Ukukhulula kwamakhaya nokhuseleko lwesizwe: Ukulungelelanisa

Uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko yabemi kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe luye lwayintsalela echaza ulawulo lwale mihla. Njengoko amazwe ezama ukulwa nezisongelo ezisukela kubugrogrisi ukuya kuhlaselo lwekhompyutha, ucelomngeni lukukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabemi ngeli xesha bephakamisa amalungelo abo asisiseko. Olu lungelelaniso alumi ngamaxesha onke, lutshintshanga kutshintsho lobugcisa, uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko, kunye nokulindela kukawonke-wonke. Abenzi bolawulo-mthetho mabalinganisele benomlinganiselo wokhuseleko olukhawulezileyo oluchasene nomgangatho wedemokhrasi, ngokufuthi enolwazi olungafezekiyo kunye nokungalawuleki kwexesha eliphantsi.

Kunondoqo wale ngxoxo, le ngxoxo ibuza umbuzo obalulekileyo: yinkululeko engakanani abemi abakulungeleyo ukunikezela ngenxa yesithembiso sokhuseleko? Impendulo iyahluka kwiimeko zentlalo nezomnyaka wembali, kodwa imigaqo esisiseko ihlala ihleli iqinile. Urhulumente onikwe amandla okukhusela abantu bakhe kufuneka anyanzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abo. Ukufumana olu lungelelaniso lungakhokelela ekuchanekeni okanye ekuphathweni yi-demodeli. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlola amaqhosha esi senzo sokulinganisa, ukunikela umxholo wembali, ukuhlalutyiswa okusemthethweni, nokuqwalaselwa phambili kwemibuzo.

Ukuqonda Ukukhululeka Kwabemi

Ukukhululeka kwabemi ngamalungelo asisiseko nenkululeko eqinisekiswe kubantu, ngokuqhelekileyo emiselwe kumgaqo-siseko, amatyala, okanye izixhobo zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi zixhobo zokhuseleko zisebenza njengesikhuseli nxamnye nesenzo sobugxwayiba sikarhulumente, ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokucinga, bathethe, kwaye basebenze ngaphandle kokungenelela okungeyomfuneko okuvela kwizwe. Ngoxa uluhlu olukhethekileyo luthe tyelwa ngokwamandla, inkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi iyaluqaphela ummiselo osisiseko wenkululeko.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha nentetho – Ilungelo lokuchaza iingcamango, izimvo, kunye nolwazi ngaphandle kohlalutyo lukarhulumente okanye ukoyika ukuphindezelelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwimfihlo – Ukhuseleko ekungeneni okungeyomfuneko kubomi bobuqu, uthungelwano, kunye nogcino-lwazi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwityala elilungileyo – iziqinisekiso ezifana nenkqubo efanelekileyo, umelo olusemthethweni, kunye nenkundla engakhethi buso phambi kwesohlwayo okanye ukuhlawulwa kwenkululeko.
  • Inkululeko yonqulo nenkolelo – Ubuchule bokuqhelisela naluphi na ukholo (okanye alukho) ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa okanye ucalucalulo lukarhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuhlanganisa nokucela – Inkululeko yokuhlanganisa ngoxolo nokwenza izikhalazo zaziwe ngurhulumente.
  • Ukukhululeka ekuphunyezweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuphathweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni – Ukhuseleko oluthintela amandla okunyanzelisa umthetho ukungena emakhayeni, ukuthatha impahla, okanye ukufikelela kwiingxelo zobuqu ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwejaji.

Le nkululeko ayiphelelanga. Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho zivumela imiqathango elinganiselweyo xa kukho intsabelo karhulumente enyanzelayo `njengenkuselo yogonyamelo okanye ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Noko ke, imeko engundoqo kukuba nawuphi na umqathango kufuneka ulungiswe ngokucutheneyo, ungenelele kancinane, kwaye ube phantsi kolawulo. Uxinzelelo lubakho xa oorhulumente benyanzela imida yoko kubangela "umdla wokuphumelela" okanye xa ukuhlolwa kwamandla ebuthathaka ngexesha lengxaki.

