Isizathu Sokuba Iindlela Nokulungelelana Zibe Ngamandla Olawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ingcamango yokuxilonga nokulinganisela ngumgaqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla awanyanzeliswanga kwisebe elinye likarhulumente. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukuphendulana kwaye ikhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ilenza libe lilungu elibalulekileyo lebutho ledemokhrasi elisebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwesi sixhobo sobugqeba, umngcipheko wolawulo-melo otyhalela kwigunya lolawulo-moya, apho umthetho ulawula umntu omnye okanye iqela elithile. Ukuqonda indlela uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso olusebenzayo (nesizathu sokuba baluxanduva, kwaye kutheni kuyimfuneko kumntu ngamnye ofuna ukukhusela amalungelo akhe aze aphendule ngurhulumente.

Ukuqonda Kunokuxilonga Nokulungelelana: Umatshini Osetyenziswayo WomGaqo-siseko

Umbindi wayo, uhlolo nolungelelwaniso lubhekisela kwindlela evumela isebe ngalinye likarhulumente ukuba lisikelele amagunya abanye. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu nokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abemi akhuselekile. Imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya, ekwazi ukulandelela kwiincwadi zikaMontesquieu kwaye kamva efakwe kumGaqo-siseko, yahlula igunya likarhulumente ngokwee-compute. Isebe ngalinye lifumana ummiselo owahlukileyo wamagunya, kodwa kwakhona likwanesabelo ekusetyenzisweni kwabanye ngoxanduva oluthe lwahlukayo.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

EUnited States, urhulumente wahlulahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu, ngalinye linendima yalo eyintloko:

  • Isebe elinobungangamsha: Imbopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Ingqungquthela (Indlu yabameli neBhunga leNtlanganiso) ibamba amandla engxowa-mali, iyakwazi ukuvakalisa imfazwe, kwaye inegunya eliphela kumagosa karhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isebe eliphumezayo: Imbopheleleko yokumisa imithetho. UMongameli uyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, iyakwazi ukumisela umthetho, kwaye imisela iijaji zequmrhu kunye namalungu ekhabhathi (ithobela ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeQela).
  • [[NTLA] Isebe le-judicial:[[FT:1] Imbopheleleko yokutolika imithetho. Iinkundla zomanyano, ezikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, zinamandla okuhlola ngokugweba/ukukwazi ukubetha imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko.

Isebe ngalinye linamagunya neembopheleleko ezithile, kwaye lisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwelinye. Olu lwahlulo lubalulekile ekulondolozeni urhulumente olungeleleneyo. Kodwa ukwahlukana kodwa akukwanele, kodwa amasebe kufuneka abenako ukukhangelana. Umzekelo, uMongameli angakhupha isiko elidluliswe yiBhunga, kodwa iCongress iyakwazi ukulilawula elo nani elizii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini. Inkundla ephakamileyo iyakwazi ukuvakalisa umthetho ongahambisaniyo, kodwa iBhunga lomthetho linokucebisa ukupheliswa kokubhukuqwa kogwebo. Oku kwenza uvavanyo nokulinganisa inkqubo enamandla kunokusebenzisa umgaqo othe ngqo.

Ubuchule Bokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Ngaphandle kolwahlulo olubanzi lwamandla, kukho iindlela ezithile zokunyanzelisa ukuphendula. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo yile:

