Isakhiwo sikarhulumente eUnited States yinkqubo egqunyiweyo yorhulumente, apho igunya lahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente bakarhulumente, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenza njengamacandelo angaphantsi karhulumente. Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani owenza oku kusukela kusodolophu (ukusuka kuMongameli) kwidolophu yakho ukuya kuMongameli eWashington, D.C.(is) ebaluleke kakhulu kuluntu olufundileyo. Umgangatho ngamnye unoxanduva olwahlukileyo, imithombo yegunya, kunye nobuchule bokuphendula. Lo khokelo luhlolisisa iindima, amandla, kunye nokusebenzisana kweenkokeli, oorhulumente, oorhulumente, namagosa orhulumente borhulumente, kunye namagosa orhulumente, ulungiselela isakhiwo esicacileyo sokufundisa abafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabahlali belizwe.

Iinkokeli Zasekuhlaleni: Ulawulo Oluphambili

Iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zeyona ndawo ikhawulezileyo yokunxibelelana nenkoliso yabemi. Ziqhuba iinkonzo nemimiselo yemihla ngemihla ebumba abantu. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni esondele kakhulu kubantu, usoloko enempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi.

Iintlobo zoRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni eUnited States udla ngokuthabatha iindlela ezintathu:

  • Izixeko, iidolophu, kunye needolophana ezinikezela ngeenkonzo phakathi kwemida yazo. Zilawulwa ngumphathi-dolophu, umbutho wequmrhu, okanye inkqubo yegunya.
  • Izahlulo zolawulo zoorhulumente belizwe ezinikezela ngeenkonzo ngaphezulu kwendawo enkulu, ngokufuthi kuquka iindawo ezingafakwanga. Oorhulumente bengingqi baphatha imisebenzi njengeengxelo zempahla, unyulo, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.
  • Izithili ezikhethekileyo: iiyunithi ezizimeleyo ezenziwe ukwenza umsebenzi othile, ofana nezithili zesikolo, isithili samanzi, okanye amagunya othutho. Ezi sithili zineebhodi ezinyuliweyo kunye negunya lokurhafisa.

Iindima neembopheleleko zeenkokeli zasekuhlaleni

Iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni zilawula umgangatho othe xhaxhe weembopheleleko zoluntu. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: Ukubona amasebe amapolisa, iinkonzo zomlilo, kunye nokuphendula kongxamiseko.
  • Isakhiwo se- Ugcino lwendlela, iibhulorho, iinkqubo zamanzi, unyango lokungcola, kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imfundo: iibhodi zeSikolo zimisela inkqubo yezikolo zikawonke-wonke zasekuhlaleni, kuquka ucwangciso-nkqubo, uqingqo-mali, nokuqeshwa kwabaphathi.
  • Uqhatho kunye nomhlaba Usetyenziswa: Ukudala nokunyanzelisa imimiselo elawula oko kunokwenziwa kwaye apho, ukusuka kwingingqi zasekuhlaleni ukuya kwimimandla yezorhwebo.
  • [[Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwendawo engqongileyo: Ukufaka nokuvumela uqingqo-mali lwempahla yonyaka, ukucwangcisa irhafu yexabiso, nokuboleka imali kwiprojekthi yekomkhulu.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano seCommunity: ubambe iindlebe zikawonke-wonke, uphendule kwimicimbi edibeneyo, kwaye ukhuthaze inxaxheba yoluntu.

Imizekelo yeenkokeli Zasekuhlaleni

  • Imayor: Umphathi oyintloko wesixeko, ophethe imigaqo yesixeko, olawula imithetho, omela isixeko kwimicimbi yengingqi. Abalawuli banokuba namandla (nalo igunya elibalulekileyo lolawulo) okanye abuthathaka (amasiko amaninzi) kuxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko wesixeko.
  • Ilungu leBhunga laseCity: Ummisi-mthetho onyuliweyo ovota ngamasiko, ovumela uqingqo-mali, kwaye umele igumbi okanye isithili phakathi kwesixeko.
  • UKhomishinala wephondo: wakhankanyelwa kwibhodi yengingqi, ejongene neenkonzo zengingqi ngokubanzi njengeentolongo, iinkundla, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungu lebhodi leSchool: Imisela inkqubo yesithili sesikolo sasekuhlaleni, kuquka imigangatho yemfundo, ucwangciso lweziko, kunye nezivumelwano zomfundisi.
  • I-Trifishinifish Trustee: Kwamanye amazwe, oorhulumente belokishi baphatha iindlela zasemaphandleni, amangcwaba, kunye noncedo olungelulo.