Isiseko Esibunzululwazi

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yenkululeko yabemi isuka kakhulu kwiinkcuba - buchopho zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJames Madison. Locke waphikisa ngelithi abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, kwinkululeko, kunye nempahla, kwaye ukuba igunya likarhulumente lixhomekeke kubuchule bakhe bokukhusela loo malungelo. Madison, ebhala kwi Fedalist Pages [[, elumkisa ukuba ukuxinzelelwa kwamandla ngokungenakunqandwa kukhokelela ekusebenziseni igunya, ukukhuthaza ukwahlukana kwamandla kunye nomthetho wamalungelo. Ezi ngcamango zabumba u-U.S. UmGaqo-siseko kunye noMgaqo-siseko WesiGciso-siseko wamaLungelo Oluntu, zombini ezisele izise izicwangciso zokulwano zemicimbi yenkululeko yezizwe ehlabathini lonke.

Ngokwendlela asebenza ngayo la malungelo athe akhutshwa ngokwezigwebo zenkundla, umthetho, kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha kwe-social. Umzekelo, inkululeko yokuthetha ngoku iquka ukhuseleko lwentetho yokomfuziselo (umz., ukutshiswa kweflegi) kunye nentetho ye-intanethi phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Amalungelo obuqu akhuliswe ukusuka kwizithuba zokwenyani ukuya kunxibelelwano lwamanani, njengoko kuboniswa kwiimeko ezifana Riley v. California (2014, apho iNkunye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. ithelela ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokukhangela iseli ukuze abanjwe. Ezi zinto zibonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokuzinzisa isiseko semigaqo yesiseko senkqubo.

Indima Yokhuseleko Lwesizwe

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe luquka izenzo ezithathwa ngurhulumente ukukhusela abemi balo, ummandla, amaziko, nezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunwa ngabantu abangaphandle nangaphakathi. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ezi zisongelo ziye zahluka-hlukene ngaphezu kohlaselo oluqhelekileyo lomkhosi, ukuhlasela ngekhompyutha, ukupheliswa kwamaphulo okuguqula ulwazi, iindyikitya zokuhlasela, kunye nengcinezelo yezoqoqosho. Iirhulumente zisebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ukuthetha nabo, ukususela ekubopheleleni ulawulo loluntu, kwaye kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, umkhosi.

  • Imigudu yobunqolobi ekhoyo – ukwabelana ngobukrelekrele phakathi kwabameli, ukugada imali, kunye nokuphazamisa amaqhinga phambi kokuba zimbaleke.
  • Imisebenzi yeCybersecurity – Ukukhusela izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo (iigridi zamandla, iinkqubo zemali) ukusuka kumatshini osetyenziswayo kunye namaqela olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • ukhuseleko lweBorder kunye nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi abaphuma kwamanye amazwe – Abahambi abakhuseli, abasebenzisa iinkqubo zebhayoloji, kunye nendlela yokulawula ukhuseleko ukukhusela ukungena kwabadlali abanobutshaba.
  • Ukhuselo olungumqadi kunye nokunqanda – ukugcina amandla axhobileyo akwaziyo ukuphendula kwinkomfa kunye nezisongelo eziqhelekileyo.
  • Ukulungelelanisa kunye nokuphendula - Ukulungiselela iintlekele zendalo, iindyikitya zokufa, kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinokuphazamisa ibutho labantu.

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe ludla ngokufuna imfihlo, isantya, kunye negunya eliphangaleleyo elinokungqubana nokubonakala, inkqubo efunekayo, namalungelo omntu ngamnye abonakalisa inkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, abameli abanobuchule, bangaqokelela ubuninzi benkcazelo yokubona izinto ezinokuba zisoyikiso, kodwa oku kunokutshayela ulwazi lwabemi abangenatyala ngaphandle kolwazi lwabo. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo kukuyila iinkqubo eziphumelelayo nxamnye nezisongelo zokwenene ngoxa besakha ekukhuseleni ukuxhatshazwa.

Ukhuseleko-Liberty Tradoff kwiPractice

Ucwangciso oluqhelekileyo lokuqwalasela ulungelelwaniso yi "security\-liberty dodoff" apho ukhuseleko olunyusiweyo luthathwa ukuba lufike ngexabiso lenkululeko encitshisiweyo. Noko ke, le nkampani ayiqhelekanga ukuba ilandelelane. Ezinye iinkqubo zibeka imithwalo enzima kwinkululeko ngexa zinika ingeniso yokhuseleko olusezantsi kuphela. Ezinye zinyusa ukhuseleko ngokuphazanyiswa okuncinane xa kujoliswe kwimposiso. Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kufuna ubungqina malunga nokuba kuliphi imilinganiselo esebenzayo, kwaye kukweliphi ixabiso elingu-$(rathern) kunokuxhomekeka kwintelekelelo zoloyiko.

Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokuhlola ingxowa-mali (njengendawo ekuqokelelwa kuyo i-NSA''s metadata eninzi ebhenqwe nguEdward Snowden) ziye zagxekwa njengezingasebenzi ekuthinteleni izicwangciso ezithile zobugrogrisi ngeli xesha zibotshelelwa ngelihlazo elimanyumnyezi kwaye zikholose kurhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuthunyelelwa kwemikrokrozo eyaziwayo phantsi kolawulo lwezomthetho kunganika ubulumko obunentsingiselo ngaphandle kokugawula izigidi-zigidi zabantu. Umahluko ugxininisa isizathu sokuba kubekwe ngokwasemthethweni njenge I-SHUREVEIllance Act (FA)

UMthetho Wokulungelelanisa

Uxanduva oluphakathi kwenkululeko yabemi nokhuseleko lwamazwe aluyonto intsha.

Iziganeko Zembali: Ukucinezelwa Ngexesha Lemfazwe

Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya eMelika, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabek'imposiso ye-habeas corpus, evumela ukuba kuvalelwe umkhosi abarhanelwayo ngemfazwe yehlabathi ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. KwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iEspionage kunye neSedition Acts Acts elwenziwe amagrtive jan, ekhokelela ekumangaleleni abaphikisi abafana nenkokeli bobusoshiyashiyashiyashiyashiyashiyashiyashiyashiyashiya. Umzekelo ombi owedume kakhulu wavela ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi imfazwe yesibini, xa urhulumente wase-U. u-U. u-U. u-Melika, i-200,000 000 000-Melika, ngokuyintloko ngaphandle kobungqina bobunyani bokunganyani. INkungamela inkqubo yeNkundla ephambili [Foct:] Kremah [break 1] v.[FLD1], isigqibo esigwetywayo kamva sigwetywa ngokuba ngumthetho, xa kusetyenziswa uGxomelo olusemthethweni, isalalk

Imilinganiselo efanayo yenzekile kwezinye iidemokhrasi. I-United Kingdom yadlulisela iDefence of the Deal Act ngethuba leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, inika amagunya abanzi ukuba afake izikrokro kwaye athintele iimpapasho. IKhanada yasebenzisa iManyathelo eWar Alinganiselwayo ukuhlanganisa i-Ukrainian Canadas kunye neyamva kweJaphanians. Isifundo sisithi imigaqo yemeko yemeko yamanqamka idla ngokudlula ungxamiseko, imisela imizekelo etshabalalisa inkululeko kamashumi eminyaka.

Post 103/11: Isidleleli esitsha

Uhlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11, 2001 lwalungisa ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa, iBhunga lase-U.S. lagqithisa uMthetho SUSA PRITIOT [, owandisa amandla okuhlola ngokuphawulekayo. Amalungiselelo avumela ukujikeleza kweminxeba, ukufikelela kwiingxelo zoshishino kuphando lobuntlola, kunye nolwandiso oluthe lwandiswa phakathi komthetho namaqumrhu obulumko.

  • I-NSA yaqalisa ukuqokelelwa kweminxeba emininzi yeminxeba yefowuni phantsi kweCandelo 215 loMthetho wePIRIOT, inkqubo kamva yavakaliswa ingekho mthethweni yinkundla yezicelo yorhulumente ngo- 2015.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweNational Security Letters (NSSLs) kwanda, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iFBI ifune inkcazelo yomqeshwa kwi-intanethi engekho mvumelweni, ikhatshwa yimiyalelo engachazwanga.
  • Ukuzinza nokuncinwa eGuantanamo Bay kunye ne "indawo ezimnyama" kwaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nenkqubo efanelekileyo nokusetyenziswa kwentuthumbo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwibala elihlala lihleli kumalungelo abantu baseMerika.

Ngeli xesha uMthetho we-PATRIOT wawuphantsi kolawulo lweBhunga kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamaxa athile, amalungiselelo awo amaninzi aba ngasisigxina. Ngo- 2015, uMthetho we-USA INKULULEKO waphelisa inkqubo yemida emininzi ye-metadata kunye nokubona ngaphaya, kodwa wandisa amanye amagunya okuhlola. Umzekelo ubonisa ukuba xa amandla okuhlola egunyawe, anqabile ukukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo, alungiswa kwakhona, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha anwebelwe.

