Table of Contents
Imibutho karhulumente ingoorhulumente abazodwa abasungulwe ngurhulumente ukuze benze imisebenzi ethile enceda uluntu. Ukusebenza kwimigangatho yoluntu, karhulumente, nakurhulumente, la masebe amisela isiseko sendlela oorhulumente bezi nkonzo abazenza ngayo, indlela abamisela ngayo imithetho, abakhusela ngayo abemi, baze baphathe ngayo oovimba babantu. Ukuqonda isakhiwo, iinjongo, kunye nemisebenzi yoorhulumente kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngendlela imisebenzi yolawulo lwedemokhrasi esebenzayo nechaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Yintoni Ingxamiseko Karhulumente?
Urhulumente weUnited States uquka amasebe amaninzi, amasebe, iiofisi neminye imibutho. La maqumrhu amiselwe ukusingatha iimfuno zoluntu ezikhethekileyo ezifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo, ulawulo oluqhubekayo, okanye ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo. Amasebe karhulumente aguqulela imiyalelo engokwasemthethweni kwizenzo ezikonkqo, iinkqubo neenkonzo ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMerika.
Izicelo zahlukile kumasebe angundoqo karhulumente(_i-glasitive, i-ofisi, kunye ne-owe-qhinga) ngenxa yokuba zijolise ingqalelo ekuzalisekiseni kunokuyila okanye ukufungisa. Ngoxa iiKhomishini zidlulisela imithetho neenkundla eziyichazayo, abameli bavelisa imimiselo eneenkcukacha, baqhube iinkqubo, benze uphando, kwaye banyanzelise ukuthotyelwa okwenza loo mithetho isebenze kwihlabathi lokwenene.
IGovernment Manual neAdministrative Procedure Act zikarhulumente. Olu xwebhu lunceda ekugcineni ukubonakala nokuziphendulela kwindlela le mibutho esebenza ngayo nangokwendlela eqhubana ngayo nabemi namashishini.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho soorhulumente
Ukusekwa nokusebenza kwamaziko karhulumente kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko nakwigunya lomthetho. Ingcaciso yeSebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko isebenza kwinkoliso yamasebe alawulayo, ngelixa iBhunga laseUnited States lingachaza umbutho nokuba ukhetha ntoni na ekugunyaziseni umthetho.
Umongameli ubeka iintloko zamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye nabamiselwe yinkundla ephakamileyo. Eli gunya lokumisela, eliphantsi kwesiqinisekiso seBhunga elilawula izikhundla eziphambili, liqinisekisa ukuba ukhokelo lweziko lubonisa ezona ziphambili zamagosa anyuliweyo ngoxa egcina ubuchule. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyabagatya oomongameli.
Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela idlulela kwimisebenzi yamaziko. Iingqungquthela ziqeqesha ukuvelela ngemiqathango, ukuva, kunye nomthetho. Ikomiti yejaji ihlola izenzo zowiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana negunya lomthetho kunye neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Esi sakhiwo sibekwe ngobuninzi sinceda ekuthinteleni ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla ngeli lixa ukuvumela ubuchule bokucombulula imibango entsonkothileyo.
Iintlobo zoRhulumente: Ingqikelelo exhotyisiweyo
Amaziko karhulumente afumana iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo, ngalinye lineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhubana nesebe eliphetheyo, amaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo enkululeko, neempawu ezikhethekileyo zokwakha. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo nendlela abasebenzisa ngayo igunya lalo.
Amasebe alawulayo kunye nenkqubo zeKhabhinethi
Amasebe olawulo lungamaqela karhulumente phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo loMongameli. IKhabhinethi yoMongameli iquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 angezantsi, kunye neAttorney Jikelele. La masebe amela eyona mibutho yolawulo iphezulu kurhulumente worhulumente wesizwe kwaye aphathe iindawo ezibanzi.
Isebe elilawulayo le15 liquka uRhulumente, uNxalabo, uLawulo, uJaji, iNgxelo yeMzamo, Urhwebo, Impilo NeeNkonzo Zoluntu, iNgxubeko neNkcubeko, Izamandla, Imfundo, Imicimbi yePhondo, kunye noKhuseleko lwaseHomeland. Isebe ngalinye liquka imicimbi emininzi encinci, ii-boureau, kunye nee-ofisi eziqhuba imisebenzi ekhethekileyo kwisebe eliseluntwini.
uMongameli usoloko elawula kakhulu abameli abalawulayo kunamaziko azimeleyo. Oonobhala beKhabhinethi basebenza ngolonwabo lomongameli kwaye bangasuswa ngaphandle kwesizathu, beqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aphetheyo ahlala ehambisana nenkqubo yolawulo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo oluzimeleyo
Kurhulumente we-United States, amasebe azimeleyo ngamaziko angaphandle kwesebe elilawulayo lesizwe (lawo alawulwa ngunobhala weKhabhinethi) kunye ne-Ofisi yeSigqeba soMongameli. La masebe akwisikhundla esikhethekileyo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente, elungiselelwe ukusebenzisa inkululeko engakumbi kulawulo oluthe ngqo lomongameli.
Ngengqiqo encinci, eli gama libhekisela kuphela kwisebe elizimeleyo elithi, ngoxa ligqalwa njengenxalenye yesebe elilawulayo, libe linegunya lokulawula kwaye likhuselwe kulawulo lomongameli, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba amandla kamongameli okugxotha intloko yombutho okanye ilungu elilawulayo lilinganiselwe.
