Ukwazisa Iindlebe Zolawulo

Iingxoxo zolawulo zizingqiniso eziqhutywa ngabasemagunyeni bakarhulumente ukusombulula iimbambano ezivela kwizigqibo zolawulo. Ngokungafaniyo neemvavanyo zesithethe zenkundla, ezi tyala zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho ecacileyo kwaye zisoloko zingekho semthethweni, kodwa zinobunzima obubalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo anxulumene nelayisenisi, iinzuzo, imvume, kunye nokuthobela. Kuzo zombini iingcali zomthetho kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo, ukuqonda iindidi zamatyala aviwayo kwezi nkundla zezomthetho linyathelo lokuqala lokusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Eli nqaku lihlola iindidi eziyintloko zeemeko zolawulo kwaye linikela amaqhinga asebenzayo okuqhuba inkqubo ngokunempumelelo.

Iindidi Zetyala Elaziwa Kwiindlebe Zolawulo

Umthetho wolawulo uquka iindidi ezininzi zempikiswano. Ngoxa umbutho ngamnye unemithetho yawo, iindidi eziliqela ziphinda-phindwa kumazwe orhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nasekuhlaleni. Ngasezantsi sihlolisisa ezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo, nganye inemilinganiselo yayo ecacileyo kunye nenkcazelo yayo.

Ukuhlahlela nokuqinisekisa

Iingxoxo ezinika ingxuba-mali zibandakanya iibhodi zolawulo lobugcisa, njengeebhodi zezonyango, ii-bar, iikomishini yezezakhono, okanye amagunya anika intsebenziswano. Ezi zicelo zithetha ngokukhanyelwa, ukurhoxiswa, ukurhoxiswa, okanye ukungaphindi mvume-mvume. Izithuba zokuthatha inyathelo zingaquka ukungafezeki, ukuziphatha okubi, ubuqhetseba, ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukusilela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemfundo eziqhubekayo.

Ngokomzekelo, ugqirha otyholwa ngokugunyazisa ii-opioids ezingaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo wesiqhelo angajongana novavanyo phambi kwebhodi yezonyango. Ibhodi kufuneka ivavanye ubungqina bokungalungisi nxamnye namalungelo ogqirha afanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, inkampani egunyazisiweyo imvume yayo irhoxiswa ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo ingabhenela ekuchongweni kolawulo. Iinkqubo ezinjalo zidla ngokuvumela ukuqhutyelwa kwemida, kodwa xa kukhuphiswa, zinokuba zenziwe ngobuchule obuphezulu, zixhomekeke kubungqina obungochwepheshe kunye noxwebhu oluneenkcukacha.

Ukuhamba ngenqanawa okuphumelelayo kufuna ukuyiqonda kakuhle indlela yommiselo ofanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yombutho. Ukuhlanganisa iingxelo zobungqina, iirekhodi zemisebenzi, kunye nesiqinisekiso soxwebhu kusemgangathweni obalulekileyo kwangoko. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukuba isicelo sokuva sigcinwe kwifestile emfutshane (umz., iintsuku ezingama-30 zesigqibo esingesiso sombutho). Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekungeniseni amalungelo.

Amabango Okungafezeki Neengenelo

Phakathi kwezona zenzo zolawulo ziqhelekileyo zezithi zibhekiselele kwiinzuzo zikarhulumente. I-U.S. Social Security Administration (SA) isingatha ubuninzi bokuvakala kwesiphene unyaka ngamnye. Abafaki-zicelo abazicelo zabo zokuqala ze-Social Security Disability Insuration (SDI) okanye i-Somaral Security Infige (SI) iyakhanyelwa ukuba icele ukuchotshelwa phambi koMgwebi woMthetho we-Administrative (ALJ).

Ezi ngxelo zijolise kubungqina bezonyango: ukuxilongwa, imbali yonyango, ukungasebenzi kakuhle, nokuba umnini-mali ungenza na umsebenzi ozizizibonele ngako. Kwakhona i-ALJ isenokuqwalasela ubungqina obungobuchule obuphathekayo obunxulumene nokufumaneka komsebenzi onikiweyo. Le nkqubo ayimiselwanga kakuhle kunovavanyo lwasekuhlaleni, kodwa isalandela imithetho engqongqo yobungqina kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo.

Ezinye iingenelo zokuva ziquka izibheno zemali zemali yokungaqeshwa (kumgangatho wengingqi wengingqi) kunye nezibheno zamava ezikhubazekileyo phambi kweBhodi yeVeterans. Kwimeko zokungaqeshwa, imbambano idla ngokuba kukuba lowo uthenjiweyo ushiye umsebenzi ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle okanye ukhutshwe ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Ubungqina buquka ubungqina bomqeshi, iileta ezilumkisayo, kunye neengxelo zokufika.