Ukhuthuzo lwamanani noRhulumente wale mihla

Namhlanje, ukulinganisela akuquki kuphela abameli bakarhulumente kodwa kwaneenkampani ezingabodwa. Iinkampani zobugcisa ziqokelela ubuninzi bogcino-lwazi lobuqu ukwenzela iinjongo zorhwebo, kwaye oorhulumente bangalufumana olo gcino-lwazi ngeenkqubo zomthetho, iingcango zangasemva, okanye iimfuno ezithe ngqo. Izityhilo zeSnowden ngo-2013 zabonisa ukuba amaqumrhu obulumko aye asebenzisa ngqo kwiinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Google, Facebook, neYahoo. [FL:0] Le projectrateins [P]P] ifihla ulawulo lwezintlawulo oluntluntlukwano olunento olunentsingiselo [[[

Ubugcisa bokwazisa obujongileyo, ubuchule bokuqwalasela obuthe ngqo, kunye nee-applications ezinamandla ziphakamisa amaxhala amatsha. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwee-database zeqela leenkqubo ze-genta kunye nemifanekiso exeliweyo kuboniswe ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ichaphazela abantu abambalwa, kunyuswe ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweekhamera zokuhlola ezixeliweyo kwizixeko ezinjenge-London neBeijing kusoloko kuqwalaselwe, ngaphandle kobungqina obuninzi obubonisa ukuba kunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Ucelomngeni olungundoqo luqinisekisa ukuba ubugcisa busebenza ukhuseleko ngaphandle kokwenza imo yolawulo olusisigxilo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esisemthethweni kunye neeNkxaso zeZiko

Idemokhrasi eqinileyo ifuna izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezinika amandla amaqumrhu okhuseleko kwaye ziwathintele.

Isiseko soMthetho

EUnited States, iziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko eziphambili zilukhuselo oluphambili ekuthinteleni ukuphazamisana nokuthetha, ukudibana, nokuzimela. IsiHlanzi sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kusekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka kunye nesiqinisekiso esikhutshwa yimajingi, ngaphandle kweemeko ezithile okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele "imfuno ezikhethekileyo" ezikhethekileyo zokuphengulula iinjongo ezithile kumthetho oqhelekileyo, njengokuphengulula ummiselo okanye uvavanyo lolawulo. Kwingxelo yokhuseleko lwesizwe, uFISA inkundla ekhethekileyo (iquluko lwe-FISA, okanye i-FISC) ukuhlola izicelo zokujolisa amagunya angaphandle okanye abasebenzi babo abaceli bezobugcisa. Abagxeki bemi baphikisa ukuba inkqubo ye-FIC ikhotho ikhohlo, njengoko kuthelelwa kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwenkundla yetyala, ngaphandle kwengxelo enkulu, impikiswano.

Imithetho Engundoqo

  • Umthetho wobuntlola obungaqhelekanga wobuntlola (FISA) (1978) – ufuna imvume yokugweba nge-elektroniki ekuhloleni uphando lobuntlola. Ngokulandelayo iinguqu zandisa umlinganiselo wayo ukuquka abantu abangeyo-76U.S.
  • USA PARIYOTT Act (2001) – amandla okujonga andisweyo; Icandelo 215 livumele ukuqokelelwa kwe "izinto ezinokubonwa" (kuquka iingxelo) ezinxulumene nophando lobugrogrisi.
  • Umthetho weNKULULEKO (2015) – uqokelelo lwemida emininzi yemida yemida ngaphantsi kweCandelo 215 kunye nolwandiso olucacileyo, kodwa luhlaziyiweyo amanye amagunya okujonga.
  • [[NT.0] ICybersecurity Information Survanity Act (CISA) (2015) – Umxhasi okhuthazayo wabucala wokwabelana ngolwazi lwezisongelo ngekhompyutha norhulumente, unyusa inkxalabo yemfihlo ngobungakanani bogcino-lwazi olwahlulweyo.

Amanye amazwe anemimiselo efanayo. UMthetho we-United Kingdom's Investigation Powers Powers 2016 (i-"Snooper's Chart") unika amagunya aphangaleleyo ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi lonxibelelwano kwaye ufuna iinkampani ze-intanethi zisuse okufihlakeleyo. I-European Union's General Data Protection Regastification (GDPR) imisela imida engqongqo ekuqhubekekisweni kogcino-lwazi kunye nokukhutshwa kwemisebenzi yokuhlola, inika imodeli eyahlukileyo ebeka amalungelo eyimfihlo. Ezi ndlela zokwahlukahlukana zibonakalisa izithethe nezithethe ezisemthethweni.

