Uhlaziyo Lokuqala Nezosasazo Zezentlalo: Umhlaba Osemthethweni Wale Mihla

UHlaziyo Lokuqala lusisixhobo solawulo-bume lwaseMelika, sikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, yokufaka kunye nesibongozo. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwaso kwisizukulwana samanani . Ngokukodwa kumaziko onxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo .Njengee ingxubusho enzulu engokwasemthethweni nengokwentlalo. Izixhobo zoluntu ziguqule indlela esinxibelelana ngayo, silungelelanise, kwaye sisebenzise ulwazi, kodwa imithetho elawula ukuthethwa kwezi ndawo yahlukeneyo yahlukile kakhulu kweyasekuhlaleni. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olucacileyo ngendlela iziHlamlelo zoLawulo lokuqala namajelo anxibelelanisa ngayo abantu, lihlolisisa indlela esemthethweni emilenzekelwe yincoko yangaphakathi, kwaye linika ukhokelo olusebenzayo kubasebenzisi abasebenzisa le ndawo.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Imvelaphi Nemigaqo Yekhori

Ngonyaka we-1791, iSindululo Sokuqala sibekwe njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, iSindululo soMgaqo-nkqubo sathi "Izigwebo aziyi kwenza mthetho usithiya... ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo. Ukudlula kweenkulungwane, iinkundla ze-U.S. aziyi kutolika lo mthetho ukuba ungasebenzisi kwiBhunga kodwa kuwo onke amasebe karhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba. Umva umisela ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvakalisa iingcamango ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukarhulumente, kwanezo ezingathandwayo, eziphikisayo, okanye ezigculelwayo.

Izigqibo ezingundoqo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaze ububanzi bentetho ekhuselweyo. Branenburg v.Ou [1969], iNkundla yathi inkundla inokuthi ithetha ngokuchanekileyo inokuthiyelwe kuphela ukuba ikhuthaza "umthetho ongekho mthethweni.] New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]], iNkubonelela ukukhusela okuchasene nochotshelwa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kwaye kukhuthaza ukungabi namthetho osemthethweni.[FLT][FLT][FLD [FFLD][FFF:5]] 0, iNkukhuselwa kokhuseleko lokuqala kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko. Ezi zimisela ukusetyenziswa kwezo zezopolitiko. Kodwa ke zona intebethi yobugxeshi yokwa-odwa.

Imithombo yezoshishino njengendawo yoluntu yanamhlanje

Imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle efana ne-Facebook, X (eyayibizwa ngokuba yiTwitter), i-YouTube, ne-Tik Tok iye yafana neendawo zedolophu, apho izigidi zabantu zidibana khona ukuze zabelane ngeengcamango, iindaba, kunye neembono. Le mifanekiso icetyiswe ngabameli bobabini ukwenzela ukhuseleko olunamandla olukhululekileyo lokuthetha kwi-intanethi kunye nabo baphikisayo ukuba amaqonga afanele abonakalise imo enzakalisayo. Noko ke, inyaniso engokwasemthethweni kukuba la maqonga akayo amacandelo karhulumente.

Umahluko phakathi kwabadlali boluntu kunye nabobuqu ubalulekile. UMthetho wokuqala Ophezulu uthintela kuphela isenzo sikarhulumente esinciphisa ukuthetha. Xa inkampani yezentlalo-mbini isusa iposi, imisa umsebenzisi, okanye ilungisa ialgorithm zayo ukuze yandise okanye ithintele umxholo othile, ayilwaphuli uHlaziyo lokuqala . ngenxa yokuba inkampani ayingorhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo lo mgaqo. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] [iii-Manbotan Community Acces Corp. v. Halleck[FL:] [2010]), inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umncedi wabucala wesiqhagamshelanisi sikawonke akangorhulumente urhulumente, nangona ilungiselele imodeli yentetho. Oku kusebenza ngqo kwiqonganiso lwezentlalo-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba-wonke, njengendlela yoluntu.