Kwabo bazenza iziphene, ukunikela ingxelo yezamayeza elungiselelwe kakuhle ingundoqo. I-social Security Administration’s Blue Book idwelisa ukungasebenzi okufanelekileyo ukuze kungenelwe isiphene esizenzekelayo. Nokuba imeko ayidweliswanga, uvavanyo lobuchule obusebenzayo oludityaniswe nokunyanga iimbono zagqirha lungaxhasa intengiso. Umelo olusemthethweni oluninzi olusuka kuncedo olungelulo lwengeniso okanye amagqwetha asebenza ngokusebenzisana nempumelelo.

Ukusingqongileyo Nelizwe Kusetyenziswa Iimeko

Ukuva okusingqongileyo kuvela xa amasebe anjenge-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kweNkundla yeNzaleko yaseUnited States (EPA), amasebe karhulumente okukhusela imekobume, okanye iibhodi zocwangciso-qhinga zivumela, zinika imiyalelo, okanye zikhupha isigwebo. Imizekelo eqhele ukuquka:

  • Imvume yokungavunyelwa kwezakhiwo zoshishino (umz., ubunjani bomoya okanye ukhupho lwamanzi luvumela)
  • Izenzo zokunyanzelisa ukuphulwa kwemithetho ethi icocekileyo, i-Cutheoc Air Act, okanye imimiselo yenkunkuma eyingozi
  • Izicelo ezingqubanayo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango kuvumela ukuphuhliswa komhlaba
  • Ucelomngeni kwizigqibo ezinxulumene nokuhlaliswa kwamaxhama okanye indawo ehlala kuyo izilwanyana ezisengozini

Ezi ndlebe zidla ngokubandakanya ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo benzululwazi, obufana nokufuzisela ukusasazeka, uphando ngezixhobo ezinamaphiko akhupha amanzi, okanye uhlolisiso lwemichiza. Imithetho yesithethe isenokuvumela ukuba kubekho inxaxheba eluntwini okanye imo yengingqi yamaqela asekuhlaleni. Xa amashishini, ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisana neemeko ezivunyiweyo zinokuba neziphumo zesohlwayo somhla nemihla. Ngokuchasene noko, abemi okanye imibutho yendalo ingacel

Ukumisela ukuchongwa kwemekobume kufuna ubuchule obuphambili. Ukungaqiniseki ngomcebisi ofanelekileyo wokusingela imizekelo okanye ukulungiselela iqhinga lokuthobela inokubaluleka kakhulu kuneempikiswano zomthetho kuphela. I-Ofisi ye- ye-EPA yaBagwebi boLawulo loBuphathi[ inika isikhokelo kwiinkqubo zayo zokuva, eziquka ukuvelwa kwangaphambi kokuvelwa kunye nenkqubo yokufunyanwa.

Ityala Lemisebenzi

Iingxoxo zolawulo zikwacombulula iimbambano phantsi kwemithetho yemisebenzi. Amasebe oMsebenzi Olinganayo (EOC) kunye neNational Laborty Relations Board (NLRB) asingatha ukuchotshelwa kwamacala ajongene nocalucalulo, imisebenzi yokusebenza engekho sikweni, kunye nokuziphindezela. Amasebe omgangatho wesizwe asingatha imivuzo neengxubano zeeyure, intlawulo zabasebenzi, kunye nokukhutshwa kokhuseleko

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala le-EEOC kulandela uphando nokuzama ukuququzelela; ukuba akugqitywanga, umqeshwa ochaphazelekayo angacela ukuchotshelwa phambi komgwebi ophetheyo. Ijaji ikhupha isigqibo esinokuquka ukubuyiselwa, ukubuyiselwa, okanye ukohlulwa kobubi betyala. Ngokufanayo, iindlebe zeNLRB ziqinisekisa enoba umqeshi ubandakanyekile kwimisebenzi engekho semthethweni enjengokuphazamisana nokuququzelela okanye ukungacebisi iqumrhu.

Ukuva imbuyekezo kwabasebenzi kudla ngokubandakanya ukuxambulisana kwezonyango − nokuba “umonakalo waphuma nakumsebenzi." Umthwalo wokuqinisekisa uxhomekeke kumphathi kwimimandla emininzi, kodwa umgangatho ungaba ngaphantsi kwenkundla yasekuhlaleni (umz., “ubungqina obuninzi” kunokuba“ buphelele kwaye beyiselele”).

