Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziyimithetho esisiseko yokhuphiswano lwedemokhrasi. Baguqulela ivoti kwizihlalo, kwaye ngokwenza oko, babumba iinkqubo zeqela, ukwakhiwa korhulumente, kunye nohlobo lwezi mfazwe. Phakathi kweentsapho ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo zonyulo, iinkqubo ezingundoqo zisoloko zibhiyozelwa ukuthoba kwazo, utyekelo lokuvelisa urhulumente omnye, kunye nokuziphendulela kwazo ngqo. Kodwa, kumaqela abantu ahlukene ngokunzulu ngokwesizwe, unqulo, okanye iilayini zolwimi, ukusebenza kwezi nkqubo zobuchule, kungenza ubuchule obungqongqo bezobupolitika. Oku kuvavanya unxulumano phakathi kwemithetho emikhulu yokhetho kunye nozinziwo lwezobupolitika, ukuvavanyanisa okubangela ukuba inkqubo esebenzayo kwicandelo elinye kusebenze kakuhle kunye nengqungqungquthelane.

Ukuchaza Iinkqubo zeMajoni

Iinkqubo zoomatiloshe zichazwa ngumgaqo wokuba abaphumeleleyo bamele iqela elikhulu labavoti. Olona hlobo lubalulekileyo luquka uFirst-past-- Post (FPP), Inkqubo yeRound yesibini (TRS), kunye nenye i-Vte (AV). Ukuqonda ulwahlulo lwahlukeneyo lweqela ngalinye kubalulekile ekubambeni iziphumo ezithe ventswana kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo.

I-FPTP yindlela elula: umvoti onamavoti amaninzi kwingingqi enye ufumana isihlalo. Umthetho kaDuverger ubalasele kakhulu ukuba i-FPTP idla ngokuvelisa inkqubo yecandelo elibini eliziinxenye ezimbini, njengokuba amaqela amancinane ekhutshwa ngokuchola okucwangcisa kunye nesiphumo somatshini sokwenza isigwebo sendawo yesithathu yabagqibelelisi beqela. Kwiqela elikwindawo enqamlezayo, oku kungakhokelela ekuzinziseni utshintsho phakathi kwamaqela amabini aphezulu. Noko ke, kwingingqi eqhekekileyo, iziqhubo ezidityayo zitshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo. Izahlulo zidla ngokuba zizithuthi zesizwe okanye zengingqi, kunye neziphumo ezisetyenziswayo zeFPP zivelisa iziphumo ezisukruants, ezitheneyo, ezisasazeneyo.

U-TRS, osoloko esetyenziswa kunyulo lomongameli, ufuna umvotelwa ukuba aphumelele uninzi olupheleleyo lwevoti. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa uphumelela oku kumjikelo wokuqala, ukubaleka kubanjelwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu ababini. Ngoxa oku kuqinisekisa ukuba oyena uphumeleleyo unenkxaso enkulu, ukwenza ngokhetho olubini olunokuthi lungabhabhela umahluko wobuzwe. UVoters oxhasa ukulahlekelwa kwe-'astrist' kuqala kwiqela lohlanga olwahlukileyo kufuneka akhethe phakathi kweqela labaphathi-majoni ababini bodidi, ngokufuthi ehlala eme eme eqelenelo iqela ukuba benza unyuso zixhobo zobungangameli, okanye kwelinye iqela. Oku kungenza unyulo olunamandla kumazwe amaninzi.

AV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abathathi nxaxheba ngokulandelelana kokhetho. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwezikhethelo zokuqala, obezakuba baphantsi upheliswe, kwaye amavoti abo athe athe zwana ngokwezinyuko zesibini. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de umvotelwa omnye abenoninzi. AV ingakhuthaza ukuvota okunqamlezayo, njengoko abavumi befuna ngokukhutheleyo izikhethelo zesibini nezintathu ukusuka ngaphandle kwesiseko sabo esisemzinzini ukufikelela kumda wokuphumelela. Oku kwenza isisusa esinamandla sokufumana umlinganiselo, ukuququlungela.

Imeko Yemibutho Eqhekekileyo

Imibutho elungelelanisiweyo iphawulwa ngokuba nee-aclevation ezizingisileyo nezingoopolitiko. Ezi zikolo zisoloko zisekelwe kuhlanga, ulwimi, isizwe, okanye unqulo, kunokuba zinqumleze njengeqela okanye iingcamango. Kumazwe anjalo, ezopolitiko zidla ngokuvakala njengomdlalo we-zero-sum ngenxa yokuziqaphela, ukunikwa koovimba, kunye nokhuseleko lomzimba. Umba ongundoqo woyilo lweziko kukulawula olukhuphiswano olunzulu ngaphandle kokuyivumela ukuba ishenxise imo ngokwayo.