IPaper Yorcection Act idwelisa i-19 "iisebe elizimeleyo lolawulo", njengeKhomishini yoBunganiso kunye ne-Exchange, iKhomishini yeNtloko, iKhomishini yeZimo zeMyuziyam, iKhomishoni yeDeposit Issurance, kunye neZiko lezeMali lezezimali elilawula uqoqosho kunye nebutho labantu apho kuthe kungaguquguquki, ukwenza izigqibo zengcali kuqwalaselwa njengemfuneko.
Ibhodi, okanye isiqu esinamalungu aphakathi kwamahlanu ukuya kwasixhenxe, kwelinye icala, sikhokela amaqumrhu azimeleyo. Umongameli umisela ibhodi okanye amalungu omsebenzi phantsi kwesiqinisekiso sikaSenate. Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza ngokwexesha elilinganiselweyo, eliyiminyaka emine, kwaye amalungu akhutyekiswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukujika okupheleleyo kwebhodi konke ngexesha elinye.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqumrhu azimeleyo enziwe ngumthetho osebenza ngomlinganiselo wokuzilawula ukuze ukwenza izigqibo kwenziwe ngesizinzi sobuchule, umdla wesizwe, hayi intshukumisa yexeshana yezopolitiko. Olu zimele-zimo zenza imisebenzi ethile yomthetho enxulumene nengcinezelo yezobupolitika, ivumela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yesandi okungaguquguqukiyo kunye nobuchule.
Ingxamiseko yolawulo oluphezulu oluzimeleyo
Uninzi lwamasebe azimeleyo karhulumente wase-United States lukwabalelwa nakumaqumrhu alawulayo. Azimele kuba akathotyelwa phantsi kwesikhundla seKhabhinethi. La masebe asingatha imisebenzi ethile engalungelelaniyo kakuhle kumasebe akhoyo okanye afuna inkululeko.
Imizekelo iquka i-NASA, i-Evironmental Protection Agency, kunye ne-Small Business Administration. Ngeli xesha la masebe enika ingxelo kumongameli nakwintloko zawo, asebenza ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sesebe lemveli, ewanika iinkonzo eziqwalaselweyo kunye nobuchule obukhethekileyo.
Inkqutyana ye-APP
Amaziko azimeleyo angoorhulumente abalawulayo ngokusemthethweni, kodwa afunwa ngomthetho ukupapasha inkcazelo ethile ngeenkqubo nangemisebenzi yabo kwiFederal Register. UFannie Mae noFreddie Mac, iSmithsonian Institution, kunye neSizwe seGalelegale of Art ziphakathi kwaba bameli.
Le mibutho ikwindawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwamacandelo kawonke-wonke nawabantu, ngokufuthi enziwe yiNgqungquthela ukwenzela iinjongo zikawonke wonke ngoxa isebenza ngobubele obuninzi kunamaziko karhulumente.
Izicelo zomthetho nezeejaji
Kukho inani elincinane lamasebe azimeleyo angeyonxalenye yesebe elilawulayo, njengeKhomishini yoPhicotho-zincwadi neKhomishini yeSizwe, eMali yezemithetho neyokugweba, ngokulandelelana. La masebe axhasa imisebenzi yeBhunga kunye neenkundla zephondo, anikela uphando, iinkonzo zolawulo, kunye nobuchule obukhethekileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezomthetho.
Imisebenzi karhulumente yeeNkqubo
Amaziko karhulumente enza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo efunekayo kwigunya lale mihla. Le misebenzi isenokubekwa kwiindawo eziliqela ezingundoqo, nganye ibaluleke ekulondolozeni ibutho labantu elilungeleleneyo, elikhuselekileyo nelityebileyo.
Imisebenzi Yokumisela kwakhona
Enye yeendima ezibalulekileyo zamaziko karhulumente kukuphuhlisa nokumisa imimiselo. Imiswe ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo edluliswa yiBhunga, imvume nganye engoorhulumente ichaza iinjongo izibonelelo ezimele zisebenzele kuzo, kwakunye nezinye iindawo ezincinci, ukuba zikhona, ezinokuthi zibe namandla okumisela ulawulo. Le mimiselo yowiso-mthetho (okanye imimiselo), xa inyanzelekile, inamandla omthetho wesizwe.
Amaziko alawulayo amisela imilinganiselo yento yonke, ukususela kukhuseleko lwemekobume, iimarike zemali ukuya kukhuseleko lokutya. Avelisa iimfuno zobugcisa ezizizo ezinika iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kwimithetho ebanzi, uhlolo nophicotho-zincwadi ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayathobela, kwaye athatha inyathelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba abaphula umthetho bayaphulwa.
ISEC ikhusela abatyali-mali, igcine isimilo, ilungelelene, kwaye ilungele ukusekwa kweemarike ezifanelekileyo, kwaye inceda ukusekwa kwamakomkhulu. Oku kubonisa indlela amaziko alawulayo alungelelanisa ngayo iinjongo ezininzi .ukukhusela uluntu ngeli xesha enza ukuba umsebenzi wezoqoqosho notshintsho lusebenze.
Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo
Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente akhoyo ngokuyintloko ukunikela iinkonzo ngokungqalileyo kubemi. Ezi nkonzo zisuka kwiingenelo zoKhuseleko loNtlalo-ntle ukuya ekunikezeleni inkxaso yonyango lwamagqala, ukusuka ekuphatheni iipaki zesizwe ukuya ekuhambiseni iposi. Amagosa karhulumente azimisele ukunikela iinkonzo ezilungiselelwe abantu ngabanye, ngokungxama, ngokuzilindele iimfuno, nangokuzinika ngokuqhubekayo.
