Ukuqonda Ucalucalulo Lonyaka KuMthetho Womsebenzi: Imvelaphi Nendlela Osebenza Ngayo

I-Age Discrection in Works Act (ADEA), eyatyikitywa ngo-1967, yaye yenzelwe ukukhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu ekucalulweni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Isebenza kubaqeshi abazimeleyo nabaqeshi abanama-20 okanye ngaphezulu, abaqeshwa, oorhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, amaqumrhu abaqeshwa, kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi. I-ADEA iyalwa ikhethe ngokuqeshwa, ukudubula, ukudubula, ukunyuselwa, intlawulo, izabelo, uqeqesho, kunye nezinye iimfuno-mfaneleko zemisebenzi. Ngokungafani no-Sitit VII we-Oli kaRhulumente, i-A, i-oyile, i-bala, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, i-ADE inodidi olumngcipheneyo olukhuselekileyo, udidi olukhuselekileyo oluphezulu olukumgangatho osemthethweni wobuda obungu-40 kunye no-40 kwaye ivel-o-o-osenzile iimeko ezingo zeminyaka ezikhoyo.

Kwakhona umthetho ubalela ngokucacileyo ukuziphindezelela kwabo bachasa izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye abathatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezinxulumene ne-ADEA. Kumashumi eminyaka, iADEA iye yalungiswa izihlandlo eziliqela, ngokuphawulekayo yi-Old Works Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA) yonyaka ka-1990, eyaqinisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi abadala ngokuphathelele izicwangciso zomsebenzi kwaye yaseka iimfuno ezingqongqo zokusebenza abaqhankqalazi amalungelo e-ADEA.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Olwabangela IADEA

Ukumisa Ubunzima Bobungqina: O’Connor v. Udityaniswe neCin Caters Corp. (1996)

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathetha ngemilinganiselo ecacileyo ye-ADEA engenanto. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umqeshi akafuni kungqina ukuba umenzi wetyala uthathelwa indawo ngumntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40 ubudala; kwanele ukubonisa ukuba iminyaka yobudala yayinguthunywa ogqibayo kwisigqibo somqeshi. Esi sigqibo sahlisa ibhawa ukwenzela abantu abachanekileyo ukuba baphile kwisigwebo esifutshane, sinyanzelela ukuba abaqeshi-mthetho banikele izizathu ezisemthethweni, ezingezozizobuhlanga zezenzo eziqatha. Kwakhona eso sigqibo sachaza ukuba ukhuseleko lwe-AEA lwalusasaza nakumntu oneminyaka engaphezu kwama-40, nokuba ngaba umvavavayo ukuba umnini wezo uyakwazi ukugqiba kwelokuba umdala.

I- “Kodwa- kweyoku-” Umgangatho: Gross v. FBL Inkonzo yezemali (2009)

Mhlawumbi ityala elithe kratya kwimbali yakutshanje, Gross v. FBL Services zezemali zawutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo umthwalo wokungqina. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi umchasi-mthetho kufuneka abonise ukuba iminyaka yobudala “kodwa" yayingunobangela wesenzo somsebenzi ongalunganga, kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba isenzo asikhange senzeke ngaphandle kokuba singumba oncomekayo. Lo mlinganiselo unzima kakhulu kuneli “ifekta” esetyenziswa phantsi kweSihlo VII. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba GGros ngokunokwenzeka senziwe nzima ngabasebenzi abadala ukuba baphumeze, ngokukodwa kwiimeko apho ubugcuka obuninzi besenokuba bebenezizathu zokudubula okanye ukurhoxaxa impikiswano enkulu.

