Ukwazisa: Isiseko Solawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi yakhiwe kwimigaqo engundoqo elawula indlela ibutho labantu elizilawula ngayo lize likhusele namalungelo abantu. Intembeko, ukulingana, kunye nenkululeko aziyozinto ezingekho ngqiqweni ```iintsika eziluncedo eziqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummi unokuthatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo, agcine iinkokeli zinokuphendula, aphile ngesidima. Le migaqo iye yavavanywa kwimbali, ukusuka e-Athens yamandulo ukuya kumgangatho wolawulo-siseko wale mihla, kwaye ihlala ibalulekile ukusingatha iingxaki ezifana nokungalingani kwezobupolitika, ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezisongelo kwinkululeko yabemi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umgaqo ngamnye osebenzisekayo ngaphaya kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi eyahlukeneyo, kwaye libalase indlela ezikhuthaza ngayo omnye ukwenza ulawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi olulungeleyo.

Ukulunga Kwedemokhrasi

Ubulungisa busisikhuseli somthetho-siseko wedemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho elawula ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ukuququzelelwa kwasemthethweni, kunye nokusasazwa kwamatyala isetyenziswa ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwaye ngaphandle kocalucalulo. Ngaphandle kokusesikweni, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ziba zizinto ezinokuba zizixhobo zokuthemba abantu abanamandla, eziphelisa ukuthembeka nokuthabatha inxaxheba. Inkqubo yedemokhrasi esesikweni ayiqinisekisi iziphumo ezifanayo, kodwa iqinisekisa amathuba alinganayo okuphembelela izigqibo nokungenelwa ekukhuseleni.

Umelo olulinganayo

Umelo olulinganayo luthetha ukuba ukuvota kommi ngamnye kuthwele ubunzima obufanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bunjani ubutyebi, imeko yentlalo, okanye imvelaphi. Lo mgaqo ubonakala kakhulu kwisakhiwo sezindlu zowiso-mthetho: isithili sitsalelwa ukuqulathe imimandla elinganayo, kwaye iinkqubo zokuvota zenzelwe ukuguqulela amavoti kwizihlalo ngokwendlela elungeleleneyo. Noko ke, iingxaki ezifana ne-gerrymander, ukuvota, kunye nokufikelela okungalinganiyo kwemali ekhutshelweni lokuxhasa inkxaso yemali kungenza umgangatho osesikweni. Umzekelo, kumazwe amaninzi, iinkokeli ezizimeleyo kunye nezindululo zemali zemali zemali zivunyiwe ukuze ziphinde zilungelelane. Umgaqo umgaqo ukwandisa ukufuzisela okungalinganiyo okulinganayo; abantu abahlukahlukeneyo kufuneka babe nobuchule belizwi kwisigqibo semibutho ekwakhiwe. Udidi oluqhubekayo lwe-factorial

Umthetho

Umthetho usisiseko sobulungisa. Iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iyaziwa ekuhleni, inyanzeliswe, kwaye isebenza kubo bonke abantu − ukuquka amagosa karhulumente . ngokulinganayo. Oku kuthintela ukusetyenziswa ngokuphandle kwamandla kwaye kukhusela abantu ekucalucalulweni okanye kwintshutshiso. Kwidemokhrasi, ijaji-mthetho kufuneka izimele kwaye ingabi nabubulungisa, inegunya lokubetha imithetho echasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (Artle 7) sithi “bonke bayalingana phambi komthetho kwaye abanalo khethe lokwenza okulinganayo ukuze bakhusele umthetho." Xa umthetho ulawulo lomthetho ubuthathaka, ukonakala nokunganyani, ukhubazeka, ucaphula umthetho olindele ukuba abemi bangabi nabubulungisa. I-Menman, ii-ofisi ezilwayo, ii-odokicazigrackies, ii-okings, ii-odoliethi ezingongongolue ezingolukileyo