  • [[NTL: 0] Igunya lolawulo: uMongameli angawuchasa umthetho, anyanzelise iKhonkethi ukuba iphinde iqwalasele. Oku kuthintela isebe lowiso-mthetho ekumiseleni imithetho ejongwa njengobukrelekrele okanye engamiselwanga.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: ukumiselwa koMongameli koonobhala bobukhabharabhathi, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye noonozakuzaku-arhente kufuneka bavunywe yiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kunika isebe lemithetho intetho kulowo uqhuba igunya elilawulayo nelokugweba.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuququzelela nokususa: Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, okanye ijaji yesizwe nge "ngesizathu, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nezingekho mthethweni". Indlu yeQela ibamba ityala kwaye ingakwazi ukususa umphathi ngevoti ezimbini-isithathu.
  • Impinda yeJudicial: Ukusukela Marbury v. Madison (1803), iinkundla zequmrhu zinamandla okugqiba enoba imithetho nezenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ziyavumelana na nomgaqo-siseko. Oku kunguvavanyo olunamandla kwiBhunga neMongameli.
  • Amandla ePurse: ulawula inkcitho karhulumente. Akukho mali inokuthathwa kuTsheya ngaphandle komthetho odluliswe yiBhunga. Oku kuthintela ukukwazi kwempatho yesebe ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezixoxwe nguMongameli zifuna icebiso kunye nemvume yee-3 ezimbini zeBhunga leNdlu yeMali. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umphathi ongalubopheleli uhlanga kwizibophelelo zangaphandle ngaphandle kwenkxaso ebanzi.

Ezi nkqubo azingozingcinga nje; ziye zavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika. Umzekelo, uMongameli uAndrew Jackson wachaza ukhatho lweBhanki yesibini yaseUnited States, kodwa wabona iCongress isilela ukumoyisa. Kutshanje, ukuvalwa kohambo lukaMongameli Trump kwacelw'ucelw'ucelwe umngeni enkundleni kwaye ngokungephi nangaphandle kwabelwa phantsi ngabagwebi besizwe abahlukeneyo, bebonisa ukusetyenziswa kwesenzo solawulo oluphezulu kunye nohlalutyo lwezahlulelo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxilonga Nokulungelelana Ekulondolozeni Inkululeko

Iitsheki nezingqiniso zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi engenakuthathwa lula:

  • Icebo lokusebenzisa kakubi Amandla: Ngokunika isebe ngalinye amandla okuhlola elinye, akukho sebe linye linokulawula. Oku kuthintela ukuvela koozwilakhe okanye iqumrhu loozwilakhe.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ngamanye:[ Le nkqubo inceda ekulondolozeni amalungelo abemi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye akukho sebe likarhulumente elinokuzenzela amaxhoba okanye amaqela.
  • [[Ulwahlulelo: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kweNkcubeko: Imfuneko yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe akhuthaza incoko nokulalanisa, enyanzela amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba asebenze ngaphaya kwemigca yezobupolitika ukuze afumane iziphumo.
  • Uxanduva lwemali: Isebe ngalinye libekelwe ityala kwezinye, likhuthaza ukubonakala kwizenzo zikarhulumente. Xa elinye isebe lidlula, elinye lingaliphendula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufumaneka: ngokucotha inkqubo yowiso-mthetho nokufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi, ukhangelo nolwahlulo lunciphisa ubungozi bokungakhathali okanye imithetho efakwe ngokukhawuleza enokuthi ibangele umonakalo wexesha elide.

Ngaphandle kwee-checks kunye nolungelelwano, kukho ubungozi bobuzwilakhe kunye nengcinezelo, njengoko imbali isibonise ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwanakwidemokrasi, ukugxininiswa kwamandla kungaphelisa inkululeko. Qwalasela ulwandiso lwamandla olawulo phantsi koMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt ngexesha loHlomelo olukhulu neMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngoxa izenzo zakhe ezininzi zazithandwa, kwakhona zaqalisa iingxoxo malunga nemida yegunya lomongameli. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ekuqaleni yaphelisa iinkqubo eziliqela zeNew Decial, isikhumbuzo sokuba kwana namaxesha amanqam, umGaqo-siseko umisa imida.

Imizekelo Engokwembali: Indlela Oorhulumente Ababulawula Ngayo Ubuchule Babo

Ukutyhubela imbali, oorhulumente abahlukahlukeneyo baye benza uphando nokulungelelana ukuze kulondolozwe ucwangco nokukhusela abemi.