Amaziko okuhambisa iinkonzo asebenzisana nezigidi zabantu baseMerika yonke imihla, ewenza abe yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo kurhulumente wabemi abaninzi.
Umthetho onyanzeliswayo nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke
Amaqumrhu amaninzi ajolise ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke nasekuqinisekiseni imithetho karhulumente. Ezi zinto zisuka kwiFBI ephengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamaqumrhu ukuya kuMgaqo-mali woLunxweme olukhusela ulwandle, ukusuka kwi-DEA elwa nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi ukuya kwiinkqubo zezithuthi zeTSA.
I-NTSB liziko lophando lwengozi lwamaqumrhu, lichaza izinto ezibangela iingozi lize licebise abantu ukuba bakhuseleke. Aba basemagunyeni abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi nxaxheba kwiimeko ezisongela ngokukhawuleza kuphela kodwa basebenza ukukhusela iziganeko zexesha elizayo ngophando, ngokuhlolisisa nangemigaqo.
Intlanganiso yophando neNkcubeko
Amasebe karhulumente enza uphando olunzulu aze aqokelele inkcazelo echaza izigqibo zenkqubo kwaye inceda abantu abanomdla. IBhunga lokuBala inani labantu lihlanganisa inkcazelo yabemi, iNational Institutes of Health iqhuba uphando lwamayeza, iBureau of Labor Statistics ilandela imikhwa yokufuna umsebenzi, kunye neNational Weather Service ijonge iimeko zemozulu.
Lo msebenzi wophando unika injongo, ulwazi olunegunya olunokuba nzima okanye olungenakuveliswa ngamaqumrhu azimeleyo. Ugcino-lwazi kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo ezivezwe ngamaqumrhu ophando karhulumente zixhasa ukwenza izigqibo kuzo zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu.
Ulawulo lwezibonelelo
Amasebe amaninzi alawula ubuncwane nempahla zikawonke-wonke. INkonzo yeSizwe sasePakini ijonge iipaki kunye nezikhumbuzo zesizwe, iBreau of Land Management ilawula amazwe kawonke-wonke, iSebe leMimandla lilawula ingqokelela yezixhobo zenyukliya zelizwe, kunye neSebe leNkonzo zeSebe lilawula ushishino lwemali norhwebo lwamazwe.
Ukubonelela ngemali elungiselelwe uRhulumente woManyano, ukunikezela ngexabiso elingamawaka ezigidi zee-dola zeemveliso, iinkonzo, kunye nezixhobo ezifunwa ngamasebe karhulumente ukulungiselela uluntu. Ulawulo lwemiba olunempumelelo luqinisekisa ukuba izinto zikawonke-wonke zigcinwe, zisetyenziswe kakuhle, kwaye ziphumeze iinjongo zazo.
Unxulumano lwehlabathi nophuhliso
I-Agency yeNkcubeko yezizwe ngezizwe (USAID) yi-operal ushishino oluyintloko lwase-U.S. olunika uncedo kumazwe achachachayo kwintlekele, azama ukuphepha ubuhlwempu, nokubandakanyeka kwiinguqu zedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo ezijolise kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe zisebenzisa inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, zinika uncedo lokunceda abantu, zikhuthaza urhwebo, zimela izilangazelelo zamaMelika kwamanye amazwe.
Imicimbi yomanyano olungundoqo kunye neendima zayo
Ukuqonda iindima zabameli abaphambili kusinceda siqonde indlela oorhulumente abacombulula ngayo iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo zenkqubo baze bancede abantu.
I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)
I-EPA ingomnye weyona migaqo ibalulekileyo, ejongene nokukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nemekobume. Iphuhlisa ize inyanzelise imithetho enxulumene nomgangatho womoya namanzi, ulawulo lwenkunkuma eyingozi, ukhuseleko lwemichiza, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. I-EPA iqhuba uhlolisiso lwemekobume, imisela imilinganiselo yongcoliso, isebenza namazwe kunye nezizwe ukuze kuqulunqe iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo.
I-FBI)
Njengequmrhu eliphambili lokunyanzelisa umthetho, iFBI ihlola ukwaphulwa komthetho wesizwe, ikhusela iUnited States ekuhlaseleni abanqolobi, ibonelela ngezomthetho kurhulumente, kwiphondo, kwimimandla yasekuhlaleni, nakwimimandla yezizwe ngezizwe. Igunya le-FBI ligubungela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi oluquka ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemgangathweni, urhwaphilizo, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo.
IZiko loLawulo noLothintelo lwezifo (CDC)
ICDC isebenza njengesebe lokhuseleko lwempilo lwelizwe, iqhuba inzululwazi echaphazelekayo kunye nokunika ulwazi lwempilo ukukhusela amaMelika kwizisongelo zempilo. Ihlola ukuqhambuka kwezifo, iqhuba uphando lwezifo, iphuhlisa imigaqo yempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokunxibelelana kwendlela yokusabela kwiimeko zempilo. I-CDC iquka izifo ezasulelayo, iimeko ezinganyangekiyo, impilo entle, kunye nokuthintela ukulimala.