Ubuchule Bokwenza Ikomiti Nokulawula

Iinkundla zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutsaleni imida. Iityala zophawu lwelizwe elinjenge Zweibon v. Mitchell [1975] kunye [[FLT:] United States v. U-U.S. iNkundla yeSithility[[[FLT:]] [1972] imisele ukuba kwanokhuseleko lwasekhaya lufuna isiqinisekiso. [[FLT:]] i-ANT] i-AM [[FLT][FLT][5], iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba amatyala angenakumangayekanga kuvavanywa uphatho lweNS kuba lungenakungqinela ukuba lungakhangelwa. [isigqibo esibala ukhuseliso lwendlela yokhuseleko.] [FT] [5] [brevertive]

Ngapha koko, amaqumrhu azimeleyo azimeleyo anjenge-Imfihlo neLibertial Overight Board (PCLOB) kwi-U.S. kunye noMphathi-mikhosi wobuGcisa e-U.K. asebenza ngokuhlola izenzo zikarhulumente kunye nokukhupha iingxelo. Noko ke, la maqela asoloko engenawo amandla okusebenza kwaye anokubekwa phantsi ngexesha lesongelo esiphezulu. Ulwalathiso olunempumelelo lufuna ukuba kucace, inkxaso eyaneleyo, kunye nekhono lokunyanzela amaxwebhu nobungqina obusoloko buphikiswa ngabameli bokhuseleko.

Iimbono Zoluntu Nendima Yokukhulela Eburhulumenteni

Umnqweno kawonke-wonke wokhuseleko nokukhululeka uyaguquguquka ngoluvo losongelo. Emva kwe-9/11, uhlolo lwabonisa inkxaso esasazekileyo yokuhlola okugqithisileyo, kwanaphakathi kwabo babedla ngokubeka iziqu zabemi ezincumisayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, njengoko ukukhumbula ukuhlaselwa nokuhlaselwa kohlaselo kuvele, inkxaso iphelile. I-Snowden ivulela ingxoxo yomhlaba wonke, ekhokelela ekuguquleni iprojekthi enjenge USA INFUX, kunye nokukhuthaza iNkundla yeLuntu yaseYurophu yokubetha iEU. Indawo ekhuselekileyo (elawulwa yidata) ngenxa yokuzikhusela ngokungeyo.

Imibutho yamakhaya ijongene nemekobume. Amaqela afana ne- American Liberties Union (ACLU), iExtranic Foundation Foundation (EFF)[FLT], kunye ne-Human Rights Watch sname songameli mthetho, iifayile zomthetho, kunye nokufundisa uluntu. Zikwavavanya iinkqubo ezithile zomngeniselo (umzekelo, inkqubo yokumangalelwa kwe-ACCLU's kwimigrast ye-NSA's ikhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba ayivumelekanga. Umsebenzi wabo uqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko alusebenzi ngaphandle kokuhlola, xa uluntu luphazamisekile, naxa uwonke luphazamisana.

Noko ke, ukulwa imfazwe enyukayo. Amaziko okhuseleko asoloko ehlula imisebenzi yawo, okwenza kube nzima ukufumanisa ukuba impumelelo ekhoyo kwiinkqubo ezikhuphiswaneni. Ngaphezu koko, abezobupolitika bazibeka esichengeni sokubizwa ngokuba "kubuthathaka kukhuseleko" ukuba bayathandabuza amanyathelo okuhlola, okubangela iziphumo ezimandundu kulawulo lomthetho. Ukubotshelelwa kukawonke-wonke, ukuchotshelwa kwesazulu esikhululekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lokufutha impempe.

Uhlolisiso lwexesha elizayo: Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo Ogudileyo

Njengoko ubugcisa bukhawuleza, isenzo sokulinganisela siya kuba ntsonkothile kakhulu. Ubuchule bokwenza, ukufunda ngomatshini, kunye nezivo ezikhoyo zidala amandla okukwazi oko kwakuyinzululwazi ezinto ezingento zenkohliso kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo. Kwangaxeshanye, isoyikiso siya sisiba nzima ukubonakalisa kwaye silungelelaniswe ngakumbi, kwaye ukuhlasela okungalawulekiyo kungandululwa ngabadlali abambalwa, amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho, okanye amaqela adibeneyo, onke esebenzisa izixhobo ezifanayo.