Indlela Iinkokeli Zasekuhlaleni Ezibonakaliswa Ngayo Zize Ziphenduliswe Ngayo

Inkoliso yeenkokeli zasekuhlaleni zinyulwa kunyulo olungekhoyo kwi-partisan okanye olunomtsha, ngokufuthi ngeminyaka okanye ngexesha lonyulo lukamasipala (umz., Meyi okanye Novemba). Amagama ahlukeneyo: oomatiloshe basebenza iminyaka engama-2-24, amalungu ebhunga iminyaka engama-2-4, kunye namalungu ebhodi yesikolo iminyaka engama-4-6. Abahlali bangaya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukucelela izicelo zonyulo-ukuvota, kunye nokuvota kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni .

AbaLawuli Bemithetho KaRhulumente: Abayili Bomthetho

Abenzi bemithetho yesizwe basebenza kumgangatho ophakathi korhulumente wasekuhlaleni nowesizwe. Banembopheleleko yokudala imithetho esebenza kulo lonke urhulumente, ukongamela amaqumrhu karhulumente, kunye nokubeka izimali zikarhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unendlu yowiso-mthetho, ngokuqhelekileyo ene-bimaral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraskal, enendlu yowiso-mthetho ene-un-mantal), eyilwe yiNdlu (indlu ephezulu) neNdlu yeeMveli okanye iNdibano (indlu esezantsi).

Indima neembopheleleko zabaLawuli beMgaqo-siseko

Abamisi-mthetho besizwe banegunya elibanzi kwimicimbi enganikelwanga kurhulumente karhulumente karhulumente nguMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Iimbopheleleko zabo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ukwenza umthetho: Ukulungisa, ukuphikisana, nokuvota kumatyala ajika abe yimithetho karhulumente. Ezi ndawo zigubungela imigangatho yemfundo, ulawulo lolawulo lwempilo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nokufakwa kwemali yeshishini.
  • Ukuhlahlela: IAppe yokuhamba ngoqingqo-mali, yimali yemfundo ephezulu, imfundo, izithuthi, ulungiso, neenkonzo zentlalo. Abenzi bemithetho baseburhulumenteni bagqiba ngendlela yokwandisa ingeniso kwirhafu yengeniso, iirhafu zentengiso, kunye nerhafu.
  • Ukugqithisa: Ukuhlola amasebe karhulumente (umz., Isebe le Motor Vehicles, iSebe lempilo) ukuqinisekisa ukuba basebenzisa imithetho ngokunempumelelo nangempumelelo. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ukuva nokuphengulula kweekomiti.
  • Ulwahlulo: Ukusebenza njengelizwi lecacioti kwikomkhulu lephondo, ukuphendula kwimibuzo, ukunceda ulawulo lombuso, nokuzisa inkxalabo yoluntu jikelele.
  • IziHlalisi-zibonelelo: izindululo eziguqulwayo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, ngoko omele uvunywe ngabavoti kwi-asendum.

Imizekelo yabaLawuli beSizwe

  • Iqela lesizwe se- Imo ye-State:[ Ngokuqhelekileyo isebenza kwigumbi elincinci (20-50 yamalungu) anamagama amade (iminyaka emi-4 kumaphondo amaninzi). Izintlola zidla ngokumela isithili esikhulu kubameli kwaye zinokuba neendima ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokuqinisekisa amadinga e-gubernerator.
  • Umelo lweSizwe (okanye ilungu leNdibano): Isebenza kwigumbi elikhulu elinamalungu) anamagama amafutshane (2-1950 kwiminyaka kumaphondo amaninzi). Asoloko efikeleleka ngakumbi ngenxa yesithili esincinane.
  • Governor: Ngelixesha irhuluneli ingenguye ummisi-mthetho, irhuluneli ligosa lomgangatho karhulumente elinotyikityo okanye iveto iindleko, libiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo, licebise uqingqo-mali. Irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yesebe.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ibamba elingumxhasi: Ikhokela urhulumente kwisebe kumazwe amaninzi kwaye iphumele irhuluneli ukuba kuyimfuneko.

Indlela Abameli Besizwe Abaqeqeshwa Ngayo

Abamisi-mthetho besizwe banyulwa ngabavoti kwisithili ezizotyiweyo rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-10 emva kobalo-manani lwase-U.Unyulo lungathathi-nxaxheba, kunye nabameli bamaqela amakhulu (iDemocratic kunye neRiphabliki) kunye namaqela esithathu. Imida yemithetho ikhona kwamanye amazwe (umz. iKhalifoniya, iMichigan, iFlorida), ngoxa amanye amacandelo engenamida.