ISebe lezemfundo
ISebe lezemfundo limisela inkqubo, lilungiselela, liququzelela, liququzelela ugcino-lwazi kwizikolo. Liqokelela ugcino-lwazi kwizikolo, linyanzelisa imithetho yemfundo yesizwe ngokuphathelele ukuzimela nokungabi namalungelo asekuhlaleni, lize lisasaze uncedo lwemali kubafundi. Ngoxa imfundo ihlala ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo kurhulumente nakummandla, isebe lesizwe linendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba liyakwazi ukufikelela nokubeka izinto eziza kuqala kumazwe.
Ulawulo lokhuseleko loluntu
ISebe loKhuseleko loLuntu lilawula ukuthatha umhlala phantsi, ukukhubazeka kunye nabasindileyo ukuba bangenelwe izigidi zabantu baseMerika. Lisebenzisa iinkqubo zokufaka izicelo, ukugcina iingxelo zemali, ukukhupha amanani oKhuseleko loluntu, kwaye lilawula enye yeenkqubo eziluncedo kakhulu ehlabathini. Imisebenzi yeli sebe ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lwemali kubantu abathatha umhlala-phantsi, abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye neentsapho ezilahlekelwe ngumvuzo.
Inkqubo yeReserve yomanyano
IFederal Reserve ilawula inkqubo yelizwe yemali ngokumisela umyinge wemali karhulumente, umsebenzi ofuna ugunyaziso lwezopolitiko ukuze isilingo sezobupolitika sokuqhuba inkqubo yolwandiso lwemali singakhokeleli ekupheliseni ukunyuka kwemali okubangela bonke abantu base-Melika babe hlwempuzeke. Njengebhanki esembindini weUnited States, iFederal Reserve iphembelela imali kunye neemeko zokutyala kwezoqoqosho, ulawulo kunye nolawulo lweebhanki, ukulondoloza uzinzo lwemali, kunye nokunikezela ngeenkonzo zemali kurhulumente kunye namaziko emali.
ISebe loKhuseleko lwaMakhaya
Iqaliswe emva kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, 2001, iSebe Lokhuseleko Lokhuseleko Lomhlaba lilungelelanisa imigudu yokukhusela iUnited States kwizisongelo.
Ubuchule besizwe kunye nolawulo lwesithuba (NASA)
I-NASA iqhuba uphando ngesithuba, uphando lwenzululwazi, kunye nophando nge-aeronautics. Isebenza kwiSiteshi seInternational Space, yenza isiphekepheke esitsha kunye nobugcisa, ihlolisisa imozulu yomhlaba, ihlola ezinye izijikelezi- langa, ifuna ukuqonda indalo. Umsebenzi we-NASA uphucula ulwazi lwenzululwazi ngoxa ukhuthaza uphuhliso nophuhliso lobugcisa.
Inkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi (IIRS)
I-IRS inika imithetho yerhafu yesizwe, iqokelela ingeniso ekhutshwa ngurhulumente. Ilungiselela ukubuyiselwa kwerhafu, ukunyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa kwerhafu, ukubonelela ngerhafu, nokusukela ukubhatala irhafu. Ukuphumelela kombutho kunegalelo ngqo kubuchule bukarhulumente bokuxhasa iinkqubo neenkonzo.
IKomishini yoTshintshiso (SEC)
I-SEC ilawula iimarike zokuvalwa kwetyala, ikhusela abatyali-mali nokugcina iimarike ezifanelekileyo nezinempumelelo. Kufuna iinkampani zikawonke-wonke zityhile ulwazi lwemali, zilawule ukutshintshiswa kwemali kunye nee-arhente ezilawulayo, kwaye zinyanzelise imithetho yokugcinwa kwetyala. Ulawulo lwe-SEC lunceda ukulondoloza intembelo kwiimarike zemali nokukhusela abatyali bemali kubuqhetseba.
Urhulumente noRhulumente wasekuhlaleni
Nangona amaziko karhulumente esoloko efumana ingqalelo eninzi, amasebe karhulumente nawasekuhlaleni anempembelelo enkulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Inkqutyana ze-Aspectal zoBukhosi
Ilizwe ngalinye lisebenzisa ithala lalo lamasebe ancedisayo anezipili kunye nemisebenzi yesizwe ekwanelisayo ngelinye ixesha lithetha ngeemfuno zikarhulumente ezicacileyo. Amasebe ezothutho agcina oohola beendlela neebhulorho, amasebe okusingqongileyo agunyazisa ulawulo longcoliso, amasebe ezonyango karhulumente ajonge impilo kawonke-wonke, kunye namasebe emfundo karhulumente ajonge izikolo zeK-12.
Amaziko karhulumente asoloko ephumeza iinkqubo zikarhulumente, efumana inkxaso-mali nokhokelo kumaziko asekuhlaleni lo gama ulungelelaniso lweenkqubo ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni. Olu manyano lwesizwe lubonakalisa iindawo ezininzi eziquka iMedicaid, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nezibonelelo zezothutho.
Amaziko olawulo karhulumente ajonge imisebenzi namashishini, akhuphele amalayisensi koogqirha, kumagqwetha, kwizindlu zokwakha, nakwezinye izifundiswa. Alawula izinto ezisemgangathweni, iinkampani ze-inshorensi, namanye amashishini asebenza ngokuyintloko kwimida karhulumente.
