcina imihla eli-180 okanye ngaphantsi. Kulwazi lwakudala, urhulumente angasebenzisa i-subpoena okanye umgaqo wenkundla ukuba inika isaziso kumnini wesicelo. Noko ke, abanikezeli abaninzi ngoku bafuna isiqinisekiso soluvo lwazo lonke umxholo, kwaye ezinye iinkundla zibambe ukuba i-SCA imigangatho esezantsi yonxibelelwano lwakudala inokuba ingasetyenziswa njenge-startgameter emva
  • [[NTLA] Unikezelo lwamaqela: I-SCA iyalela abanikezi bemithetho yokusebenza ngokuzithandela besuka kwizinto ezizimeleyo ezingezo zikarhulumente, kuquka amaqela azimeleyo kwilixa loluntu. Ukufumana umxholo kumnikezeli, iqela kufuneka lifumane imvume yomnikezi, sebenzisa isaziso esisezantsi kumnikezi, okanye fumana ulungelelwano lwenkundla emva kokubonisa "inkcukacha ezicacileyo nezingobuchule" ukuba okuqulethwe nguwo kuyimfuneko nezinto eziphathekayo. Lo mgangatho usezantsi kunobangela olindelekileyo kodwa ungaphezulu kunomthetho obonisa ukuvuselelwa phantsi komthetho 26.

Ukufikelela kwesixhobo (ngokuchasene nokunikezela), i-SCA ayisebenzisi ngqo ngaphandle kokuba isixhobo sisetyenziselwa ukugcina uthungelwano kwinkqubo yomnikezeli. Noko ke, i-SCA isoloko ifanelekile xa iqela lifuna ukunyanzela umnini wesixhobo ukuba atshintshele kwi-akhawunti ye-intanethi, okanye xa isixhobo sisebenza kwakhona kwaye ugcino-lwazi lugcinwe efitshini. Icebiso kufuneka liqaphele ukuba i-SCA idala imiqobo eyongezelelekileyo yokufumana ugcino-lwazi lwe- elektroniki kwiqela lesithathu.

Unxulumano phakathi kweSCA kunye noMphetho-Mgaqo wesine lunzima. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente ufumana isiqinisekiso sokuqulathiweyo kumnikezi, lo mthetho kufuneka wanelise zombini uMphengululo wesine kunye neSCA. Ukuba urhulumente usebenzisa ipenal encinane ukwenzela izinto ezindala, isenokungavumelani nolindelo lweSihlaziyo sesine semfihlo esikhokelwayo [[FLT]]]

Umahluko Wezizwe Ngezizwe Norhulumente

Imithetho yangasese iyahluka-hluka kakhulu kwiindawo ezizimeleyo. EUnited States, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imisebenzi yawo yobuqu ye-elektroniki enyanzelisa iimfuno ezingqongqo kuneMiqathango yesine. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka:

  • ICalifornia Communications Communications Act (CalECPA): Ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna isiqinisekiso nakuyiphi na imvume karhulumente yonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki okanye yogcino-lwazi lwendawo, kunye neenketho ezimxinwa kwimeko yongxamiseko okanye imvume. Isebenza kurhulumente kunye nakumaqumrhu omthetho asebenza eKhalifoniyani ukuba afuna ugcino-lwazi kumnikezi okanye ummi waseKhalifoniya.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ungumqambi wolwazi lwe-electronic okanye umthetho we-data ofihlakeleyo: ofana ne CaleCPA, ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana ugcino-lwazi lwe-elektroniki ngaphandle kokuba umahluko uyasebenza.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Texas kunye neIllinois: Ibe nemimiselo efuna imfuneko yohlobo oluthile logcino-lwazi lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha olufunyenwe kubanikezeli.

Ukongeza, i-GDPR ye-European Ugcino-lwazi jikelele yokhuseleko (GDPR) ibeka imithetho engqongqo ekudluliseni i-data enqamlezene ne-hostling. Ukuba i-U.S. i-ligigant ifuna idata ekwiseva ekwi-EU, i-GDPR ingakuthintela ukudlulisa ngaphandle kokuba kukho isiseko esisemthethweni. Ukuqulunqwa phakathi kwemithetho yogcino-lwazi nemithetho yokhuseleko yolunye uhlanga ingenza iingxabano ezinkulu. Inkundla ze-U.S.S. ziye ngamanye amaxesha ziye zayalela ukuba kuveliswe ugcino-lwazi ngokwaphulwa komthetho wasemzini, kodwa zinokuvavanya ulwano olukhuphisanayo kwaye zinokufumana umlinganiselo wokufunyanwa kugcino-data olunokwenziwa ngaphandle kokwaphulwa komthetho wasemzini.