  • IRiphabliki yeRoma: yaseka inkqubo entsonkothileyo apho ii-console, iBhunga kunye neendibano zahlolana. Abameli bayalela umkhosi kodwa bakhonza unyaka omnye kuphela; iNdlu yeNtlanganiso yalawula imali; kwaye iindibano zawisa imithetho. Le nkqubo yathintela nabani na oyedwa ukuba alawule iriphabliki kangangeenkulungwane.
  • UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States: wadala isakhiwo somcimbi wenjongo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwemithetho, isebe elilawulayo, namasebe ejaji. Abafaki-zixhobo, baphenjelelwa ziinkcuba - buchopho zoluNqano kunye namava abo okulawulwa kwe-Rhoqo noKumkani George III, beyilwe urhulumente wamagunya alinganiselweyo. IFederalist Papers (ingakumbi i-No. 10 ne-10 kunye no-51) bachaza indlela iingcezugnazo kunye nolungelelwano eziyalulawula ngayo ubukhokho kunye namabhongo.
  • IBhunga elimanyeneyo: Ngexesha ingekho umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo, i-UK isebenza kwinkqubo yolawulo lwepalamente, kodwa ngokuhlola okunjengeNdlu yeLords elinganiselweyo, uhlolo logwebo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nomthetho wenkosi osemthethweni (ngoku othe wasetyenziswa). Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, i-UK ibone uxanduva phakathi komphathi-ntloko (uMphathiswa nomphathi-mikhosi) kunye nomphathi-ntloko wendlu ejikelezomthetho kwimibandela efana nokuqululo lwePalamente ngo-201919, eyathi inkundla ephakamileyo yagweba ngokuchasene nomthetho.
  • Iinkqubo zobuModeli: Amazwe amaninzi namhlanje aye amkela iinkqubo ezifanayo, ngokufuthi kunye nentlobo-ntlobo. UMthetho osisiseko weJamani umisela isakhiwo esiqinileyo sorhulumente ngeNkundla yomGaqo-siseko enokubetha umthetho. Inkqubo yeFransi emalunga nomongameli onyuliweyo ngqo, umlungiseleli oyintloko onokuphendula kwipalamente, neBhunga lomGaqo-siseko elihlola imithetho. Imodeli nganye ibonakalisa ulungelelwaniso olulungelelaniswe kwimbali nezobupolitika zayo.

Le mizekelo igxininisa ukuba uvavanyo nomlinganiselo asilondlela enye elinganayo. Ifuna ugcino oluzinzileyo nolwamkelekileyo. Xa elinye isebe lidlula, elinye limele liphendule. Xa inkqubo ibotshelelwe, abemi kufuneka bafune utshintsho.

Ucelomngeni Lokujonga Nokulungelelana Kwenkulungwane yama - 21

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwazo, uphando nokulungelelana kujamelana nocelomngeni olunzulu kulawulo - melo lwanamhlanje:

  • [[FLT: 0] Parisan Polare: amaqela ezobupolitika asoloko ebeka phambili izilangazelelo zawo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, ekhokelela kwiqhina eliphambili. Xa iqela elinye lilawula amasebe aphetheyo kunye nowiso-mthetho, basenokungakuthandi ukuqhuba ulawulo. Xa ulawulo lwahlulwe, izithintelo zingaphazamisa urhulumente.
  • Impumelelo engaphaya kwesantya: Oomongameli okanye abaPhathiswa abaphambili bangazama ukwandisa amandla abo ngaphaya kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi becaphula ukhuseleko okanye iimfuno zikaxakeka. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yesizwe, ukutyikitya, iintetho, kunye namandla emfazwe anwebekileyo akhula ngokuphawulekayo. Uphando oluvela kwi Brennan Center yamaxwebhu eJaji lungawandisa njani amagunya oomongameli bolawulo lweRiphabliki kunye neDemocratic qha ngaphaya kwesiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo.
  • I-Judicial Activiism vs. IMpawu zeJaji: Iinkundla zingayigqitha imida yazo, ziphembelela izigqibo zenkqubo kunokuchaza nje imithetho. Ingxoxo emalunga nobubanzi obufanelekileyo bocalulo lwezomthetho iyaqhubekeka. Okwangoku, ukuhlasela kwezopolitiko kugunyaziso lwejaji kungawenza buthathaka amandla ayo okukhangela amanye amasebe.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kweMbali: naxa kukho ii-cheke-kente ezisesikweni, baxhomekeke kwizithethe nezithethe ezingabhalwanga. Xa loo mithetho iqhawuka (umz., ukungavumelani ne-ethopona, ukupheliswa kwendima yegqwetha jikelele), le nkqubo ayinakusebenza njengoko kucetyiwe. Inkonzo yophando lweCangrega iphawule imizekelo engahambelani nezicelo zobuveleli.
  • I-Dixoxinform and Display: Abami abasongezelelwe lulwazi lobuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo bangalahlekelwa lukholo kumaziko. Ukuba uluntu alukholelwa ekugunyazisweni kweenkundla okanye ekungakhethi buso konyulo, inkqubo yonke yokuhlola nokulinganisela iyathinteka. Oku kungakhokelela kumjikelezo apho isebe ngalinye lithi elinye litsho ukuba aliyiyo idemokhrasi, litshonisa ulungiso lwedemokhrasi.