Ingxakeko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni
Amagosa karhulumente wasekuhlaleni .-asebenzisa kwiphondo, kwisixeko, nakwimigangatho kamasipala, “‘ amaziko ombane achaphazela ubomi babemi ngokungqalileyo. Amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni aqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, amasebe asebenza ngoluntu agcina izitrato kunye neenkqubo zamanzi, amasebe okucwangcisa ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nokuphuhliswa, kunye neepaki kunye namasebe ezokuzonwabisa asebenza kumasebe oluntu.
Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni enza uhlolo, aphendule xa kuqhambuka izifo, anike uluntu uncedo lwezempilo. Amagosa ezindlu asekuhlaleni amisela iinkqubo zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka. Amasebe othutho asebenzisa iibhasi noololiwe abakwindawo ephambili.
Indlela Edalwe Nenziwa Ngayo Imicimbi Karhulumente
Ukuqonda indlela abameli abakhoyo ngayo nendlela abalungelelaniswe ngayo kunika ukuqonda ngegunya, ukuphendula, kunye nemisebenzi yabo.
Ukwenziwa koMthetho
IBhunga liyikile inani lamaziko azimeleyo ukuze ancede ekusebenziseni iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zamandla negunya likarhulumente. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iKhomishini idala umbutho ozimeleyo wongamela ummandla ontsonkothileyo nonamandla ukuba umiselwe ngokugqithisileyo okanye ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokusemthethweni ngaphakathi kolawulo olukhoyo.
Xa iBhunga liseka umbutho, lidlulisela umthetho ochaza umsebenzi, igunya, ukwakheka, kunye nemali. Lo mthetho wobomi usebenza njengomgaqo-siseko wombutho, umisela oko unako nokungenakukwenza. IBhunga linokunika ingqiqo ephangaleleyo okanye limisele iimfuno ezithile, kuxhomekeke kummandla wenkqubo kunye neengqwalasela zezobupolitika.
Intshukumo
Abameli bangenza amaqumrhu ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, nangona la maqumrhu enziwe ngemithetho elawulayo engekho semthethweni uhlala njalo kwaye engenagunya lininzi kunalawo amiselwe ngummiselo. Imiyalelo eLawulwe ngoLawulo oluPhezulu iyakwazi ukuphinda ilungelelanise amaqumrhu akhoyo, ivelise amaqumrhu ombutho, okanye imisele iiofisi kwi-Ofisi enoLawulo oluPhezulu kaMongameli. Noko ke, amaqumrhu abalulekileyo anegunya elilawulayo okanye elisebenzisa imali afuna ugunya lowiso-mthetho.
Ulungiselelo
Isebe ngalinye elilawulayo liqokelela lize lipapashe inkcazelo eyahlukileyo. Khangela amaphepha esebe adweliswe ngezantsi, kunye namakhonkco okubalaselisa iimpapasho, oovimba, abameli kunye nolawulo ukuze bafunde okungakumbi! Iinkonzo ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu kwintlangano yangaphakathi, kodwa ezininzi ziyabelana ngezinto ezidibeneyo.
Amasebe amakhulu aneofisi esekomkhulu emisela inkqubo kunye nokubonelela ngemisebenzi esembindini, kunye nee-ofisi zengingqi okanye zentsimi ezizalisekisa iinkqubo kunye nokusebenzisana noluntu. Alungelelaniswe ngokwamaqela, iibhiya, okanye ii-ofisi eziphatha imisebenzi ethile okanye iindawo ezithile zocwangciso. Amagosa asebenza emsebenzini womsebenzi wempangelo anezikhundla ezininzi, anika inkqubela kunye nobuchule kwiinkonzo zolawulo, ngeli lixa abatyunjwa bezopolitiko bephethe iindima eziphezulu zokhokelo.
Ulawulo lwe-arhente kunye nenkqubo yokulawula
Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo neyimpikiswano yamasebe karhulumente ngamandla awo okudala imimiselo enamandla omthetho. Eli gunya lokumisela umthetho livumela abameli ukuba baphuhlise imigangatho yobugcisa nemigaqo ezalisekisa imithetho ebanzi.
Inkqubo yesaziso neyoluvo
UMthetho woLawulo umisela iinkqubo abamele bazilandele xa kusenziwa imimiselo. Kwimithetho emininzi, abameli kufuneka bapapashe isaziso sokwenza imithetho ecetyisiweyo kwiFederal Register, banike ithuba lokugqabaza, baqwalasele amagqabaza afunyenweyo, baze bapapashe umthetho wokugqibela osekelwe kwisiseko nenjongo yawo.
Le nkqubo yesaziso kunye nenkqubo yokunika ingcebiso iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela achaphazelekayo anika igalelo phambi kokuba imithetho isebenze. Ii-atmosfect zisoloko zifumana amawaka amagqabaza ngemithetho ebalulekileyo, amaqela oshishino, imibutho yobuchule, iingcali, kunye nabemi ngabanye. Imfuneko yokuqwalasela nokuphendula amagqabaza inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo ihlelwe kakuhle kwaye inikel
Iindidi Zokwenza Umthetho
Imisebenzi yezolawulo ibandakanyeka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho ngokuxhomekeke kwimfuno zomthetho kunye nohlobo lomthetho. Umthetho wobuchule ubandakanya ukuva okufana nokuva, nangona oku kunqabile. Ukwenziwa komthetho wamathubthutyana kulandela isaziso kunye nenkqubo yolawulo. Ukwenziwa komthetho odityanisiweyo kuzisa kunye abagcini-mthetho abazotyiweyo ukuvelisa imithetho esekelwe kwisivumelwano. Umthetho wengozi uvumela amaqumrhu ukuba akhuphe imigaqo eqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo.