Arend Lijphart waziwayo ukuba ibutho labantu elahluleke ngokunzulu lifuna "idemokhrasi yesizwe," ephawulwa ngamaqumrhu amakhulu, iziqu zolwahlulo zamaqela ahlukeneyo, ukulungelelana kwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni kunye nolwabelo lwezibonelelo, kunye nento encinci ekwimibandela ebalulekileyo. Oku kumela inkcaso engqalileyo kwimodeli yomthetho wolawulo we-Westminster, apho iqela elinye lilawula isikhululo kwaye linokusebenzisa iqonga eliphezulu ngaphandle kwamaqabane ahlukeneyo. Ngoko ukhetho lwenkqubo yokhetho ludityaniswa ngokudityaniswa ngokutyibilikayo nomthetho obanzi kwaye nokuba ngaba oko kunjongo yokuhlahlela kulawulo olungundoqo okanye ukwabelana kwamandla aphezulu.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula ibutho labantu eliphucukileyo elinamathambeka asuka kumazwana angenaziphazamiso ezithambileyo. Kwilizwe elinjengeBelgium, ukwahlukahlukana kweelwimi kukwisakhiwo sombuso esizinzileyo kunye noqoqosho olomeleleyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe anjenge Democratic Republic of the Congo okanye i-Afghanistan ajongene nemeko engekho mgangathweni, amaziko abuthathaka, kunye nemfazwe enogonyamelo, apho ukuqhatha konyuso olungaqhelekanga kungabangela ugonyamelo oluthe ngqo.

Impembelelo Ekumanyaneni Kwezobupolitika Kwimibutho Eqhekekileyo

Iinkqubo zolawulo zibangela ucelomngeni olukhulu kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo ngokuvelisa iintshukumisa ezinamandla zokuphelisa ubuhlanga, ukukhutshwa kweqela elincinane kulawulo, nokubekwa kokhuphiswano lwezobupolitika njengelingeneyo lokulwa ulawulo lweli lizwe nobuncwane balo.

Ukukhutshwa Kohlanga Nokuhlaziywa Kolwimi

Xa impumelelo ekhethekileyo ichazwa ngokuphakanyiswa ngokuphakanyiswa kweqela elikhulu leevoti, kwaye ukuba iqela lezobuzwe lichazwa ngokwesizwe, abezobupolitika banezikhuthazo ezinamandla zokuthatha izikhundla ezigqithisileyo ukukhuthaza iqela labo elingundoqo. Le njongo, eyaziwa njenge-outrilling, inika ingqwalaselo eninzi yamazwi anokuyila ingxoxo yezobupolitika njenge "us ngokuphikisana nabo". Abalungelelani abafuna ukxulumaniso namanye amaqela bahlaselwa lula njengabangcatshi okanye ababuthathaka. Le ngqiqo ingenza inkqubo yezobupolitika iqhutyelwane neqela elijongene ncam, yenza intsebenziswano enqamleneyo ibe nzima ngokungaqhelekanga.

Ukupheliswa Okuzinzileyo kunye nokungagunyaziswanga

Ukuba iqela elincinane alikhutshwanga ngokupheleleyo kwizihlalo eziwinayo okanye liseka inxalenye karhulumente ngenxa yobukhulu okanye ukunwenwa kwelizwe, inkqubo yonyulo ijongene nengxaki yokungagunyaziswa. Urhulumente unokuba ngumfuziselo "wokunganyaniseki" wabavoti kunyulo lokugqibela, kodwa limela kuphela iqela elinye labantu abakwiqela elithe qelele kakhulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kungakhokelela ekunyulweni kweenqanawa, ukuchaswa okutheneyo okugqithisileyo, ukuvukelwa kwemiqathango, ukuvukela ezitratweni, kwaye kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, imvukelo okanye imibutho exhobileyo. Xa iqela livakalelwa kukuba kungekho ndlela inyani yokuphembelela ngomvo, isilingo sokugatya umgangatho wedemo-demo-odemokhrasi sinamandla ngokupheleleyo.