Isiphumo esididayo kunye neSmith v. City of Jackson (2005)

Iziphumo ezingqubanayo zithe , apho inkqubo ePhakamileyo yobundindi ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwabasebenzi abadala ngaphandle kobungqina bocalucalulo lwequmrhu, kwaye ibiyindawo ecacileyo phantsi kwe ADEA. Smith v. IsiXeko sikaJackson[[, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambene neziphumo zokuzichaphazela zibonakala phantsi kwe-ADE kodwa ingumphandle obalulekileyo: abaqeshini bangakhusela imigaqo enjalo ngokubonakalisa ukuba basekelwe “kwenye iinka zeminyaka ebanzi kunaleyo” (RFOA). Le ngxaki esengqiqweni "imfanelo ebanzi" ingakumbi kune-iprojectivestion" ekufuneka iphantsi kweSihlo, inika abaqeshishinawo abangaphantsi kwendlela yokusebenza kwemiqatha yenkundla, i-OSCOM) elungele ukucacisa i-2012 i-2012, ingqina ukuba i-edel-edelcea i-ecert, i-ethe ngqine yexesha eliphakathi elibonakala i

I-Immunity yeRhulumente: Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ADEA kurhulumente kwavavanywa kwi-AIMEl v. Ibhodi ye-Florida ye-Regents. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba i-ADEA ayigunyazi ukuthintelwa kweSigqibo soMgqibelo seshumi elinesibhozo, intsingiselo yabasebenzi belizwe ayinakuyifaka kurhulumente ngenxa yemali ewonga phantsi kwenkundla yesizwe. Le sigqibo sibekel'imiqatha ekufikeleleni kwe-ADE kwicandelo likawonke, inyanze abasebenzi abadala belizwe ukuba bathembele kwimithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ezinye iindlela zonyango. Umthetho umthetho uyaqhubeka uthandabuza impikiswano, kunye nabanye abaphengululi bemiqathango-A baphikisa ukuba inkcaphule injongo yokuqala ye-ADAAA kukhuselwe bonke abasebenzi abatshami basemagunye kwimisebenzi.

Ukwahlula Abantu Ngokweminyaka

Ukudibana kweminyaka kunye nethuba/Iingenelo

Enye yezona ndawo zithanda ukuphikisana kakhulu kukusetyenziswa kocalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala beminyaka kwimimiselo yabaqeshwa. I-OWBPA yamiselwa kakhulu ekuvumeleni abaqeshi ukuba banciphise okanye baphelise iingenelo kubasebenzi abadala ngaphandle kokwaphula i-ADEA. Nangona kunjalo, iimpikiswano ziqhubekeka ngokomthetho kwiinkqubo zokukhuthaza ukuphuma umhlala phantsi. Nangona iinkqubo ezinjalo zisemthethweni ukuba zinikelwe ngokuzithandela, i-EOC icubuthe izicwangciso ezinyanzela abasebenzi abadala ukuba barhoxe. Umgca phakathi kwesicelo esifanelekileyo kunye nothumelo olunika inkxaso uhlala ungekho mdla ngokufuna ukuba iinkundla zihlolisise ulwimi olukhethekileyo nomongonyaka ngamnye onikezelweyo. Umbango ophezulu ubandakanya iinkampani ezithenjiswe iinzuzo zokulungisa amaxwebhu kamva, bonke abasebenzi abasele bekhohlisiwe.

Ucalucalulo lobudala eHing: “Inkqubo Yobuchule” kunye nooMasipala

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokukhangela isihluzi esisekelwe kwiminyaka yamava kusenokuba neziphumo ezingafaniyo kubasebenzi abakhulileyo. Ngokufanayo, abanye abaqeshi bamisela amabhaso ahlawula ngokunempumelelo intlawulo yabasebenzi abaqeshiweyo abahlala ixesha elide (abadala), nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni bathi le nkqubo ichasene ne-ADEA. Iingcali zezomthetho zikhomba kwiimeko apho iinkampani zathe zafumana khona amava ngenxa yokusebenzisa “amava” njengelungu lomntu onegunya lokusebenza, ingakumbi xa imigaqo enjalo ingadibaniselwanga kakuhle emsebenzini. Ukhokelo oluhlaziyiyo lugxininisa ukuba abaqeshishishina nabo kufuneka bahlolisise inkqubo yabo yokuqeshwa ukuze baqinisekise ukuba nawuphi na inkqubo yobundlobo ngaphandle kokuba inkqubo yokunga kwe-athobalwa kwabantu abadala isekelwe kwimongomnye umntu ofanelekileyo, isekelwe kwimeko elungelele

Ukuguqula Ucalucalulo: Ngaba Abasebenzi Abaselula Banokukwazi USue Phantsi KweADEA?