Ukuphumelela ekuvinyweni kwemisebenzi, amaqela kufuneka agcine zonke iinkqubo zothungelwano (ii-imeyili, imisebenzi, uhlolo lomsebenzi) kunye nolwahlulelo lwamangqina kwangoko. Umelo oluvela kwigqwetha elikhethekileyo emsebenzini okanye kumthetho wokusebenza lunconywa ngamandla kuba imithetho yemibutho iyahluka ngokubanzi ngombutho. [[FLT: 0]] EEC yecandelo lokuva lesizwe [[ yahlukile kwiimeko zabucala, yongeza omnye umaleko wencutshe.

Irhafu namatyala engeniso

Abanikeli berhafu bangakhuphisana neNkonzo yeNguqu Yangaphakathi (IIRS) okanye izigqibo zerhafu yorhulumente ngokuchongwa kwetyala. I-ofisi ye-IRS yezibheno inikela igalelo langaphambi kwelishwa lengxoxo kwiingxubusho, izigwebo, okanye izenzo zokuqokelela iminikelo. Ngokufanayo, amasebe emali yemali yemali karhulumente anika ingxelo ngerhafu, irhafu yengeniso, kunye noxabiso lerhafu yempahla.

Ezi zindululo zifuna ugcino-lwazi olucokisekileyo: iibhatalo zerhafu, iilisithi, uthungelwano, kwakunye nalo naliphi na igunya elifanelekileyo elisemthethweni (amacandelo ekhowudi yerhafu, imimiselo yokulondoloza imali, okanye imizekelo egwebayo). Kwizibongozo zerhafu yempahla, ingcebiso kunye ne-data yentengiso elinganayo zibalulekile. Inzuzo engundoqo yokuchongwa kwezolawulo kukukwazi ukunikela ubungqina ngaphandle komthetho wenkundla yerhafu, nangona umthwalo wokuqinisekisa udla ngokuhlawulwa kwerhafu.

Abaqhamsheli basoloko befaka oombali- mali abanconyelweyo (CPS) okanye abameli ababhalisweyo abamele abaxhasi phambi kwe-IRS. izibheno ze-IRS inkqubo ye-[ yenzelwe ukusombulula iimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuzicazulula, kwaye ingxoxo ephumelelayo ingakhokelela ekunikeleni nge-in-comproject okanye izivumelwano zequlu.

Indlela Yokuva Iindlebe Ezikumgangatho Ophezulu

Ngeli xesha umbutho ngamnye unemithetho eyahlukeneyo, uqheliselo oluninzi olungcono lusebenza kwii-athom zolawulo. Ngeli ngezantsi sichaza iindlela ezingundoqo eziphucula amathuba okuba neziphumo ezintle.

Qonda Izinto Ezisetyenziswa YiArhente

Phambi kokuva, hlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo ummiselo, imimiselo, kunye nazo naziphi na iincwadi ezipapashwayo okanye izikhokelo. Amasebe amaninzi akhupha “imithetho yokuqhelisa” yokuba ukucwangcisa ixesha elimiselweyo, imithetho ecacileyo, uqheliselo, kunye nemiyalelo engagqibekanga. Umzekelo, uLawulo lweNtlalo loKhuselo lwezokhuseleko [[FLT: 0] ALEX (Izibheno, kunye noMthetho woluHlu

Nangona zingeyondlela yokuzilungisa izinto, zityhila indlela iALJ edla ngokubuqwalasela ngayo ubungqina obuthile okanye intsingiselo yomgaqo - ntetho odidayo.

Lungiselela Ngokucokisekileyo Nangoko

Xa kuthe kwacwangciswa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, qala ukuhlanganisa ipakethe yobungqina obubanzi. Oku kufuneka kuquka:

  • Zonke iziqulathi-fayili nezibonelelo (iileta, ii-imeyili, izaziso)
  • Izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo, iimvume, amalayisensi, okanye iizicelo
  • Iingxelo zonyango, iingxelo zokuxilonga, kunye neengxelo zonyango (zeengxaki zeziphene)
  • Ingxelo yemisebenzi, uhlolo lomsebenzi, neengxelo zokunikela ubungqina
  • Ingxelo zenkcubeko (iimali, ezonyango, ezobume okanye ezoqoqosho)
  • Imizobo, imiboniso, okanye ubungqina bamanani

Lungisa amaxwebhu ngendlela esengqiqweni, ngeteyipu yeziqulatho kunye nee-tab ezibaliweyo. Nika imibhalo kwiqela elichasayo (icebiso elilungileyo) phambi kokuva, njengokuba ukungaphumeleli ukubhenca kunokukhokelela ekususweni kobungqina. Abameli abaninzi bafuna ukutshintshiselwana kwemiboniso elungiselelwe ukuveliswa kwangaphambili.