Noko ke, amandla amakhulu asetyenziswa zezi zikhululo akhokelela ekucingeni kwakhona ukuba zimele zibekwe phantsi. Abanye bathelekisa ii-ofisi eziqhelekileyo, njengeenkampani zemfonomfono, ezifuneka ziphathe zonke izinto ezizezamkelekileyo ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokucalulwa. Ezinye ziphikisa ukuba zifanele ziphathwe njengabavakalisi, zijongene nezinto ezizifumanayo. Ingxoxo ayikaphenduli, kodwa igxininisa ukungavumelani phakathi kokugcina amagama akhululekileyo kwi-intanethi nokuvumela iqonga ukuba limise imithetho yazo.

IPlatform Yabucala Paradox: Indlela Icandelo 230 Elikuyo Intetho Ekhululekileyo

Akukho ngxoxo yoMgqino-mva wokuqala kunye ne-media yoluntu ipheleleyo ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa iCandelo 230 loMthetho woNxibelelwano wonyaka ka-1996. Lo mthetho unika isikhokelo esingundoqo kwimisebenzi yekhompyutha edityanisiweyo (kuquka amaqonga onxibelelwano): (1) abaphathwa njenge "publisher okanye isithethi" senkcazelo enikwa ngamaqela esithathu, kwaye (2) banokhuseleko kwingxaki yoluntu yokususa okanye ukuvala ufikelelo lwazo ngokwanelisayo balugqala "iisidima, iintloni, i-cawasemgangathweni, ingcoliseko, ingqwala, ingqwabalaliso, okanye enye into engafanelekanga." Isiqenduku, icandelo lama- 230 linika amaqonga amabini amagophe (ukuwa bakhusele ii-ofisi zomsebenzisi) kunye nekrele (abavumela ukuba bafikelele kokona okuphakathi).

Umthetho wamiselwa ngexesha lasekuqaleni kwe-intanethi ukukhuthaza ukwanda kwe-intanethi kunye nokuvumela iqonga lifumane izinto ezihlasela amapolisa ngaphandle kokuba libeke ityala ngokusemthethweni kuyo yonke into eposwayo. Isiphumo siye saba kukuchuma kokuqulethwe ngumsebenzisi kunye nokunyuka kwezixhobo zezentlalo-ntle. Noko ke, icandelo lama- 230 liye lagxekwa ngokunika amaqonga amandla amaninzi okubumba intetho kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokuphendula. Abahlalutyi abasuka ekhohlo nangasekunene baye babiza utshintsho lwalo, nangona ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo: abanye bafuna amaqonga aphezulu ukuba enze okulwa okuphelisa i-information nentetho yezentiyo, ngexa abanye bephikisana ngokungafanelekanga.

Icandelo 230 alikhuphi amaqonga kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wesizwe, amatyala omntu onengqondo, okanye ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yezobucala. Kwakhona alithinteli abasebenzisi ekubeni bafaneleke kwizithuba zabo. Umthetho usebenza kuphela kwindima yeqonga njenge-arhente. Amatyala akutshanje avavanye imida yecandelo 230, kuquka Gonzalez v. Googlec LLC [2023], apho iNkuqululo ePhakamileyo yacinga ukuba ngaba wena Tyube's algalmment yalustrate ithetha phantsi kwecandelo 230. Inkundla ekugqibeleni igweba umthetho obanzi, ishiya umthetho ungenayo. Noko ke, ukutshintsha uxinzelelo luhlala lukhulu, kwaye naluphi naluphi naluphi ulungiso olungundoqo lungatshintsha unxulumano phakathi kobuntlalo lwentlalo-zwe.