Impinda yolawulo
Imimiselo ebalulekileyo yamasebe alawulayo iqwalaselwa yi-Ofisi yeNkcubeko kunye neMicimbi yoLawulo (OIRA) phakathi kwe-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo. I-OIRA ihlola imithetho yokuvisisana nezinto eziza kuqala zomongameli, igunya lomthetho, kunye nemigaqo yolawulo equka uhlalutyo lwexabiso lomgangatho. Le nkqubo yokwenziwa kwemiqathango ephakathi ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ubunjani bolawulo kunye nolungelelwaniso phakathi kwamaqumrhu.
Ukuphendula kwe-Arhente kunye nokulawula
Ekubeni kukho amandla aphawulekayo asetyenziswa ngamaziko, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuqinisekisa ukuba ahlala emele aphendule amagosa anyuliweyo nanguwonke wonke.
Ulawulo lwequmrhu
IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo ngeendlela ezininzi. Iikomiti zeBhunga zibamba amatyala apho amagosa emibutho angqina imisebenzi, iinkqubo, nokusetyenziswa koovimba. IKhomishini ilawula inkxaso-mali kwinkqubo yokuququzelela, inika igunya lokuphembelela iziko eliphambili. Abameli bangayimisela imithetho emitsha yokuguqula igunya lombutho okanye ukubhukuqa izenzo zomaziko.
I-ofisi ye-Accounting Accounting, ingalo yeBhunga eliphandayo, iqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nohlolo lweenkqubo zolawulo kunye nemisebenzi, inika uhlolo oluzimeleyo lokwenziwa kombutho nokuthotyelwa komthetho.
Ulawulo lobuMongameli
Umongameli uphembelela amaqumrhu azimeleyo ngokumisela iintloko zamasebe namagosa aphezulu, izindululo zoqingqo-mali, imiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Kumaziko alawulayo, olu lawulo luchanekile.
Impinda yezeejaji
Iinkundla zihlola izenzo zowiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayavumelana negunya lomthetho, balandele iinkqubo ezifunekayo, yaye abachaphazelekayo okanye abaguquguquki. Imikhosi echaphazelekayo kwizigqibo zoshishino ingabalungela ucelomngeni enkundleni, kwaye abagwebi bangaguqula izenzo zomaziko ezingaphaya kwegunya lomthetho okanye ezichasene nemfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Uhlolo lwejaji lunika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla equlunqweni ngeli ngokubanzi lubhekisa kwiinkcubeko zobugcisa kwimicimbi yobugcisa.
Uphatho jikelele lomhloli
Inkoliso yamaziko angundoqo aneNjengele ejongene neNkxaso-mali ezimeleyo, eqhuba uphando kunye nophando lwemisebenzi yesebe, ekhangela ukuqhatha, ukulahlwa, ukuxhatshazwa, nokungaphathwa kakuhle. Ingxelo yeNkqutyana jikelele kwinkokeli yoorhulumente neMbutho, inika uhlolo oluzimeleyo lwemisebenzi yeziko kunye nengqibelelo.
Inkululeko yolwazi
I-Freedom of Information Act (5.S.C. 552) isoloko inika nawuphi na umntu ilungelo elisemthethweni, elinyanzelekileyo enkundleni, ukufumana ukufikelela kwinkcazelo kaRhulumente wesebe eliphetheyo lase-United States kwiingxelo zombutho. I-FAIA ivumela uphando lwamasebe oluntu ngokufuna ukuba amaziko atyhile iingxelo kwisicelo, axhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile. Le nkqubo yokubonisa intathelekelelo ivumela iintatheli, amaqela amaqela ajongene nemisebenzi yesebe.
Iingxaki Ezijamelene Norhulumente
Imibutho karhulumente ijamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi ekuphumezeni imisebenzi yayo ngokunempumelelo nangempumelelo kule nkulungwane yama - 21.
Utshintsho Lobugcisa
Imicimbi iqhubela phambili ulwamkelo lwabantwana aba-Al kodwa ngokuqola okungangqinelaniyo, ibalaselisa imfuneko yokulawula okunamandla, ukulungiselela ugcino-lwazi, kunye nokusebenza ukuze kulinganiswe i-II kwindawo engqongileyo efuna ukuchotshelwa kweenkonzo. Inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa obukhawulezayo ivelisa amathuba kunye nocelomngeni kumasebe. Kufuneka zizenze iinkqubo ezilifa langoku, zikhusele kwii-intanethi, zisebenzise ubugcisa obutsha obufana nobuchule bokuyila, kwaye zilawule ubugcisa obuvelayo ezisenokungabuqondi ngokupheleleyo.
Izilondolozi Zikavimba
Imibutho emininzi ijongene neengcinezelo zoqingqo-mali kunye nocelomngeni olunciphisa amandla ayo okufeza oko ikulindeleyo. Ukuqokelela izinto eziza kuqala, ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika ngenkxaso-mali, kunye nokuphumelela kufuna ukuba abameli bafune ukwenza okungakumbi ngentsebenziswano encinane. Oku kunokukhokelela ekulibaziseni kweenkonzo, ukuthotywa komthetho, nobunzima bokutsala nokugcina abasebenzi abanobuchule.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika
Ukukhula kwentsebenziswano yezobupolitika kuchaphazela imibutho yemibutho ejongene nokutshintsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo njengoko iinguqu zolawulo, ulawulo lombutho-ngqungquthela luba ngamaxhoba empikiswano yezobupolitika. Oku kunganciphisa ukusebenza kwemibutho, ukudodobala kwabasebenzi bemisebenzi, nokunciphisa ukuthembana kwabantu.