Qonda IShedyuli Yenkqubo

Administrative hearings follow a predictable sequence:

  1. Ingqungquthela yokuveliswa kwangaphambili (ukuxubusha ngeendidi, uluhlu lwamangqina, kunye
  2. Comment
  3. Ukuboniswa kobungqina ngumbutho (umthwalo wobungqina usoloko uxhomekeke kwiqela elifuna isenzo esichaseneyo)
  4. Ukunikezelwa kobungqina nguMphulaphuli okanye ummangaleli
  5. & Iziphumo zephetshana elichazayo
  6. Impikiswano yokuvala (ngamanye amaxesha ibhalwe okanye ithethwe)
  7. Uhlolo lweposi (ukuba luvumelekile ngemithetho)

Ukwazi le mithatho kukunceda ulindele ukuphikisa nokujika-jika ngokukhawuleza. Kwizimvo ezingezozo zesiqhelo (umz., ukungasebenzi), i-ALJ ingabuza amangqina ngokukhutheleyo. Kwimimiselo ecwangcisiweyo (umz., ukunyanzelisa), imithetho yobungqina ingayixelisa ngokusondeleyo inkundla yorhulumente.

Yazi Ubuchule Bokwahlulwa Komnqamlezo

Nangona ukuva okusezantsi kolawulo kuvumelekile, ukuxilonga okunqamlezayo kusesona sixhobo sinamandla. Injongo asikokuphikisana nengqina kodwa kukubangela ukuvunywa okanye ukuthenjwa. Lungisa uludwe olufutshane lwemibuzo ekwimeko yombutho ebuthathaka okanye ukungangqinelani kwiingxelo zangaphambili zengqina. Kuphepheni ukupheliswa kwemibuzo. Endaweni yoko, buza imibuzo ekhokelayo (umz., “Awuqeqeshwangakho ngokwesiko, ngokuchanekileyo?).

Injongo kufuneka isekelwe kwimithetho yombutho .indawo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ulundi (olunokuvunywa kodwa lunikwe ubunzima obuncinci), ukungabi nasiseko, okanye ukunganyuki. Uninzi lwe-ALJ luyekelela kwimiba ye-se seriging kodwa luza kunyanzelisa imithetho xa iqela linomelo.

Ukunceda Ngomthetho Nobuchule

Ngeli xesha amanye amatyala olawulo evumela ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokwawo, ukuntsonkotha kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nemigangatho ecacileyo yenza uncedo lobuchule. Abathathi-nxaxheba abanobuchule kumthetho wolawulo bayakuqonda ukutshintsha-tshintsha kokubhenela, ukuqokelela ubungqina obungoongcaphephe, nokuhlalisana phambi kokuva.

Kwimeko zobugcisa (umz., ukusingqongileyo okanye ezezamayeza), ingcaphephe engochwepheshe ingaguqulela ugcino-lwazi oluntsonkothileyo kubungqina obucacileyo. Icandelo leMelika Bar Association yecandelo loMthetho woLawulo noMgaqo-siseko woLawulo ikhupha ubuncwane kunye noovimba beefayili. Urhulumente omninzi kunye nembutho yebhari yasekuhlaleni inika igqwetha iinkonzo zemisebenzi yemicimbi yolawulo.

Khawucinge Ngesinye Isisombululo

Amaziko amaninzi akhuthaza ukuba kubekho ulawulo okanye iingqungquthela zokuphelisa iintlanganiso ukuze kuviwe ukuva ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, iSSA inikela ingqungquthela elungiselela ukuva apho ummangali kunye ne-ALJ zingathetha ngetyala ngokungacwangciswanga. Ngokufanayo, i-EPA isebenzisa iinkqubo zokuzinzisa ezicwangcisiweyo ukwenzela izenzo ezithile zonyanzelo-mthetho. Ukubandakanyeka kwezi nkqubo kunokusindisa ixesha, kunciphise uxinezeleko, kwaye kuvelise iziphumo ezivumelanayo.

Noko ke, lumka: nasiphi na isivumelwano sokuphelisa isohlwayo ngokuqinisekileyo siya kuba nesibopho yaye sisenokuwachasa amalungelo abhekele phambili esibheno.