Ukucaca kwengxelo nokuphendula

Kwakhona ukuba kulunga kufuna ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente zibonakale ngokucacileyo, zivuleke ukuze zihlolwe nguwonke-wonke ukuze abemi baqiniseke ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngaphandle kocalucalulo okanye ngokukhetha. Oku kuquka iintlanganiso ezivulekileyo, iirekhodi zikarhulumente ezifikelelekayo, kunye nokugwetyelwa okucacileyo kwemigaqo ekhethwe yimithetho. Ukubonakala gca kubangela ukuba kubekho ukuphendulana: xa iinkokeli zisazi ukuba izenzo zazo ziya kuvavanywa ngabapapashi, abantu, nabavoti, basengozini yokuzenza ngokusesikweni. Umzekelo, ukufumana iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke-wonke kunye nokhuphiswano kunciphisa amathuba okunganyani. Ngokufanayo, amaziko azimeleyo kunye neekomiti zemigaqo yemigaqo yemigaqo-siseko kuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba babantu basetyenziswa ukuze kungenelwe uluntu. Ngaphandle kokubonakala, ukulunga kuba lidinga elingenawo umqathango wokusebenza.

Ukulingana Kulawulo - melo

Ukulingana kweziphumo zemeko-ntle kwidemokhrasi kuthetha ukuba wonke umntu unamalungelo asisiseko afanayo kunye namathuba, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaluphi uhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, ukukhubazeka, okanye imvelaphi yentlalo yentlalo. Nangona ukulingana ngokupheleleyo kwesiphumo kungafumaneka okanye kwanokuba akunqwenelekiwa, ngenxa yokuba abantu baneziphiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhethelo ngezantsi (ukungalingani kwamathuba kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho kuxhomekeke kulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi. Kwimbali, ukulwela idemokhrasi bekuyimzabalazo wokulingana: ukupheliswa kobukhoboka, ukukhuthuka, imibutho yamalungelo abantu, kunye nemfazwe yeLGBTQ, onke amalungelo oluntu efuna ukuba isithembiso solawulo-demokhrasi sifuthelekelele kubo bonke.

Ukulingana kweNtlalo

Ukulingana kwamalungelo entlalo kudlulela ngaphaya kwamalungelo asemthethweni okucombulula ukungalingani kwemfundo, impilo, izindlu, kunye nokuhamba-hamba kwezoqoqosho. Kwanaxa imithetho ilingana, ibutho labantu lingaqhubeka linokungalingani. Umzekelo, abantwana abakwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi banokungafikeleleki kwimfundo ephezulu, balinganisela amandla abo okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bezobupolitika nezoqoqosho. Ngoko ke bathelekisa kwimfundo ebhalisweyo, irhafu eqhubekayo, kunye nenethingi yokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni ukucutha ibala lokudlala. Ingcamango ayikokuphelisa konke ukungavisisani kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ongenakukwazi ukumelana neemeko ezingaphaya kokulawula kwakhe. Ukulingana ngokwentlalo kunxulumene nokuhlonipheka koluntu: ulawulo-melo olunyamezela ubuhlwempuze okanye ukungabikho kwenkqubo yobuhlanga yezekelo.

Ukulingana Okusemthethweni

Ukulingana okusemthethweni kuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphantsi kwemithetho enye kwaye banandipha ukhuseleko olunye. Oku kuquka ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kumelo olusemthethweni, iimvavanyo ezisesikweni, kunye nokhuseleko kucalulo. Kwimithetho emininzi yolawulo-melo, imigaqo elwa nohlanga-mthetho iyaluthintela ukuphathwa ngokungafaniyo emsebenzini, kwizindlu, nakwindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa kuqatha: kwanemithetho ebhalwe kakuhle inokusilela ukuba ayisetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo. Umzekelo, ukubhalisa kohlanga ekudiseni umlinganiselo osemthethweni, njengoko kusenza isigwebo esingalinganiyo solwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo.

Ukulingana Kweentlanga Nezizwe

Umlinganiselo wokwahluka-hluka kohlanga nokwahluka ngokweentlobo zobuhlanga ziphawulo olukhethekileyo. Amabhinqa ahlala ejongene nolawulo lwezopolitiko, kodwa afanele ajongene nemiqobo ekhoyo kwimbali kunye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo. Ngokunjalo, i-Democraccas iye yenza inkqubela-phambili yamabhinqa, izenzo zamalungelo oluntu, kunye nokulingana komtshato zizinto eziphawulayo, kodwa ahlala ejongene nolawulo lwezopolitiko, ajongene nemiqobo ekwicandelo amaninzi. Ngokukwanjalo, i-uhlanga kunye nezizwe ezincinci zisoloko zifumana intelekelelo, ukufikelela okuncinane kobuhlwempu, kunye nokwehla kwemi kulindeleke kobomi. Ukufikelela imilinganiselo yokwenyaniso akufuni nje kuphela imithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa ikwafuneka ukuba nezenzo ezivumayo, ukuthatha inyathelo lokuzinziwa kwemisebenzi, kunye nokuvelisa imali phantsi komgangatho we-e-United Nations Developposoluement (eventi ye-10) (eeeventievetions)