Izakhono zokuthatha zonke kunye nokufuna

Kumaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo, ulawulo lwezwe lunika unikezelo kubuncwane obuninzi bezoqoqosho, kuquka iingeniso ze-oyile, izivumelwano zemigodi, inkcitho yophuhliso, kunye nemisebenzi yecandelo likawonke-wonke. Ubuchule bolawulo lomvuzo ongundoqo buthetha ukuba ukwahlulwa kwezopolitiko kuphumela ngqo kwiinzuzo zezoqoqosho zeqela. Oku kunyusa ngokuphawulekayo imiqathango yonyulo, izenze zibekho iinkcubeko ze-oyile kunokuba zibe neenguqu zesiqhelo zezobupolitika. Ukulahlekelwa kwecala kunokubonisa okuncinane ukulahlekelwa kwalo ngaphandle kokungabikho kolawulo lwezwe, okunyusa intlundlobo noqhatho.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Nobungqina Obungagungqiyo

EKenya: Iintsomi ZobuMongameli

Unyulo lwamaKenya ngo-2007 lomongameli lungumzekelo ocacileyo weengozi zeenkqubo zolawulo oluphezulu kumaphondo ahlukeneyo. Eli lizwe lisebenzisa zombini iinkqubo zeRound zobuPhonanti kunye neFPTP kwizihlalo zepalamente. iKenya yahlulelwe ngokunzulu kwimigca yesizwe, ikakhulu phakathi kweKikuyu, Luo, iKalenjin, kunye neLuya. Uhlanga lwama 2007 lubambene phakathi kweCumbbent Kibiki (ophazanyiswe nguKiku kunye neKalenjin) kunye nomkhosi othe kwicala eliselubalasele kulo uLuo kunye namanye amawaka). Iziphumo zadibezwa ngokubanzi, zisithiwa zifuna ulo. Ubhaqo lwendalo lwe-Cudia lwajika kwi-mastrio, lwabangela ukukhuthulwa kwe-am, nokhuphikiswa kwabantu abaliwaka eli-waka abangasekhoyo.

Ingxaki yanyanzelisa ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano soxokelelwano esakhokelela kumgaqo-siseko omtsha owavakaliswa ngo-2010. Lo mgaqo-siseko wanciphisa amandla abalulekileyo kumashumi amane anesine asandul' ukudalwa kwaye wagunyazisa ukusekwa korhulumente ohlangeneyo xa umongameli engenguye kwiqela elafumana izihlalo ezininzi zepalamente. Ngoxa le nkqubo ihlala ingunomphathi-mikhosi, ukuhlaziywa okufanelekileyo kwamandla kunye nokudalwa kwamandla alungelelanisayo kumele ukusabela kwesakhiwo kwimithetho yemithetho engundoqo engundoqo.

ENigeria: Umanyano Nobuhlanga

I-Nigeria iqhuba inkqubo ye-FPTP yeNdibano yayo yesiZwe kunye neNkqubo elungisiweyo yesibini yeRound ye-Cuardentinety efuna ubuninzi kunye nokuphumelela kwama-25% evoti kwiisithathu ezibini zamazwe. Iimeko zezobupolitika zeNigeria zilawulwa ngamaqela amathathu angundoqo esizwe: Hausa-Fulani kumntla, iYoruba kumzantsi-ntshona, kunye ne-Igbo kumzantsi mpuma-mpuma, kunye namakhulu eqela elincinci.

Inkqubo yeFPTP ikhuphisana ngokwembali yezopolitiko kule migca yengingqi. Ukuphelisa ukuthamba kwezakhiwo, iNigeria ixhomekeke kakhulu kwizivumelwano ezikhethekileyo, ezifana "zonke" indlela, apho umongameli ejikeleziswa phakathi kwemntla nemzantsi. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwengeniso ye-oyile ephakathi kudityaniswe ne-FPTP efumana yonke impumelelo ye-Fomatili idala izikhalazo ezizingisileyo phakathi kweqela elincinane kwi-oyile-iMel Delta. Indawo yokwahluka-ntlalo-ntle eNiger ingumngeni oqhubekayo, ikakhulu ilawulwa kulawulo lorhulumente nokhuphicoselelo kunezibonelelo eziqulukileyo zenkqubo ze-eququlukileyo.