Amagunya Aseburhulumenteni: Alawula Uhlanga

Amagosa omanyano asebenza kumgangatho wesizwe, anamagunya adweliswe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Asingatha imibandela engaphaya kwemida yombuso, njengokhuselo lwesizwe, ukufuduka, urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, namalungelo abantu. Urhulumente wesizwe wahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho (uMphathiswa), umlawuli olawulayo (uMphathiswa), kunye nenkundla yezomthetho (iNkundla kunye nezorhulumente).

Iindima neembopheleleko zamagunya oMasipala

Isebe Elinomthetho:

IBhunga lineendawo ezimbini: iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso neNdlu yabameli. Indima yabo ephambili iquka:

  • Ukwenza imithetho: ukungenisa, ukuphikisana, kunye nokudlula kwamatyala achaphazela ilizwe lonke. IBhunga linegunya kwimimandla edweliswe kwinqaku I, iCandelo lesi-8 lomGaqo-siseko, njengokunikezela ngemali, ukubhengeza imfazwe, kunye nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe.
  • Ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali lwesizwe, ukugunyazisa ukuchitha imali yabo bonke abameli, iinkqubo, kunye nezixhobo ezigunyazisiweyo (Ukhuseleko, iMedicare, njl.).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugqithisela: izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ngokuvavanywa kweekomiti, ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (iSante), kunye nokuvunyelwa kwezivumelwano (iSenate).
  • [[[UMTL:0] Indlu ingawahlutha amagosa karhulumente (kuquka uMongameli) kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye namatyala angalunganga," kwaye iBhunga leNdlela yokulawula liqhuba ukuvavanywa ukuwasusa.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: uMongameli noManyano

  • : Intloko yorhulumente norhulumente, umphathi-ntloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, umphathi-mikhosi omkhulu, kunye nomlawuli omkhulu. UMongameli unyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, ukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, ucebisa uqingqo-mali, umisela iintloko zorhulumente kunye neentloko zamasebe, kwaye unika iintethelelo.
  • [[UMNIKISO:0] Umongameli weBhunga, wokuqala kulandelelo lokulandelelana, kunye nomphathi kuMongameli.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Amalungu eCabinet kunye neArhente iiNtloko: izifungo zamasebe (UMmandla, Uqoqosho, iNgxelo, njl.njl.) kunye neentloko zamasebe azimeleyo (EPA, NASA, njl.njl.) zongamela iindawo ezithile zenkqubo ethile.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Inkundla Ephakamileyo neeNkundla zoManyano

  • Izigwebo zeNkundla: izigwebi ezisithoba (kuquka iJaji enye eyiNtloko) etolika umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente, iphulaphule izibheno kumatyala abalulekileyo, kwaye imisele imizekelo esemthethweni ebophelele zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi.
  • [[UMKCI] ABagwebi beNkundla yesiphaluka: Basebenza kwi 13 IiNkundla zezibheno zase-U.S., ukuva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ABagwebi beNkundla yephondo: abagwebi betyala kwimimandla engama-94 yorhulumente, besingatha amatyala karhulumente kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho worhulumente.

Imizekelo Yamagosa Oorhulumente

  • I- U-U.S. i- ezimbini kumbuso ngamnye, zisebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emithandathu. Izintlu zimela lonke imo kwaye zinendima kwimigaqo yelinye ilizwe (imvume yesicelo) kunye namadinga etyala.
  • Ilungu lendlu lase-U.S.: amalungu ovota angama- 435, asebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emibini. Amela izithili zengqungquthela kumazwe angaphakathi kwaye asungula iindleko zengeniso.
  • Umongameli weUnited States: Iqwalaselwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emine idlula kwiElectoral College.
  • IJaji yeNkundla ePhambiliyo: imiselwe ubomi, iphantsi koqinisekiso lweNtsimbi.

Ukuthelekisa Amanqanaba Amathathu Karhulumente

Nangona onke amanqanaba karhulumente ebalulekile, ahlukile ngobukhulu, igunya, nokuziphendulela.

Oondoqo

Aspect Local State Federal
Jurisdiction City, county, or special district Entire state Entire nation
Primary Powers Police power, zoning, public works, education (local control) Education, transportation, criminal law, health, licensing National defense, immigration, interstate commerce, currency
Funding Property taxes, fees, state aid, bonds Income taxes, sales taxes, federal grants Income taxes, corporate taxes, tariffs, borrowing
Accessibility High — meetings are frequent and public Moderate — sessions are public but often remote Lower — D.C. is far, but representatives have local offices
Term Length 2–4 years typically 2–4 years (legislators); 4 years (governor) House 2 years, Senate 6 years, President 4 years, judges life