Umgangatho Kwinkqubo

Ukulingana kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kwindlela imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo kwaye iphunyezwe ngayo. Oku kuthetha ukuquka amazwi aphantsi ekwenzeni izigqibo, hayi nje njengabaxhamli kodwa njengabathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzayo. Ukumela okuququkileyo kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye nokukhangelwa koluntu kuqinisekisiwe ukuba iimfuno zamaqela onke ziqwalaselwe. Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa iinkqubo zokusebenza ezizinzileyo. "ezizizizizigxina zibekwe phantsi kwamabhinqa okanye iintlanga zesizwe ezisepalamente" ziye zamkelwe kumazwe afana neIndiya, iRwanda, kunye noMzantsi Afrika ukukhupha umelo lwemithetho-discrivetion kufuneka ziquke iingxelo zeziphumo ezingagqibekanga ukuze ziqonde indlela ezithenjiweyo ezinokuchaphazela ngayo amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo ngokulinganayo. Xa izikhokelo zedemo-demokhrasiyo zisiba yinkqubo esebenzayo ngokuchasene nokrubishosho olusebenzayo.

Inkululeko Kulawulo - melo

Inkululeko ngumgaqo onika abantu amandla okucinga, ukuthetha, nokusebenza ngaphandle kwemigaqo engqongqo, ngaphakathi kwemida yokuhlonela amalungelo abanye. Idemocraccacs ichaza ize ikhusele iqela lenkululeko esisiseko efunekayo kwinkululeko yobuqu neyokuzilawula ngokwayo. Le nkululeko isoloko ifakwe kumgaqo-siseko okanye kumalungelo, kwaye kufuneka ikhuselwe ngokuqhubekayo nxamnye nokungenelela korhulumente kunye nabadlali abazimeleyo. Ngoxa kungekho nkululeko ingenamkhethe ebangela ugonyamelo okanye ukuhlawuliswa okuqhelekileyo okuthiwe yinkululeko ekhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye ukunyuselwa kwenkululeko.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

Inkululeko yokuthetha ivumela abemi ukuba bagxeke urhulumente, iingxoxo, kunye nokuxhasa utshintsho ngaphandle kokoyika isohlwayo. Le nkululeko ibalulekile ekucebiseni ngedemokhrasi: abavoti kufuneka bafumane ulwahluko oluninzi lwezimvo ukuze bakhethe ulwazi. Noko ke, isizukulwana seminyaka sivelise iingxaki ezintsha, kuquka ukusasazeka kwenkcazelo, intetho yentiyo, kunye nokuphazamisana kwamazwe angaphandle konyulo. Inkululeko yabasebenzi bezonyango kufuneka ilungelelanise phakathi kokukhusela amazwi akhululekileyo kwaye ithintele umonakalo. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi anemithetho echasene nokuchasana nezo ezomthetho ezimele zisetyenziswe ngenyameko ukuze ziphephe ukuchasana okungavisisani okufanelekileyo. Iinkundla zidla ngokudlala indima ephambili ekuchazeni imidabiso yentetho ekhuselweyo. Inkululeko yoomatshini kunye neyokuthetha imelelo lobuthothotho lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Inkululeko Yendibano Neyonxulumano

Lilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, ngokunjalo-ngokuba kusenziwa iintlanganiso, okanye ngonqulo loluntu, luyinkululeko ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi. Ivumela abemi ukuba badibane, balungele imicimbi yelizwi, balungele intsebenziswano, bamisele amaqela afuna izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo. Amamanyano, amaqela ezobupolitika, imibutho yezezentlalo, kunye namaqela anomdla woluntu onke axhomekeke kweli lungelo. Iirhulumente zisenokumisela imithetho esengqiqweni (iii-protoliki, ixesha/imiqathango yemiqathango) ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, kodwa azikwazi ukuvala uxolo okanye ukucalucalucaluca ngokweelwa kweembono ezithile. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ezinye iidemokhrasi ziye zajamelana nemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho empilweni okanye kwimiqathango yokhuseleko loluntu ngexesha lolo. Ukuxhasa inkululeko yendibano ngemiqathango-onqaka ecacileyo xa kuvela kwimiqathango yomhla oqhelekileyo.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Iphephandaba elikhululekileyo nelizimeleyo lidla ngokubizwa ngokuba “yindawo yesine” ngenxa yokuba lisebenza njengendawo egadayo kurhulumente nakwamanye amaziko anamandla. Abacholacholi bengcutheli baphanda ukuxhatshazwa, ukuxinzelelwa kwabantu, kwaye banikele iqonga kwintetho eyahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokucinezela, abemi abanakuqinisekisa iimbambano zikarhulumente okanye abanobutyala. Ikomiti ikhusela inkululeko yokuzikhusela ngokuziqinisekisa okusemthethweni, kodwa ezi zikhuseleka kuphela ukuba iintathengi zisebenza ngaphandle kwezisongelo, ukuxinzelela, okanye uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho. Ukuhlasela iintathetho ze-theleli-joli ```iiiiiiiiiii, ukuvalelwa kwemilo, ukuvalelwa kwemiqathango, ukuvalelwa kwemiqatha kwemiqathango yemali, ukuchatshaza kwe-othothotho kwemi, ukuva kwemiselwa kwemiza i-othom.

Ukukhusela Inkululeko

Ukulondoloza inkululeko yedemokhrasi kufuna ukudityaniswa kwemibutho elawulayo, uluntu olusebenzayo, kunye nemfundo eqhubekayo yoluntu. IiBhili zamalungelo aqinisekisa inkululeko zisebenza kuphela ukuba zinyanzeliswa ziinkundla ezizimeleyo kwaye zihlonelwa ngamasebe karhulumente. Imfundo yeCPIc ifundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo kwaye indlela yokusebenzisa ngokunenkathalo. Kuquka ukubaluleka kokuhlonela inkululeko yabanye abantu. Ibutho labantu elinamandla, eliyilwe ngamaqela azimeleyo, amaqela angaziphumeleli ngeniso, kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni, isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuchukumiseka kukarhulumente kwaye inika amanyathelo ahlukeneyo. I-Democraccies ikwafuna ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho eluncedo ze-mfontsciomswo nokukhuselwa ngokukhuselwayo ukuze kuqiniselwe inkululeko. Ngokupheleleyo, ukukhusela inkululeko ekhoyo kufuneka kukhuselwe ukukhuselwa kwesizwe ekukhuseleni inkululeko ehlaziweyo.

Ukudibana Kobulungisa, Ukulingana Nenkululeko

Ngoxa kudla ngokuxoxwa ngobulungisa, ukulingana, kunye nenkululeko ngokwahlukeneyo, zixhomekeke kakhulu ekusebenziseni. Isimilo sinika isiseko sobubulungisa esivumela ukulingana nenkululeko ukuba iqhubeke. Ngaphandle konyulo olusesikweni nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho okulinganayo, idinga lokulingana liba lize libe likhulu, abanobutyebi nabanamandla bangayithoba imithetho ukuze bangenelwe. Ngokufanayo, inkululeko yokuthetha nentlanganiso zizixhobo eziyimfuneko zokuqhubela phambili ukulingana: ngokwembali, amaqela alungeleleneyo asebenzisa le nkululeko ukufuna ukuphathwa ngokusesikweni namalungelo alinganayo. Umzekelo, amalungelo abemi eUnited States axhomekeke kwinkululeko yokuhlanganisana (okanye, abahleli-i) nenkululeko yokuthetha (okanye, amaphetshana) ukubhenca ukungabikho kobulungisa nokulingana kwezizwe.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukulingana komeleza inkululeko. Xa bonke abemi bekwazi ukufikelela kwimfundo, ubuncwane, kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa inkululeko yabo ngokunempumelelo. Ibutho labantu elingalinganiyo kakhulu lisoloko libona ukuncitshiswa kwenkululeko kwabo baphantsi, abasenokuba abanazo izinto zokuzixhasa kwimicimbi yezobupolitika okanye bazikhusele ekuxhatshazweni. Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kungagqwetha igunya lezobupolitika, njengokuba abantu abazizityebi kunye nemibutho yabo besebenzisa impembelelo engenakulinganiswa ngemirhumo yeza neyokukhuthaza.