Umntla Ireland: Ukusuka Ekugxothweni Ukuya Egunyeni

I-Ireland esemntla inika omnye wemizekelo ecacileyo yendlela yokuyila inkqubo yonyulo enokuthi ikwazi ngayo ukubangela okanye ithomalalise ulwahlulo. Kwiminyaka engama-50 emva kolwahlulo ngo1921, ummandla osebenzisa iFPTPP kuluntu olwahlulwe ngokuphandle phakathi kwabaququzeli bomanyano kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba besizwe. Ngenxa yokuba amaqumrhu abambana noninzi, iFPTP iqinisekisa ukuba baphumelele lonke unyulo, basusa ngokusisigxina iqaqo emkhosini lobuzwe elisuka emandleni. Le mithetho i-ikhompathiso-mali yemida e-enjini e-encwadi ebhaliswe ngokuphandle kunye neyahlulwa yonke indawo yezindlu zikawonke nemisebenzi. Le nkqubo yanyusa ngokuthe ngqo uqulu nxando lwamalungelo abantu ngo-1960 kunye namashumi amathathu eminyaka elandelenayo yemfazweni ye-TSMervens.

Isivumelwano esiLungileyo soLwesihlanu sonyaka ka-1998 sayilungisa ngokusisiseko inkqubo yezobupolitika. Yathatha indawo ye-FPTP ngonyulo oludluliselwe kwenye kwiNdibano yaseMantla e-Ireland kwaye yagunyazisa amandla anyanzelekileyo okulawula abaphathi abanyanzelekileyo. I-STV ivumela umelo lolwahlula-hlula kwiNdibano kwaye ikhuthaza ukufuduswa kwemibutho enqamlezayo. Olu tshintsho lokwakha lwaluyimfuneko ukuzisa onke amaqela kwinkqubo yezobupolitika kunye nokwenza urhulumente owenziwe ngobuchule obuzinzileyo.

EIndiya: IMajortharian Anomaly

IIndiya ikhupha ulindelo oluninzi loMthetho kaDuverger kunye nengcamango yokungazinzi. Lilizwe elahluke kakhulu elinamakhulu eelwimi, iinkonzo, kunye namaqela amaqela angabantu, kodwa iye yaphumelela ekusebenziseni inkqubo yeFPTPP iminyaka engaphezu kwama-70. Kwimbali yalo enkulu yasemva kokuzimela, i-Indiya National Congress yasebenza njengeqela elibamba lonke elinosukelo olwahlukeneyo kwaye lilawula iinjongo zangaphakathi kwiindawo eziphezulu zokuhlala.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukunyuka kweBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) nokuthotywa kweBhunga kuye kwadala inkqubo yeqela elikhuphisanayo nelahlukeneyo. Ngoxa iIndiya iye yafumana iimeko zogonyamelo loluntu kunye nokubuyela kwenye indawo ngokwedemokhrasi, urhulumente ubambene kakhulu. Abaphengululi bathi oku kulula ukumelana nobume borhulumente waseIndiya obuqinileyo, ukulungelelaniswa kolwimi lwamazwe, ukuzimela ngokwamaqumrhu ayo kunye nonyulo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ephambili yephondo.

Ezinye iindlela nezicombululo zeziko

Ekubeni kukho iingozi ezibangelwa bubufundisi obucacileyo kwimimiselo eyahluleleneyo, kukho ezinye iiprojekthi ezizizo.

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Uluhlu Lwenkqubo yePropotigal kunye neMixted-Member Proportigaal (MMP) iqinisekisa ukuba isihlalo seqela sidlelane ngokusondeleyo nesabelo salo sokuvota. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iqela elincinane limelwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuhambelana nobungakanani balo, linika ipatrografi esesikweni kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. I-MMP, isetyenziswa eJamani naseNew Zealand, idibanisa umelo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wolungelelwaniso. Urhwebo-okanye lungakhokelela kwimibutho elidityanisiweyo nemisonto eqinileyo, nangona le gridiyo idla ngokuba yingozi kakhulu kune-enjini enkulu eveliswa yi-e.

Ukulungelelanisa Amandla- Amandla

Imodeli kaLijphart idlulela ngaphaya kokhetho lwenkqubo yonyulo oluquka umnqongokazi weenkokeli ukusuka kuzo zonke iinkalo ezingundoqo zebutho, uzimele ngokwamaqela kwimicimbi yenkcubeko, ukulungelelana kwemiba yoovimba, kunye neveto encinane. Inkqubo entsonkothileyo karhulumente waseBelgium kunye neNdibano yaseMntla Ireland yimizekelo yexesha elinye yamalungiselelo oluntu. Le mizekelo yenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukulawula ukwahlukana ngokuquka onke amaqela kwintloko, kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokukhuthaza ubuhlanga kunye nokwenza imicimbi yezobupolitika iqine kakhulu.