Impikiswano eqhubekayo kukuba iADEA ikhusela abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwama-40 abangevani ngenxa yobudala babo. Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zikholelwa ukuba udidi lwe-ADEA luxhomekeke kubantu abaneminyaka engama-40 nangaphezulu. Noko ke, abanye abalawuli baye bazama ukuphikisa ukuba “omtsha” unokuzithethelela ukuba umfana uyakwazi ukuba uADE ucalulwe ngenxa yobudala babo, nokuba bangaphantsi kwama-40, [[FLTE:0] ngokusisininzi iLands Systems, Inc. v. Cline[FLT:] [204], iNkunye iNkundla ephakamileyo ithenjiswe ngomnye umqeshi ithetha ukuba iADE ayikhangeli ngokutsha ngenxa yocalucalucalulo oluqhelekileyo, kodwa isenokuqhubeka isithiwa ngokuthanda kwabo abatsha abatsha.

Indima YeEOC Ekunyanzelweni Nokuphikisana

I-EEOC, enyanzelisa i-ADEA, ibikwiziko leempikiswano zezobupolitika nezezomthetho. Amanye amaqela abaqeshi aphikisa ngelithi ukhokelo lwe-EEOC kwimibandela efana “nezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kobudala” luye lwandisa umthetho ngaphezu koko kwakucetyiswe yiBhunga. Ngo-2020, i-EEOC yakhupha umthetho wokugqibela wokutshintsha uxanduva lokuchasana kweziphumo zempembelelo, ifuna ukuba abasebenzi baphawule umsebenzi othile obangela ukungavisisani. Lo mthetho wacetyiswa enkundleni, ngemithetho echaphazekileyo, kodwa ithetha ngokugqithisileyo i-EC, isoloko iqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo ecacileyo. [[FLD:] E.[0] i-E.U.U.U.U.U.Usebe le-C.[FF1] [F1]

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yabaqeshi Nabasebenzi

Oko Abaqeshi Bamele Bakwenze Ukuze Baxhase

Ukunikwa komthetho ojikelezayo, abaqeshi kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo asebenzayo ukuze baphephe iADEAbuxakeko. Okokuqala, qinisekisa ukuba zonke iinkqubo zemisebenzi ezinxulumene nokuthotywa kwemiqathango yokusebenza, ukususwa kwemali, kunye ne-RIFs, zenziwe ngenyameko ngemigaqo engokwasemthethweni yeminyaka engama-17. Abaqeshi kufuneka babhale izizathu ezifanelekileyo zeshishini nasiphi na isigqibo esinokuba neziphumo eziphazamisa abasebenzi abadala. Okwesibini, xa kunikelwa izindululo ezinxulumene nokusebenza kwangoko, zinika ulwazi olupheleleyo olunxulumene ne-OWBPA’s swaiver, kuquka ixesha lokuqwalaselwa kweqela leentsuku ezingama-211769 (ientsuku ezimiselwe ii-45) kunye nexesha le-71966. Ukuqesha okungaqeshwa ukuze kuphelise iimfuno zemfundo ezingeyomfuneko ezingeyo okanye ukuqeqeshwa. Ngokugqibelisiweyo, ukudiswa komsebenzi okungaqwanga kunyaka wonyaka woqeqesho.