Ukubopha nokuncedisa

Ezi nqanaba azikho zindindilisekile. Zisebenzisana ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo:

  • IGrantars-in-Aid: Urhulumente worhulumente unika imali kwiinjongo ezithile (umz., ukwakhiwa kwenqanawa, uhola wendlela), ngokufuthi eneemeko ezidityanisiweyo kwinkqubo yobume.
  • Intelekelelo: umthetho weFederal uphezulu kumthetho wesizwe phantsi komthetho weSupremacy Claus, kodwa iimeko zingenza kwimimandla engakhutshwanga. Umzekelo, imigangatho yemeko- bume yezwe icwangcisa umgangatho; amaziko angamkela imithetho engqongqo.
  • Isizwe soManda kwii-ofisi zasekuhlaleni: Amazwe asoloko efuna ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikele iinkonzo ezithile (umz., inkxaso-mali yemfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke) kwaye anokumisela igunya lasekuhlaleni kuLawulo lweDillon (oorhulumente bendawo banamagunya anikwe ngurhulumente kuphela).
  • Iimbopheleleko ezahlulweyo: intsabelo yentlekele ibandakanya iimpendulo zokuqala zasekuhlaleni, amaziko olawulo lukarhulumente kunye ne-FEMA kazwelonke. Ukugcinwa komthetho kusebenzisana ngemikhosi yemisebenzi ethengisa iziyobisi kunye ne-ibhrashi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Lendima Kubalulekile

Idemokhrasi esebenza kakuhle ixhomekeke kunyulo olunolwazi. Ukwazi ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente ophethe oko kunceda abemi:

  • Inkxalabo kumagunya alungileyo: Umngxuma womngxuma wolwandle ngumba wendawo; uhola wendlela welizwe ufuna i-DOT yezwe; isizwana sorhulumente siwela phantsi kweSebe lothutho lwase-U.S.
  • Iparicipate Eluncedo: Ukuvota kwasekuhlaleni kusoloko kunefuthe elikhawulezileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunelo gqatso lomongameli. Unyulo lwebhodi yesikolo lumisela ulwakhiwo kunye nenkxaso-mali.
  • Abasemagunyeni ababambe ityala: Ukuba ummisi-mthetho wesizwe akaphumeleli ukuphendula imfuno yoluntu, abaququzeleli bangavota ngaphandle okanye basebenze befuna isikhundla ngokwabo.
  • IiNkonzo zoRhulumente zeNtlalo-ntle: Ukusuka kumalayisensi okuqhuba (umganyana) ukuya kuKhuseleko loluntu (lwendawo leyo), ukuqonda imaleko kunciphisa unxunguphalo.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo: Abo Banokunxibelelana Nabo Kwimibandela Eqhelekileyo

  • Isitrato sakho sinesibane esiphukileyo esitratweni: ubiza isebe likawonke-wonke lesixeko okanye ilungu lebhunga lesixeko sakho.
  • Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sasekuhlaleni sifuna imali eninzi exhasayo: ukuya kwintlanganiso yesikolo kunye nommeli wesizwe sakho malunga neendlela zemfundo.
  • Ufuna ukuqalisa ishishini elincinci: Fumana iphepha-mvume loshishino lobulali (isixeko/imali) kwaye ubhalise norhulumente kwirhafu.
  • A umgaqo wesizwe wenza umonakalo kushishino lwakho: qhagamshelana nelungu lakho lendlu okanye iSenator yase-U.S.; banokuphatha iindlebe okanye bamisele umthetho.
  • Uxhalabele inkqubo yotshintsho lwemozulu: Ukubandakanyeka kuwo onke amanqanaba: ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esiluhlaza, ulawulo oluvuselelwayo lwemeko, kunye nemimiselo yekharbon yorhulumente.

Isiphelo

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi kwengingqi, urhulumente, kunye namagosa angorhulumente luphawu lokulawula kweMelika. Ngexa le nkqubo inokubonakala intsonkothile, yenzelwe ukulinganisela igunya, ikhusela inkululeko, kwaye ivumela izisombululo ezilungiselweyo kwimilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo. Iinkokeli zoluntu zithetha ngeemfuno zoluntu ezikhawulezileyo; iziphumezi-mthetho zokulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zengingqi kunye nenkqubo ebanzi; amagosa alawulayo alawula ezobuzwe kwaye anikezele isakhiwo esimanyanisayo. Ngokuqonda ezi misebenzi, abemi banokubandakanye ngokunempumelelo norhulumente wabo, abameli benguqulelo, kwaye banikele igalelo kwimpilo yeriphabliki. [FLT],[5], ukFFF:0].[FT] [FT], urhulumente oluphezulu.[FT] [FL.N.[5]