Olu celomngeni lugxininisa imfuneko yokuphaphazela nokuba nenxaxheba kwabemi ngokukhutheleyo ukuze balondoloze imigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Ukufundisisa Ityala: Imiyalelo yabalawuli nedabi lokulwela igunya

Enye indawo apho kuhlolwa khona nokulinganiswa okusoloko kuvavanywa kukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli. Ngoxa uMongameli enegunya lokunika imiyalelo kwisebe eliphetheyo, le miyalelo kufuneka iqhubeke ihambisana nemithetho edluliswa yiKhomishini kunye nomGaqo-siseko. Xa uMongameli Franklin Roosevelt wayalela ukuvalwa kwemida yamaJaphani ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa isenzo [[FUT] subruv v. United States[FLT] [1944] [44] Isigqibo kamva sagwetywa ngokuba siso sokwahlulelwa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemi. Kutshanje, uMongameli Obama umthetho ophetheyo kwizenzo zokufuduka kwinkundla yezorhwebo, kwaye ijajinga elithe krabhuli lisebenza ngokuvavanywayo, njengoko kuboniswa kuvuzwa kuvunywa ngumthetho othe 2016.

Ukomeleza Umlinganiselo: Indima Yoluntu Nemfundo Yasekuhlaleni

Ukukhuthaza ukuphanda ngee-checks nokulungelelana kubaluleke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. Ummi onolwazi ngoyena ugcina imida emiselwe ngomgaqo-siseko. Nazi iindlela ezininzi zokuqinisa ukuqondwa nokuqinisa inkqubo:

Ukuxhasa ukufundiswa kwemfundo nguRhulumente

Izikolo kufuneka zifundise abafundi ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente kunye nokubaluleka kokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela ukususela ebuntwaneni. ICurricula kufuneka ihambe ngaphaya kokubhambatha amasebe amathathu kwaye iquke uphando lwendlela eziye zasetyenziswa ngayo ii-checks (/ kunye nexesha eziye zangaphumeleli. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-iCbics, ezasekwa yiJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo Sandra O’Connor, zinika izibonelelo ezikhululekileyo zemfundo yezezezezezentlalo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zephondo kufuneka zigunyazise ukuba abafundi besikolo esiphezulu baphumelele uvavanyo lwezezezezezezemali olufana nolwemveli lwe-U.S.

Unxibelelwano loLuntu noXhakamo loLuntu

Iindawo zokuhlala neengxoxo zinganika abemi iqonga ukuze babandakanye ezi ngcamango. Iiholo zedolophu, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe, neentlanganiso zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zinika amathuba abantu abaqhelekileyo okubona ii-checks nolungelelwano olusebenzayo. Xa abemi beqonda indlela yokucela abameli babo, ukuthabatha inxaxheba kumaxesha okuphendula esidlangalaleni, okanye ukumangalela ukuvavanya izenzo ezingekho mthethweni zikarhulumente, baba yinxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlola ngokwazo. Amaqumrhu anjengoManyano aManyano oMfama Voters agcina iziganeko zemfundo ezichaza imicimbi yevoti kodwa imilinganiselo yegunya kuwo onke amagunya karhulumente.