Ingxaki Ekhulayo ‘ Yeenwele Ezingwevu” Nempembelelo Engalinganiyo

Unyuso lwe-EEOC luyinkqubo eqhelekileyo yeADEA ligatimente. Abaqeshi badla ngokujolisa abasebenzi abahlawulelwe kakhulu, abaqeshwa abaqeshwa ixesha elide ukusika iindleko, kodwa oku kungaphumela kwisiphumo esingenakulinganiswa kwimpembelelo yabasebenzi abadala. IEEOC inike isikhokelo esithi imigaqo yokukhetha ingayaphula i-ADEA ukuba imigaqo yokukhetha ayisekelwanga kwizinto ezifanelekileyo kunexesha elingaphezulu. Iinkundla ziye zamathintela ukusebenzisa “imilinganiselo ephezulu” ebonisa iimbono ezibonisa ukuba ukucalucalucalucalulo lobudala bazo ukuba imilinganiselo ayisetyenziswa rhoqo. Abagqwebi abagxeli banokuxhomekeka kwimigaqo-mali ukuze babonise ukuba i-RFI ineziphumo ezithe kratya ngokugqithisyo kubaqeqeshi abaqeshi abaqeshi, ukuguqula inyathelo lokuzinziswa kwendlela lokuzilungisa. Ingcelela inyathelo lokulungisa i-Rdis." icebisa ukuba inyathelo lokulungisa i-Rdis

Ukwanda Kocalucalulo Lobudala

Icandelo lobugcisa liye lajongana nokuvavanywa okukhulayo kwe-Slicon Valley. I-gloneprofile imangalela iinkampani ezifana ne-Google, iFacebook, kunye ne-IBM ithe ingumzekelo wokuxhasa abasebenzi abatsha, ngokukodwa kwimisebenzi yobunjineli kunye nemveliso. Ngo-2021, i-EEOC yafaka ityala elikhulu ngokuchasene nenkampani yeSilicon Valley echaza ukuba ifuna ngabomvanzile “izifundo zemfundo zemfundo yemfundo yobugcisa, ngaloo ndlela ikhulula abasebenzi abadala abatsha. Amashishini amaninzi obugcisa aye azinzisa ezo zinto ukuze afumane intengo ezibalulekileyo, kodwa impucuko ephantsi kweminyaka ephakathi iyaqhubeka. Iingcali zicebisa ukuba ubugcisa obukhawulezayo obuziqhelileyo, budityaniswe nobudala obuqhelekileyo malunga nokusebenza kwe-ASCEA.

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo: Utshintsho Oluza Kuvela Nokuphikisana Okuqhubekayo

Imigudu Yomthetho Yokuguquka Ngokunyuke

Kusukela kwisigqibo [ku-2025], i-PONT , amalungu eKhomishini azise amatyala afana ne-Developtal Works Against Tribation Act (POWADA) ukubuyisela “ifekta ekhuthazayo” uvavanyo lwe-ADEA. Ngonyaka wama-2025, i-POWADA iphinde yabekwa kwakhona amaxesha amaninzi kodwa ayidluliswanga omabini amagumbi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i-“kanye” ibeka umthwalo osezantsi kubasebenzi abadala, ingakumbi kwiimeko apho ucalucalucalulo ludiswe nezinye izizathu ezifanelekileyo. Abachasa umgangatho uzakukhokelela ekuqhutyweni koqhushumbo olungenayo kunye noogosa-ogosho oluthiweyo lokukhusela ingxube ngokuchasene nocaluvo. Umhlaba ucebisa ukuba utshintshe kwe-Generdevicel-od , kodwa uthel-athth-od chul, umbano lwemeko lwamanduku, unyuko lwamanduku, unyuko lombane, unyu