Ubuntlola nobuninzi obuzenzekelayo

I-AI ingahlalutya ii-data ezinkulu zokuchonga iipateni, intelekelelo, kunye nezisongelo zeflegi. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho sele kusebenzisa i-algorithm zobupolisa ezithe zaxelwa kwangaphambili, kodwa ezi nkqubo zisemngciphekweni wokuqhubekekisa ikhethe ukuba ziqeqeshwe kugcino-lwazi olunesiphene ngokwembali. Ubugcisa bokoqobo, obusetyenziswa kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya nakwiziganeko zikawonke wonke, bungachaneka kakuhle kodwa bunokuba buthathaka ekusebenziseni kakubi i-atraccom, i-Albia ingenza ixhoba le ngxaki kwi-droam-drogen okanye ivelisa i-infonsolo. Ukunqongo ecacileyo kwemilinganiselo ecacileyo yemigaqo ye-Alpédiv.

Imfihlo Yogcino-lwazi Namandla Olawulo

Uqoqosho lwezogcino-lwazi ludala uxinzelelo: iinkampani ziqokelela ulwazi ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo zorhwebo, kodwa oorhulumente banokufumana loo nkcazelo ngezicelo ezisemthethweni, ngeminyango yangasemva, okanye ngokunyanzelwa. Ukunyanzelwa "ukungaqiniseki" ngabameli bomthetho kubalaselisa ungquzulwano. Ngexa kuthintela abanqolobi ukuba "bahambe bemnyama," ezo ndawo zingenza ukhuseleko lwabo bonke abasebenzisi bangakwaziyo ukufikelela kwiimfuno zobugcisa kunye neenkonzo zobuntlola bangaphandle. Isiphumo sale ngxoxo siya kubumba ubugocibo bemali kamashumi eminyaka, ngeziphumo zokuthetha ngokukhululekile, ubuzwilam, kunye nokuvuthela.

Imilinganiselo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nentsebenziswano

Izisongelo ezifana nobugrogrisi kunye nohlaselo lwezibhedlele zinqumla imida, zifuna intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa amazwe ahlukeneyo anendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwinkululeko yabemi. I-U.S. kunye neYurophu ayaqhubeka enyukela ekukhuseleni ugcino-lwazi, ngelixa amazwe alawulayo afana neTshayina aye asebenzisa uphando oluninzi njengesixhobo sokulawula intlalo. IBhunga laseYurophu iCenvention 108+ kunye ne-Askinglensilensile , kodwa ulawulo lwe-OECD lunikela izicwangciso, kodwa lubuthathaka. Ukufikelela kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe okuququzelela amalungelo abantu.

Isiphelo

Isenzo sokulinganisa phakathi kwenkululeko yabemi nokhuseleko lwesizwe asiyongxaki ukuconjululwa kanye kwaye konke. Yinkqubo eqhubekayo yengxoxo, ulawulo, kunye nokuqhelaniswa. Ii-democratic zoluntu kufuneka zixhathise isilingo sokunikezela ngenkululeko ngokusisigxina ukwenzela inzuzo ye-erhemeral ekukhuselekeni. Kwangaxeshanye, azinakukwazi ukungaziqondi izinto ezisongela ngokwenene ezikhoyo. Indlela engaphambili ilele ku ubuchule bokwenza uphando [iiiiindlela] ibonakalise iinkqubo zokuhlola uluntu nokuzigocagocagoca ngolwazi; [[FLT:] [12]] iprotratectionation [FLT].] .[5]

Abahlali banendima ephambili yokudlala. Ukuhlala benolwazi ngamandla asetyenziswayo egameni labo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala, kunye nemibutho exhasayo ekhusela amalungelo omntu kunceda ukugcina ulungelelwano. Njengoko imbali ibonisa, xa iingcebiso zokulungelelanisa zikude kakhulu kukhuseleko, kunzima ukubuyisela inkululeko elahlekileyo. Ukuphaphaphele okufunekayo asikokuphaphaphela kwemeko yokugadelwa, kodwa kukuphaphaphama kwabantu abakhululekileyo abaqonda ukuba inkululeko yabo ifanele ikhuselwe.