Umlinganiselo Womxholo Notshintsho Lokuziphatha

Imigangatho yezentlalo yoluntu inyanzelisa imigaqo yokuziphatha yamkelekileyo nokuqulethwe yile nkqubo. Le nkqubo idla ngokulwalela ukukhathazwa, intiyo, intetho ephosakeleyo, ukuphenjelelwa kogonyamelo, nemisebenzi engekho mthethweni. Izinto ezicacisiweyo ziyahluka kwiqonga, kodwa umsonto oqhelekileyo ngowokuba amaqonga agcine ilungelo lokususa okuqulethwe yiyo nokunqumama okanye ukuvala iingxelo ezichasene nemithetho yawo. Oku kulungelelanisa akuyo iNgqolo Yokuqala yeSigqibo-ziso ngokwengqiqo esemthethweni, kodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngendima yeenkampani zabucala ekulawuleni intetho kawonke.

Inkqubo yobungcathu bolwamkelo iyaziwa njengento engekho mgangathweni kwaye engaguquguqukiyo. Iplatform ixhomekeke kudityaniso lweenkqubo ezizenzekelayo kunye nabahloli bomntu ukufumanisa ukwaphulwa komthetho. Imithetho-miyalelo ingaqulathi iflegi esekelwe kumagama ayintloko, iipateni, okanye iingxelo zomsebenzisi. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo azifezekanga, ngokufuthi zikhokelela ekuthetheni okusemthethweni okanye ekunyanzelweni phantsi komyalelo oyingozi. Umlinganiselo wobungcathu uxake: Facebookation kunye neInstagram kuphela isusa amashumi ezigidi zeziqwenga zolwanelo ngalunye lwekota ngenxa yokwaphula imithetho yazo.

Deplatforming .⁠Isenzo sokuvala ngokusisigxina umsebenzisi okanye iphepha kwiqonga -- iye yaba nguqheliso olunengxabano. Iprofile ephezulu ideplatting, njengaleyo yangaphambili enguMongameli uDonald Trump emva kwesiphithiphithi sikaCapitol se 6. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba amaqonga anelungelo (nembopheleleko) lokususa abantu abakhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye abasasaza iingcamango eziyingozi. Abachasi baphikisa ukuba ukuphelisa amazwi aphikisanayo nokugxininisa amandla amakhulu ezandleni zeenkampani ezimbalwa zobugcisa. Ngelixesha le misebenzi ayingqubanisi isiHlazi-mvo sokuQala kuba ziqhutywe zizinto zabucala, kodwa bachaphazela impilo yentetho kawonke wonke.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko kobungcathu bobungcathu bobungcathu. Ukwenziwa kwemithetho-siseko yokulungelelanisa izinto. Iinkqubo zokwenziwa kolwazi lwemithetho-manani zokwandisa ukuganana komsebenzisi, ngokufuthi kubangela ukushukuma, ukudityaniswa, okanye ukudityaniswa kwengxoxo. Oku kunokuba nesiphumo sokwandisa amalizwi athile ngexa ucinezeleko olungelulo, nangaphandle kongenelelo olungqalileyo lwabantu. Uhlaziyo Lokuqala aluzilawuli izigqibo zomthetho, kodwa iziphumo zokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo zizokwenene. Abaphandi baye banxulumanisa ulwandiso lwemithetho-algorithsi, ukusasazeka, uknaniso, kunye nokurhoxina kwezobupolitika. Njengesiphumo, abanye abaqululeki-mthetho nabaxhasi banokuvavanywa enoba amaqonga kuyimfuneko nako ukutyhila okanye ukuguqula imigaqo-algoritialgoritio.

IMida Esemthethweni: Iimpikiswano Zangoku Netyala Lenkundla

Imigaqo-nkqubo engokwasemthethweni ejikeleze uHlaziyo lokuqala noluManekiso lwezeNtlalo ikhawuleza iphelise amatyala amaninzi angundoqo kunye nemigudu yowiso-mthetho ibuyisela imida yentetho esemgangathweni.