Impembelelo Yamandla Okusebenza Alupheleyo

Ukuzala kwabemi abalupheleyo kuza kugcina ucalucalulo lobudala buphambili. Ngo-2030, omnye kwabahlanu abasebenzi baseMerika uzakuba neminyaka engama-65. Njengoko abasebenzi abakhulileyo benokulibazisa umhlala-phantsi, inani lee-ADEA lisenokunyuka. Abaqeshi bazakufuna ukutshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo yokuxhasa abasebenzi abadala, njengeenkqubo ezinokuthambeka, ezikhethelwa umhlala-phantsi, kunye nokulungisa umsebenzi. Ngelixesha elinye, abasebenzi abaselula basenokunyanzela ukuba imithetho elinganisela i-astrearea, ibangele ukukhuselwa kwemithetho enokuthi ibangele ukurhoxisana okutsha phantsi kwemithetho okanye kwelizwe. Amanye amazwe asele ekwandisa ucalucalucalulo lobudala-waka babo, egubugqeshele ngaphandle kwe-40-69, kunye ne-666. Umthetho ujongene ukuba ukhlulo-mthetho uthintele naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi-zwi lomthetho, uk-luvo

Ukuthelekiswa Nezifundo Nezizwe

Ngoxa iADEA isengumthetho ophambili karhulumente eUnited States, amanye amazwe aye amkela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zocalucalulo lobudala. I-Msebenzi Engalinganiyo (2000/78/EC) ye-European Union iyaluthintela ucalucalulo lobudala ekusebenzeni kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu, kodwa ivumela ukuthethelela okusekelwe kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni zemithetho yemisebenzi. UMthetho weSibonelelo soLawulo soMbuso woMzantsi woMzantsi woMbuso wama-2010 uhambela phambili ngokuthintela ukucalucalulo lobudala ngokweemeko bobudala kwilungiselelo lezinto kunye neenkonzo, hayi nje umsebenzi. Le miboniso yezizwe ngezizwe inikela umgangatho ongaphezulu wenkuselo kwaye imbalwa kunee-AAE. Abanye abaxhasi be-U.

Isiphelo: Ukutshintsha Umhlaba Osemthethweni

Ucalucalulo kwi-Age Act ye-Account luye lwaba lukhuselo olubalulekileyo kubasebenzi abakhulileyo phantse iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu, kodwa imiqathango yabo ibonakala ngokukhula kwizoqoqosho olutshintshayo. Iimeko zophawu olufana Groross kunye smith v. IsiXeko saseJack [iiisixeko saseJack]] [iiiinqawa] esithenjiswe umlinganiselo womthetho, ngoxa iimpikiswano zokutshintsha ucalucalulo, zinceda ucwangciso, kunye nobugcisa buyaqhubeka buvelisa ubuchule bokuqeqeshwa. Abaqeshi-EOC kunye ne-ofelerftifs ziya kuqhubeka zikhuthalela ukuguqula imida ye-ADE. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi eninzi, iinkokeli zezobugcisa, iinkoliso ezisetyenziswa nakwezi zexesha elilandelayo, ezithe zilungelelaneyo.

Abaqeshi abafuna ukuvumelana ne-ADEA nokuphepha i-aDEea exabisa imali eninzi, eyona ndlela ingcono yokuzikhusela yiyo: jonga yonke imisebenzi yempangelo ukwenzela ubundilele obudala, utyale ukuthomalalisa ikhethe elingekho mthethweni, kwaye uxwebhu olunxulumene nezizathu ezifanelekileyo, ezingeyonkampazamo zezigqibo zomsebenzi. Abasebenzi abadala, kufuneka baqaphele ukuba iADEA ihlala iyisixhobo esikhoyo esininzi, kwaye imithetho karhulumente nemithetho yasekuhlaleni inganikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi. Imfazwe nxamnye nocalucalucalulo lobudala bukude ngaphaya kwe-$(5) kodwa ngokufundiswa ngemithetho ekhoyo, umsebenzi unokuba yindawo apho ubudala obuhlonelwayo, engasoyiyo.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluninzi ngemithetho yocalulo lobudala, tyelela i 'EOC's Age Age Castrification iphepha okanye uhlolo lwe U.S. Isebe lobuncwane bemisebenzi kwi ADEA. Ngokubhekele phaya, iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures inika isishwankathelo esiluncedo sokhuseleko lwezwe kubasebenzi abadala.[FLT]