Ukuntsonkotha Nokulungelelana
Imisebenzi yengxamiseko ilungelelaniswe ngemisebenzi nangendawo, lo gama iimfuno zabantu zisoloko zinqumla imida. Iimfuno zenkqubo yanamhlanje zidla ngokufuna ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaqumrhu amaninzi asemagunyeni, amasiko, nezinto eziza kuqala. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukunganqabiseki kwekhompyutha, ukusabela kwezifo ezimandundu, nezinye iingxaki ezintsonkotheyo azilungeleni kakuhle kwimibutho elawula omnye, efuna intsebenziswano enokuba nzima ukufikelela.
Uluntu Lonke
Ukugcina intembelo kuwonke wonke kwiintlangano zikarhulumente kusengumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Izakhono kufuneka zilungelelanise ukufaneleka nokuphendula, ubuchule bokusabela nokungaguquguquki. Ukungathembani, ukungaphumeleli, okanye ukuqhatha okucingelwayo kunokwenza abantu bathembane, nto leyo ethatha iminyaka ukuphinda bakhe.
Ikamva Lezathulelo Zikarhulumente
Amasebe karhulumente ayaqhubeka ebhenela ekutshintsheni iimfuno zoluntu, amandla obugcisa neentanda - bulumko ezilawulayo.
Utshintsho lwamanani
Namhlanje, ubugcisa obukrelekrele − ingakumbi i-III--odividue iyenza ibe nemisebenzi esetyenziswayo kwisikali efumaneka ngokukhulayo. Kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, abameli baye bakha iziseko zamanani ````izinto ezisisiseko zamafu'', ukutshintshiselana ngogcino-lwazi, kunye nokuzichaza kwamanani. Ii-atroffic ziphuhlisa ubugcisa bezixhobo zobugcisa ezisetyenziswayo ukuphucula ukwenziwa kwenkonzo, ukwandisa izigqibo, kunye nokwandisa ubuchule. Iindawo zokumisa i-ONtene zivumela abemi babemi ukuba bafikelele iinkonzo ngaphandle kokutyelela ii-ofisi, ugcino-data kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi oluluncedo olunempumelelo ngakumbi, kunye neenkqubo zomsebenzi wemijelo.
Ukwenza inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina
Kugxininiswa ngakumbi ekusebenziseni ubungqina obungqongqo ukwazisa izigqibo zenkqubo kunye noyilo lwenkqubo. Ii-atmosfera ziqhuba uvavanyo oluninzi, zisebenzisa iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungacwangciswanga, kunye nokwakha izibonelelo zogcino-lwazi ukuvavanya oko kwenziwayo. Le ndlela isekelwe kubungqina ijolise ekuphuculeni inkqubo esebenzayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba abahlawula irhafu basetyenziswa ngobulumko.
Umgqaliselo Wenkonzo Oqhelekileyo
Amaziko amaninzi amkela imisebenzi yabathengi bamacandelo azimeleyo, ukulinganisa ulwaneliseko, ukunciphisa amaxesha okulinda, kunye nokwenza iinkonzo ezinxulumene neemfuno zomsebenzisi kunokusebenzisa i-actracratic. Le nkqubo yabathengi iyayiqonda into yokuba urhulumente unceda abemi abafanele ukusabela, ukuhlonelwa, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Ulawulo olunobuchule
Imigudu eqhubekayo isebenza ngokuhambelana norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, imibutho engangeni ngeniso, iinkampani ezizimeleyo, namaqela oluntu ukuze afikelele usukelo lomgaqo-nkqubo. Ezi nkqubo zincedisana ziyaqonda ukuba urhulumente kuphela ongenako ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo yaye abaxhasi abahlukeneyo bazisa oovimba neembono ezixabisekileyo.
Ulungelelwaniso oluhle
Njengokuba ubugcisa kunye noluntu zitshintsha ngokukhawuleza, abameli bazama iindlela ezibhetyebhetye ezilula. Iibhokisi zolawulo zivumela uvavanyo lohlaziyo ngaphantsi kwemithetho epholileyo, imigangatho esekelwe kwiziphumo kuneemfuno zokubhalwa kwangaphambili, kwaye ukwenza imithetho esetyenziswayo kuvumela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiimeko ezitshintshayo.
Indlela Abemi Abasebenzisana Ngayo Nezongxamiseko Zikarhulumente
Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisana ngokunempumelelo namaziko karhulumente kunika abemi amandla okufikelela kwiinkonzo, okusebenzisa amalungelo abo nokulawula.
Iinkonzo zokufikelela
Inkoliso yamasebe anikela izitishi ezininzi zokufumana iinkonzo ze-(onlineals, ii-parlines, ii-ofisi ze-person, kunye ne-imeyili. I-USA.gov isebenza njengendawo ephakathi ekufumaneni ulwazi neenkonzo zikarhulumente. Abameli abaninzi baye baphucula ii-website zabo neenkonzo zamanani ukuze bazenze zibe ngabahlobo abalungileyo nabafikelelekayo.
Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ekwenzeni Ulawulo
Abami bangathatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yolawulo ngokufaka amagqabaza ngemithetho ecetyisiweyo nge .gov, iqonga elisembindini lokujonga nokugqabaza ngemimiselo karhulumente. Amagqabaza athe anika ugcino-lwazi, uhlalutyo, okanye iimbono angaphembelela imithetho yokugqibela.
Izikhalazo Nezicelo Eziziintsizi
Izixhobo zinika iinkqubo zokulungisa izikhalazo zokwaphula umthetho, ukucela inkcazelo phantsi kweFOIA, izigqibo ezinomtsalane nezinomtsalane, nokufuna uncedo ngeengxaki. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo nokulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwandisa amathuba okuzicombulula ngokunempumelelo.
Ukufuna Ulwazi
Fumana ulwazi lokuqhagamshelana namasebe karhulumente karhulumente wase-United States, amasebe, amasebe, amashishini, iizixhobo, kunye namashishini karhulumente axhotyisiweyo. Fumana iiwebhsayithi, ii-imeyili, iinombolo zefowuni, iidilesi, nezinye izinto ezingakumbi. Izikhululo zipapasha inkcazelo eninzi ngeenkqubo, imigaqo, kunye nemisebenzi yazo. Amasebe omanyano kufuneka enze ulwazi oluthile lufumaneke esidlangalaleni, kwaye amaninzi anike ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha, ugcino-lwazi, kunye neengxelo kwii-webhsayithi zawo.
Indima Yezorhulumente Kwidemokhrasi
Amasebe karhulumente anendima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, njengendlela yokusebenza ekugqityezelwa ngayo izigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo yamagosa anyuliweyo kwaye iimfuno zikawonke-wonke.
Ukusebenzisa Izigqibo Zedemokhrasi
I-Aporteurs ziguqulela ukhetho oluphangaleleyo lwenkqubo eyenziwa ngabameli abanyuliweyo kwiinkqubo zekonkrithi nakwimimiselo. Lo msebenzi wokuzalisekisa ubalulekile kulawulo lwedemokhrasi-demokhrasi---(imithetho edluliswe yiKhonklathi iyakuhlala ingekho nto ibonakalayo ngaphandle kokuba inkxaso inike iziphumo eziluncedo.
Ukunikela Ingcebiso
Iingcali zezenkcubeko zifumana ubuchule obukhethekileyo obunokunqanda amagosa akhethiweyo angenabo. Izazinzulu, onjineli, iingcali zezoqoqosho, amagqwetha nezinye izifundiswa ezikumasebe zinikela ulwazi olubalulekileyo ekucombululeni iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo.
Ukuqinisekisa Ukungaguquguquki Nokunganyaniseki
Imigaqo-nkqubo isebenzisa imithetho rhoqo ngaphaya kwelizwe nakwiindawo ezithe zalisebenzisa ixesha, inika ukuxelwa kwangaphambili nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Izicaka zomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni ezihlala zikwizikhundla zazo ngaphaya kolawulo zinika inkumbulo yolawulo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba kuyaqhubeka kwimisebenzi karhulumente.
Ukulungelelanisa Izilangazelelo Ezidityanisiweyo
Izikhululo kufuneka zilungelelanise izilangazelelo nexabiso elikhuphisanayo ngezantsi ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume, ukuphuhliswa kokhuseleko, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho nokungaguquguquki. Inkqubo yokulawula inika abaxhasi abahlukeneyo iprojekthi ingqwalaselo yokuchaza iimbono zabo kunye nezokulungiselela abameli ukwenza izigqibo eziqiqayo ezithetha ngeembono ezahlukeneyo.
Isiphelo
Amasebe karhulumente asebenza ngokulawula, azalisekisa imithetho, anikela iinkonzo, akhusela ukhuseleko loluntu, kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo. Ukusuka kumasebe ajonge iindawo ezibanzi ukuya kumaqumrhu azimeleyo aqinisekisa ingqibelelo yezorhwebo, ukusuka kumaqumrhu karhulumente alungelelanisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ukuya kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ukuya kumaqumrhu kamasipala alungiselela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko, le mibutho ibumbanisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla nemiphumo yentlalo.
Ukuqonda amaqumrhu karhulumente (_iintlobo zawo, imisebenzi yawo, indalo, iindlela zokuziphendulela, kunye neengxaki ."imfuno-zobuzwe."Iziqumrhu zinamandla amakhulu, zisenza izigqibo ezichaphazela abantu, amashishini, kunye nabantu. Kodwa zisebenza kwinkqubo yee-checks kunye nezikali ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zimele zinyulwe amagosa kunye nabantu ngokubanzi.
Njengokuba ibutho lijamelene neengxaki eziphenjelelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukusuka kwizisongelo zempilo kawonke-wonke ukuya kukuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho, amasebe karhulumente aza kuqhubeka elungelelanisa kwaye eguqula. Ukuphumelela kwawo ekusingatheni ezi ngxaki ngexesha lokulondoloza ukuthembana koluntu kunye nokulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kuya kuphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ubunjani bolawulo kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi.
Kwezo zifuna ulwazi olungakumbi ngabameli abathile, ulawulo lweziko elingu-USA.gov. unika ulwazi olubanzi loqhagamshelwano namakhonkco. I-Federal Register[ ikhupha imimiselo ecetyisiweyo neyokugqibela, inika ubuchule ekubekeni ulawulo olucacileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kunye nendlela yokusebenzisa amaqumrhu karhulumente kunika abemi bamazwe amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokufumana iinkonzo kunye nenkxaso ezibonelelwa abameli.