Kwisingqiniso samazwe ngamazwe, amaqela kufuneka aqwalasele enoba iNdibano yeHague ekuthatheni ubungqina ABRAD inika inkqubo yokufumana ugcino-lwazi, nangona inqabile ukusetyenziswa ekufumaneni isixhobo sekhompyutha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaqela kufuneka axhomekeke kwizivumelwano zoncedo olusemthethweni (ii-MLAT) okanye kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokufumana, ngokufuthi kunye nemiyalelo yokukhusela ukuhlangabezana nemicimbi yezobuqu.

Ukunyamekela Oogqirha Abasemthethweni

Ukumisela izimfuneko ezifunekayo nokufumana imithetho yezixhobo zobuqu kufuna indlela ecwangcisiweyo. Nawa amanyathelo angundoqo okucela nokuxhathisa ukufikelela:

Udityaniso olufuna ugcino-lwazi lwecebo

  • [[FLT: 0] Ichaza isiseko esisemthethweni: Mayela nokuba uqhubana nesenzo sikarhulumente (imfuno) okanye isicelo sobhaqo lwabucala (URule 26). Ukuba kuyenzeka, fumana imvume okanye sebenzisa ipena esezantsi ngesaziso.
  • Imposiso yesicelo esimxinwa: Iinkundla ziqheleke kakhulu ukunikezela unikezelo ukuba isicelo sichaziwe/umzekelo, ukufuna ii-imeyili ezinxulumene nentengiselwano ethile kuludwe lomhla ochaziweyo, kunokuba amanqaku onke ogcino-lwazi kwisixhobo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Sebenzisa ingcali yobundilele: Ukunciphisa umthwalo nokuhlonela ubumfiliba, icebisa umhloli wewonensic oza kukhupha ugcino-lwazi olunxulumeneyo kuphela kwaye ahluze ngaphandle kolwazi olunelungelo okanye olungalusebenzisiyo. Iqela elinamathe lingahlola iziphumo phambi kokuba lizivelise kwiqela elicelayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Qwalasela umyalelo ochaziweyo: Ukuba omabini amaqela ayavumelana kwimithetho elandelwayo, inkundla isenokuvuma. Imiyalelo egunyazisiweyo ingagcina ixesha kwaye inciphise impikiswano.

Unikezelo lwecebo elifumanayo

  • uyashukuma ukwenzela umyalelo wokukhusela: Phantsi komthetho 26(c), ungaphikisa ngokuthi isicelo sinzima ngokungeyomfuneko, asilungelelani, okanye ukuhlaselwa kwemfihlo. nikeza ubungqina bomthamo wogcino-lwazi, ukukwazi ukunxibelelana olubalulekileyo, kunye nezinye iindlela ezingenamsebenzi.
  • [[QULT: 0] Imimiselo yemfihlo efihlakeleyo: Ukuba iqela elicelayo lingumbutho karhulumente, ungaphikisa ngokuthi uHlaziyaniso lwesine lufuna isiqinisekiso. Chaza [ RYP kunye [FLT] ne[FLT]] iKharpreter[ kumgaqo ofunwa ngumgaqo ofunekayo yisixhobo sokulinganisa ikhompyutha.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ilungelo lobuKrawum: Zilungiselele ukuchonga amaxwebhu akhethekileyo anelungelo (umz., unxibelelwano olusemthethweni). Inkundla ingafuna ilungelo lokungena nokuba isixhobo asikhangelwa ngokupheleleyo.
  • Umda we-LIT: Ukuba unikezelo luvunyiwe, qhubana nemithetho elinganisela ukukhangela kumagama ayintloko athile, imida, kunye nabagcini. Isicelo sokuba abasebenzi beqela elivelisayo baqhube uphendlo kunokuba banikezele ngokupheleleyo kwiqela eliphikisayo.

Isiphelo

Imfuneko ezifunekayo zokungenisa ugcino-lwazi olugcinwe kwiizixhobo zobuntu ngexesha lokwenziwa kwengxelo yoluntu. UMthetho-nkqubo wesine unikela ukhuseleko oluqinileyo xa urhulumente efuna ukukhangela isixhobo sobuqu, ufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana Riley v. IKhalifoniya kunye ne[FLT] Carpeent v. Umthetho othenjiweyo wonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki u-elects wongeze umgaqo othi ugcino-lwazi lwamanani lufanele luqwalaselwe ngaphezulu. Kwisicango lwabucala, ukufunyanwa kwemithetho enjengoMthetho kaFoderal 26 i-octive, ngexesha izicelo ezifana ne-Vendsss syndolow scet.

Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buphucula iindlela zabo, iingcali zomthetho kufuneka zihlale ziphaphile. Icebo elimayela namalungelo abanini zixhobo kunye neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zokufunyanwa kwetyala alizukumelana nje kuphela neengxaki zezentengiso kodwa liza kuxhasa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokugweba. Ngokuqonda umGaqo-siseko, umgaqo-siseko, kunye nesiseko sobugcisa, icebiso linokukwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle uphando lwendlela entsonkothileyo yolwazi lwezobugcisa kwimibango.