Ukulunga kusebenza njenge glue phakathi kokulingana nenkululeko. Iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho elawulwa zombini isetyenziswa ngokungakhethi. Umzekelo, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokuvuma zifuna iinkqubo zobulungisa zokufanisa oyena mntu ufanelekileyo nokuphepha uzalisekiso olonakeleyo. Ngokufanayo, ukukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha kufuna intelekelelo esesikweni xa kuvela iimpikiswano phakathi kwamalungelo akhuphisanayo. Imikhosi efumana iingxelo eziphezulu zenkululeko nokulingana, ngokulinganayo. Ngokunjalo, ifuna ukuba nomthetho onamandla, ukonakala okusezantsi, kunye nolawulo olucacileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba le migaqo iyayiqinisa enye enye.

Imingeni yokwenene yehlabathi idla ngokuvavanya oku kudityaniswa. Imibutho yePopulist ingasebenzisa inkululeko yedemokhrasi ukuhlasela amaqumrhu edemokhrasi, ikhokelela “kukwenziwa kwedemokhrasi." apho kuncitshiswa okusesikweni nokulingana. Abahlalutyi bathi inkululeko engaphazamisekiyo yokuthetha ingxengxeza ingqwalaselo yentiyo ephazamisa ukulingana, ngoxa iimfuno zokulingana zinokukhokelela ekucuthengeni kwedemokhrasi. Ukunyathela oku kufuna ukuzimisela ukucinga ngedemokhrasi nokuvuma ukutshintsha iiprojekthi ezisemthethweni njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka. I-Inter International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Intellificiation (IEA) isoloko ikhupha ugcino lwendlela ezi migaqo elungele ukulinganayo ethetha ngayo ukudlula kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotywa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwemigaqo Yedemokhrasi

Imigaqo yedemokhrasi .(ukulingana, ukulingana, kunye nenkululeko) ayizizo iingcamango ezidibanisileyo kodwa izibophelelo eziphilayo ezimele zihlaziywe kwaye zilungelelaniswe kuzo zonke izizukulwana. Zinika isiseko sokuziphatha kunye nenkqubo yokulawula ezihlonela isidima somntu, zivumela ukudityaniswa kwengxaki, zinike intsebenziswano amandla apheleleyo. Njengoko ulawulo-demokhrasi ehlabathini lonke lujongene nolawulo-demokhrasi oluphezulu, ukukhutshwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukutshintsha, nokuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho, le migaqo ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini na ngaphambili. Abafundisi, abafundisi, kunye nabenzi benkqubo kufuneka basebenze kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ingqibelelo konyukelo lwemiqatha, imiqobo, kunye nenkululeko ehlala iqinile kwiintlobo ezintsha zolawulo.

Ukuveliswa kwemfundo yezentlalo-ntle echaza le migaqo ngendlela esebenzisekayo ekulondolozeni impucuko yedemokhrasi. Izikolo, amajelo-ndaba, nemibutho yoluntu kufuneka zigxininise indlela okuchaphazeleka ngayo okusesikweni, ukulingana, kunye nenkululeko kubomi bemihla ngemihla . Ukusuka kumalungelo okuvota kunye nemisebenzi yabachopheli-mvolophi ekufikeleleni iinkonzo zikawonke wonke. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, njengakuyi-United Nations Human Rights Office, inokubanceda ulawulo-demokhrasi lufunde kwiimpumelelo neentsilelo zomnye. Ekugqibeleni, idemokhrasi ayingomatshini ozihambelayo ngokuzenzekelayo; kufuneka ukuba nenxaxheba kwimigaqo, nokuzimisela iinkokeli kunye nokuziphendulela izibonelelo. Ngokuthobela okusesikweni, ukulingana, ukulingana, nenkululeko, sinokulwakhasa ingekuphela kwegama lolawulo-demokhrasi kodwa nokusebenza.