Ukuphendula kumajelo eendaba kunye neNgxelo yeQhinga

Intatheli zingabalaselisa imiba enxulumene nokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukunyusa ulwamkelo loluntu. Ingxelo yophando ngokuphakanyiswa kwegunya eliphetheyo, ukungaphumeleli kolawulo, okanye iimbambano zomthetho zomdla zisebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokugada inja. Iindaba zokukhupha iziphumo zengxelo zifanele zichaze kungekuphela nje oko kwenziwa ngurhulumente kodwa nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kwizenzo zakhe. Umzekelo, xa umongameli ekhupha umyalelo wempatho-siseko, iintathelekelelo kufuneka icacise oko ukuko ukulawulwa kwamandla yaye ayinakwenza phantsi kokwahlulwa kwamandla. Iwebhsayithi yeSizwe samaZibonelelo-Rhulumente inika umbhalo opheleleyo wemiGwayo kunye noMgaqo-siseko wayo, ikwenza kube lula ukubhekisa kuwo abemi, ukubhekisa kuwo onke amalungiselelo.

Ukutshintsha Imigaqo - siseko Ukuze Kuhlangatyezwane Nocelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Utshintsho lokwakha lungafuneka ukubuyisela ukusebenza kwee-checks nolungelelwaniso. Iindlela ezinokuqukwa ziquka:

  • Ukuqinisa iResolution yeMfazwe kufuna imvume equlunqweyo yokuzibophelela ngomkhosi okuqhubekayo.
  • Ukumisela imithetho elinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya ukwenzela utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo, ifuna ivoti yequmrhu.
  • Ukusebenzisa imigaqo ehlaziyiweyo ukuze kuncitshiswe iingxwabangxwaba zemidla nokuqinisekisa inkululeko yokugweba.
  • Ukuguqula inkqubo yovotelwa ukunciphisa ukuququzelela abavoti nokunyusa inxaxheba yabo, nto leyo eqinisa intlanganiso ngokungangqalanga.

Olu tshintsho alunanto iphambili; luhlengahlengiso oluqaphela ukuba abasebenzi besakhelo seshumi elinesibhozo- senkulungwane abanakukwazi ukukhangela zonke izisongelo zale mihla. Inkqubo ethambileyo enokuziqhelanisa neengxaki ezintsha ngeli lixa igcina imiqathango yesiseko ibalulekile. USA.gov inikeza uqwalaliso olucacileyo lwendlela amasebe asebenza ngayo phakathi [, eluncedo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda isakhiwo sangoku.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Iipeksi Nokulungelelana Kukhusela Ulawulo - melo

Iingqiniwa nokulungelelana kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwalo naliphi na idemokhrasi elinethemba lokuhlala. Baqinisekisa ukuba amandla asasazwayo kwaye akukho lungu linye elinolawulo oluphezulu kurhulumente. Njengabemi, ngumsebenzi wethu ukuqonda nokuxhasa le migaqo ukugcina amaxabiso edemokhrasi. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko bakholelwa ukuba amabhongo amele enzelwe ukulwa nephulo. Ukuba ingqiqo ihlala iyinyaniso namhlanje njengoko yayinjalo ku1787. Kodwa ukujonga nokulinganisela akuyonto esebenzayo. Sifuna ukuba kugcinwe njalo, ukuphaphaphakamiso, ukuphaphaphapha, nokuthelelwa kwabantu ukuba bagcine onke amasebe eentloko. Xa sikhusela ukuzimela kolawulo lwe-judia, xa sinyazamisa ukuphatha kwethu igunya, kwaye xa sivota ngolwazi lwethu ngendlela esebenzayo, asithabathi i-protoliki nje kwezo zezomthetho we-R. [F.] [0] uMgalelo-mthetho-siseko we-mongameli we-mothe sinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba asebenze ngoluvo lwakuqala.[1]