Ugcino lwamalungelo

Emva kokuba umthetho wolawulo unikezele isigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nequmrhu lidla ngokuba nefestile elinganiselweyo yokubhenela (ngokufuthi iintsuku ezingama-30) kwibhodi yesebe, ugunyaziso, okanye ngqo kwinkundla yesizwe okanye yesizwe. Umgangatho wokuhlola isibheno uqheleke “bubungqina obukwinqanaba eliphantsi” okanye“ obungephi nobuncinci,” uthetha ukuba iziphumo ezichanekileyo zequmrhu zinikwa ulibaziseko olukhulu. Ukugcina impazamo, kufuneka wenze iimbambano ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngexesha lokuchonga kwaye ziqukwe kwi-post -book everyfimp.

Shicilela yonke imihla efikelelweyo kwikhalenda kwaye ufakele isaziso sesibheno ngokuthobela ngokungqongqo. Ukusilela ukwenza oko kusesona sizathu siqhelekileyo sokuphulukana namalungelo. [[FLT: 0] i-ABA’s Appellate Practice Committee Komiti [[[FLT: 1]] inikeza izikhokelo ekuhambiseleni phambili isibheno seesigqibo zolawulo.

Ulwazelelelo Olukhethekileyo Kwabathathi-nxaxheba

Ukuzimela kwityala lolawulo kulucelomngeni kodwa kuyinto engenakwenzeka. Amaqumrhu afana namaziko okuzinceda, amathala eencwadi omthetho kawonke-wonke, kunye nezikhokelo ze-intanethi (umz., iNolo Press’s “Zibonele kwiNkundla”) anganikezela ngesiseko. Kodwa, le migibe ilandelayo ixhaphakile:

  • Ukungaphumeleli ukunikela amaxwebhu kwisebe elikwimiqathango efunekayo
  • Ukungabikho komhla wokuphulaphula (okungaphumela kumgwebo omiselweyo)
  • Ingxelo echaza ubungqina obungachatshazelwanga ngokufanelekileyo ngelifa lemveli okanye ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo
  • Ukusilela ukuchasa ubungqina obungafanelekanga obunikelwe yi-arhente
  • Ukuzithethelela okanye ubungqina obungokweemvakalelo obubangela ukuba abantu bangabi nantembelo

Ukuba ukhetha ukuqhubeka usenza i-evenkileni, yiya kwimfono-mfono enye ukuze uqwalasele iinkqubo.

Indima Yobugcisa Ekuveni Kwanamhlanje

Ukusukela kwisifo esingubhubhani, abameli abaninzi ngoku baqhuba ukuva ngevidiyo okanye umnxeba. Olu tshintsho lwenze ukuba ukuva kufikeleleke ngakumbi kodwa lukwaneentsomi ezahlukeneyo. Abathabathi-nxaxheba kufuneka baqinisekise uqhagamshelwano oluzinzileyo lwe-intanethi, ukukhanya okufanelekileyo, kunye nendawo engqongileyo ethe cwaka. Amaxwebhu kufuneka ahlulwe ngekhompyutha kuse phambili okanye ngexesha lokuva usebenzisa iqonga (umzekelo. Ukulungiselela ubuchule be-glips/ukufumana umgca wemfono-mfono. Amanye amaqumrhu, njenge SSLT:0, aye apapasha [[FLT:]]] umgangatho ekude. Ukudibana kwendlela neqonga (umz. g., i-Webster, i-Flarect, okanye i-software ye-software ye-octive, okanye i-software ye-ocester) iyafuneka.

Isiphelo

Iindlebe zolawulo zisisiseko solawulo lwale mihla, zinika inkqubo yokucombulula iimpikiswano kwiilayisensi, iingenelo, imvume yokusingqongileyo, amalungelo emisebenzi, irhafu, neminye imicimbi emininzi elawulayo. Iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zithetha ukuba akukho meva mabini afanayo, kodwa imisonto eqhelekileyo (ukulungiselela, ukuqonda imithetho yeziko, ukunikelwa kobungqina, nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngempumelelo kwazo zonke iingcali

Enoba ulishishini elijongene nentlawulo elawulayo, igcisa elinogunyaziso olusemngciphekweni, okanye umntu ofuna iingenelo zokukhubazeka, ukuqhuba indlebe yolawulo ngentembelo kufuna ulwazi kunye nokulungiselela. Ngokufunda iindidi zetyala ezichazwe ngasentla nokusebenzisa iindlela zokulungisa ezichazwe ngasentla, ungakhusela amalungelo akho uze uphumeze isigqibo esifanelekileyo. Kubo bajongene neengxaki ezintsonkothileyo okanye eziphezulu, abandakanyeke igqwetha lolawulo elinamava lihlala liqinisekile indlela yokuphumelela.