Imisebenzi Ebalulekileyo Nedluliselwayo

Isixokelelwano se-AV ne-STV zikhuthaza abatshate ukuba bakhe imiqolo ebanzi yenkxaso yokufikelela kumnyango wokuphumelela. I-STV, ngokukhethekileyo, isetyenziswa kuMntla Ireland naseMalta kwaye iboniswe ekukhuthazeni ukuthunyelwa kovoti okunqamlezileyo, abavoti abavuziweyo ababonwa njengabalungeleleneyo nabakwaziyo ukusebenza ngokunqamleza imigca yezizwe. Le ndlela ifaneleke ngokukhethekileyo kumaqela afuna ukuncedisana kunasentlalo.

Ulawulo lwePalamente

Ngapha koko kukhethwa kwendlela yokukhetha, isakhiwo sesebe eliphetheyo sigxeka kakhulu. UJuan Linz waphikisa ngelithi ubumongameli buyingozi kakhulu kulawulo-melo olutsha kuba bungqongqo kwaye bufumana zonke. Umongameli wexesha elisisigxina onamandla olawulo lokwenyani akasoloko engomelela kwinkqubo yepalamente, apho abalungiseleli abaphambili banokuthatyathelw'umva ngokungenantembelo. Kumaqela ahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zepalamente okanye iinkqubo eziphindaphindiweyo ezivumela amandla anokuguquka asoloko ekhethwa ngaphezu kobuchule obuphambili bobuntloko-ntloko-mthetho obunokukhethwa ngokungenantembelo.

Imeko yequmrhu

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inkqubo yonyulo ayisebenzi kwi-athom. I-Federalism okanye ukwenziwa isidima kungaphelelisa inkqubo yolawulo oluphambili ngokuvumela imimandla encinane edibeneyo ukuba izilawule ngokwayo, icuthe iintambo zonyulo lwesizwe. Iinkundla ezinamandla kunye neekomishini yonyulo ezizimeleyo zingakhusela amalungelo amancinane kwaye ziqinisekise ingqibelelo yenkqubo yabanyuli. Imithetho yeQela ethintela amaqela ayingozi okanye ulawulo-demokhrasi lwangaphakathi lunganciphisa iimpembelelo ezimbi zonyulo oluphumayo lobuhlanga.

Uzinzo kwimibutho eyahlulekileyo luphumele kuyo yonke indalo yendalo, hayi nje indlela yokukhetha. Umgaqo-siseko ongenziwanga kakuhle ungagqwetha inkqubo engcono yokukhetha, ngelixesha umgaqo-siseko omiselwe kakuhle maxa wambi ungabuyisela ukuswela kwenkqubo yonyulo olungundoqo. Isitshixo kukwakha inkqubo yesiseko ebangela ukungquzulwana kwezobupolitika kwingxoxo eyakhayo kunokuba inikeze onke amaqela abalulekileyo ngeplanga kwimpumelelo ende yemo.

Isiphelo

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho lunika imvume yokulawula ulwahlulo olunzulu lwentlalo. Ukhetho phakathi kweenkqubo ezingundoqo kunye nezilungelelanisiweyo lubandakanya ukuphuma okusisiseko phakathi kokugqibelela nokubandakanywa. Iinkqubo zooMajoni anika ithemba loorhulumente abahlukeneyo kunye nokuphendula okucacileyo, kodwa zisengozini yokuphambukisa amaqela amancinane asisigxina kunye nokuguqula iingxabano ezingundoqo ze-steum. Iinkqubo zorhwebo kunye nolwandiso-mali zinikezela ngokhuphiso kunye nomelo olubanzi, kodwa zikhokelele kwi-grid novavanyo lwe-actrack kunye nonyuselo lweqela le-IM.

Isifundo esiyintloko kubenzi benkqubo yimfuneko epheleleyo yokuqonda umongo. Kwibutho elinobuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ulwimi olwahluleleneyo, ubungozi bobungcungela busoloko buphezulu. Uyilo olunempumelelo lufuna uhlolo olucokisekileyo lwesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-cleavage, ulwahlulo lwemimandla, amandla emibutho ekhoyo yenkqubo yelifa lesizwe, kunye namandla esizwe. Injongo kufuneka ukuba ngamaxesha onke iyile isiseko sedemokhrasi esiqinileyo sokulungisa umahluko ngaphandle kokwahlulwa yiso.