Imithetho kaRhulumente Elawula Umlinganiselo Wolawulo

Ngo-2021, iFlorida neTexas zawisa imithetho ejolise ekuthinteleni oko izindlu zowiso-mthetho zabo zazikugqala njengemkhethe echaseneyo nemigaqo-siseko yezentlalo-ntlalo. Zombini ezi zi-SB 7072 zacelwa yi-SB 7072 ukuba zifumane zonke iziqu zomxholo ezivela kubahlohli bezobupolitika kwaye zaze zangavunyelwa ukusuka kwiinguqu ezizandulayo. I-HB 20 yawalela amaqonga ekulungiseni okusekelwe kwimbono kwaye yafuna ukuba zityhile imigaqo yawo esidlangalaleni. Zombini ezi mithetho zacelwa ngamaqela ezobugcisa kwimimandla yobugcisa kwimimandla yokuqala yokuHlayishwa, ziphikisa ukuba amaqonga anelungelo lokuqulungela ukuqulusela njengabavakalisi.

. NetChoice v. Paxton [2022], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala yavumela umthetho waseTexas ukuba usebenze ngexesha iqhubekeke, kodwa kamva yavuma ukuphinda uyihlole le ngxaki. [ Moody] v. Nethoice[[FLT] [2024] [2024] [2024], iNkubeko ikhupha umthetho obalulekileyo, ibambe loo mthetho obeka iqonga umlinganiselo womgangatho osenokuba uyawuchasa umgangatho osisicombululo. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba izigqibo zento equle ekubonisweni kwayo kwaye izenze njani intetho ekhuselekileyo. Esi sigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lwezolawulo lokuqala lwezobucala lobucala xa isebenza ngoonobumba-okrum, ngoko kuthe kuphuma imiqatha yeminyango, iintelekiso ecacileyo, okanye ingulo eyingozi.

Ikamva Lecandelo 230

IBhunga liye laqwalasela kodwa lasilela ukukhupha utshintsho olubanzi lwecandelo 230. Izicwangciso zisuka kumthetho weCFLT:0 (obekwe kwisixhobo sokuxhaphaza abantwana ngokwesondo) kwi [ I-ARN ITHET[ I-ARN [inokuthi iyenze buthathaka ukhuseleko lweqonga olungangeniyo olufanelekileyo olunokuthi lungabhekisi idilesi yento) [[FLT:]] kwi-Umthetho we-Weline Safety [[FLT:] [irgit] [iiiiphepha lomthetho elifuna amaqonga okususa okungangenwa okungekho mthethweni nokunyanzelwa kwenkonzo). Ingxoxo inzima ngokuqhubekayo yinkqubo yolawulo olulukungacelelwa kulawulo oluphezulu phakathi komnye ulawulo lwemeko olunzima lwexesha eliphakathi lovavanyo.

Amatyala Enkundla Emaliwa Kurhulumente Nakumaziko Onxibelelwano

Ummandla owahlukeneyo kodwa onxulumene nomthetho uxhalabele ukuba amagosa karhulumente angayinyanzela na imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle ukuba asuse oko kuqulethwe yindawo yogcino-lwazi ngaphandle kokwaphula uHlaliso lokuqala. Missouri v. Biden [2023], inkundla yesithili yephondo ifumanise ukuba amagosa eWhite House anyanzelele amaqonga ukuvala i-COVID-19 kunye ne-scinthe-sciom, ukuphula amalungelo abasebenzisi benkqubo yoMbetho wokuqala. Ityala i-Mislek'umzekelo ingathi ikwisibheno, kwaye iNkungamela uxa ingulo oluphakathi lungathwa. Urhulumente ucaphula umgca ukusuka kwintelekelelo oluvumelekileyo ekungameleni ukukhulula i-cocelo olusuka kwi-consticity. Oku kugxininiso-G. [FF:]

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kwabasebenzi

Ukuqonda isiseko somthetho kubalulekile, kodwa abasebenzisi kufuneka basebenzise iindlela eziluncedo ukukhusela amalungelo abo nokusebenzisa imithetho edidayo ye-web site media. Nazi iingongoma ezibalulekileyo ekumele uzikhumbule:

  • Yazi ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha ayithethi ukufikelela kwiqonga ngenkululeko. IsiHlanzi sokuqala sikukhusela kwicandelo lobucuphi likarhulumente, hayi kwiinkqubo zobucala kwiqonga. Ukuba okuqulathiweyo kwakho kususiwe okanye ityala lakho libekwe, iqonga lingaphakathi kwamalungelo alo logama nje lingasebenzi phantsi kolwalathiso lukarhulumente.
  • Funda kwaye uqonde imiqathango yeqonga yenkonzo kunye nemigaqo yoluntu. iqonga ngalinye linemithetho yalo. Ukungazi kwale mithetho akuzikhusela. Ziqhelanise noko kuchasene nentetho, umzekelo, inkqubo kaTwitter malunga nokuhlaselwa okanye imithetho ye-YouTube kwinkohliso yezamayeza.
  • Phantsi kwamalungelo akho okubhenela. Iinqanaba ezininzi zinika inkqubo yeziphumo ezinomtsalane zobungcathu ezibonisa ubungcathu.] Ukususwa komtya, ukubetha, okanye ukususwa kwetyala. Sebenzisa ezi ziqhagamshelanisi ukuba ukholelwa ukuba kwenzeke impazamo. Yabela imeko yakho ngescreenshot kunye neenkcazelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cwangcisa amaqonga achaseneyo. Ukuba awuvumelani nohlobo lweqonga lobungcathu, ukhululekile ukufudukela kwenye inkonzo. Iweb yentlalo elungelelanisiweyo (umz., Mastodon, Blushky) inika ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngemodeli ezahlukeneyo zolawulo.
  • Lumka uphaphele uphando lukarhulumente. Ngoxa uHlaziyo lokuqala lukhusela ukuthetha kwakho ekuthinteleni urhulumente, aluthinteli urhulumente ukuba ajonge ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Amagosa okunyanzelisa umthetho angasebenzisa ii-ofisi zakho zikawonke-wonke njengobungqina ngaphandle kokwaphula umGaqo-siseko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hlala usazisiwe ngotshintsho olusemthethweni. Zombini iintsebenziswano zowiso-mthetho zorhulumente nezombuso ziphikisana ngokukhutheleyo ngemithetho echaphazela intetho yengingqi. Ngokulandela imibutho enjenge e-Extonic Foundation Foundation kunye [FLT:]] ACLU [iiiiiindlela] yokulungisa uhlaziyo kwindlela iinguqu ezicetyiweyo ezinokuchaphazela ngayo amalungelo akho.

Isiphelo

IsiHlanzo soQala siselukhuselo olubalulekileyo nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwalo kumajelo eendaba oluntu kuyaqondwa yaye kusoloko kutshintsha. Amaqonga obuqu anenkululeko ebanzi yokuqulatha izinto ngokufanelekileyo, ngenxa yokucaciswa komthetho weSihlaziyo sokuqala kunye nemigaqo yeCandelo lama- 230. Kwangaxeshanye, kuvela iimfazwe ezingokwasemthethweni kumthetho wobungcathu, ukunyanzelisa kukarhulumente, kunye nolawulo lwemithetho-algoricism zibuyisela ekuthetheni okuthethwayo ngenkululeko kwisizukulwana samanani.

Kubantu abasebenzisa i-intanethi, isikhokelo kukwazi ukuba intetho ye-intanethi ilawulwa yinkqubo edibeneyo yomthetho-siseko, imimiselo yorhulumente kunye neesivumelwano sabucala. Ngoxa umgaqo ongundoqo wokuchaza inkululeko uhleli, imithetho engqalileyo ixhomekeke kwiqonga nakumongo. Ngokuqonda ezi zixhobo zinamandla, abasebenzisi bangenza ukhetho olucacileyo malunga nendawo nendlela abathetha ngayo kwi-intanethi, baze bathabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ebumba ikamva lentetho yamanani.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwiZiko loLwazi loMgaqo-siseko kunye SCOTYMlog ukuhlaziya kwiimeko zeNkundla ePhakamileyo.